Montag children’s book corpus
gender analysis
Molly Lewis
2018-03-09
Montag corpus
d_raw <- read_lines("100Books.txt") %>%
as.data.frame() %>%
rename("text" = ".")
book_titles <- d_raw %>%
filter(str_detect(text, regex("^Title", ignore_case = TRUE))) %>%
rename(title = text) %>%
mutate(book_id = 1:n(),
title = str_replace(title, "Title: ", "")) %>%
select(book_id, title)
author_names <- d_raw %>%
filter(str_detect(text, regex("^Author", ignore_case = TRUE))) %>%
rename(author = text) %>%
mutate(book_id = 1:n(),
author = str_replace(author, "Author: ", "")) %>%
select(book_id, author)
d_clean <- d_raw %>%
mutate(book_id = cumsum(str_detect(text, regex("^Title",
ignore_case = TRUE)))) %>%
left_join(book_titles) %>%
left_join(author_names) %>%
filter(!str_detect(text, regex("^Title",
ignore_case = TRUE)),
!str_detect(text, regex("^Author",
ignore_case = TRUE)),
text != "") %>%
group_by(book_id) %>%
mutate(line_number = row_number(),
text = as.character(text)) %>%
ungroup() %>%
select(book_id, title, author, line_number, text)
tidy_books <- d_clean %>%
unnest_tokens(word, text) %>%
anti_join(stop_words)Glasglow norms
(Gender + others)
Overall distribution of words in Glasglow dataset:
norms <- read_csv("GlasgowNorms.csv") %>%
select(word, GEND_M, contains("_M"))
norms %>%
gather("norm", "rating", -1) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = rating, fill = norm)) +
ggtitle("Overall distribution of words in the Glasglow corpus")+
geom_histogram() +
facet_wrap(~norm) +
scale_x_continuous(name="mean rating",
limits=c(1, 7),
breaks=1:7) +
theme(legend.position = "none")
overall_means <- norms %>%
gather("norm", "rating", -1) %>%
group_by(norm) %>%
summarize(mean_rating = mean(rating))tidy_with_norms <- tidy_books %>%
left_join(norms)
prop_na_type <- tidy_with_norms %>%
distinct(word, .keep_all = T) %>%
summarize(prop_na = length(which(is.na(AROU_M)))/n())
prop_na_token <- tidy_with_norms %>%
summarize(prop_na = length(which(is.na(AROU_M)))/n())In the Montag corpus, 0.71 word types are missing from the Glasgow dataset, and 0.56 word tokens are missing. That’s a lot! This is excluding stop words.
Mean ratings by book
They’re sorted here from most feminine to most masculine.
norm_means <- tidy_with_norms %>%
filter(!is.na(AROU_M)) %>%
gather("norm", "value", -1:-5) %>%
group_by(title, norm) %>%
multi_boot_standard(col = "value")
norm_means_wide <- norm_means %>%
select(norm, mean) %>%
spread(norm, mean) %>%
select(title, GEND_M, everything()) %>%
arrange(GEND_M)
kable(norm_means_wide, "html") %>%
kable_styling() %>%
scroll_box(width = "900px", height = "400px")| title | GEND_M | AOA_M | AROU_M | CNC_M | DOM_M | FAM_M | IMAG_M | SIZE_M | VAL_M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Are You My Mother? | 2.879871 | 1.982348 | 4.730443 | 6.231887 | 5.186159 | 6.261409 | 6.407782 | 3.671593 | 6.554930 |
| I’m a Big Sister | 3.103378 | 2.089367 | 5.124778 | 5.452287 | 5.130496 | 6.274178 | 5.679209 | 3.794165 | 6.487039 |
| Olivia | 3.150059 | 2.078612 | 5.111709 | 5.067576 | 5.174948 | 6.469619 | 5.604781 | 4.565805 | 6.840743 |
| The Napping House | 3.216098 | 1.984250 | 4.413992 | 6.511882 | 5.168945 | 6.321110 | 6.634562 | 3.314182 | 6.235493 |
| The Keeping Quilt | 3.218312 | 2.509381 | 5.163754 | 5.508935 | 5.258974 | 6.171731 | 5.892695 | 4.243024 | 6.433777 |
| Froggy Goes to Bed | 3.268729 | 2.058830 | 4.749232 | 5.408907 | 5.270314 | 6.426044 | 5.862726 | 4.123032 | 6.347890 |
| The Gardener | 3.304785 | 2.526293 | 4.972109 | 4.701747 | 5.231332 | 6.094612 | 5.076769 | 4.249203 | 6.531361 |
| Goodnight Moon | 3.308257 | 2.162133 | 4.498900 | 5.808663 | 5.223987 | 6.161727 | 6.023600 | 3.643257 | 5.805837 |
| Chrysanthemum | 3.321298 | 2.397101 | 4.879673 | 5.185603 | 5.181773 | 6.180429 | 5.491685 | 4.041037 | 6.295210 |
| Guess How Much I Love You | 3.339215 | 2.074413 | 5.705767 | 4.872810 | 5.187974 | 6.500077 | 5.626562 | 4.847974 | 6.682480 |
| That Is Not a Good Idea! | 3.443810 | 2.694332 | 5.326655 | 4.135081 | 5.682810 | 6.191413 | 4.605871 | 4.402723 | 6.609716 |
| Love You Forever | 3.449142 | 1.997692 | 5.066229 | 5.361519 | 5.152816 | 6.448902 | 5.786263 | 4.352145 | 6.426892 |
| Blueberries for Sal | 3.450261 | 2.333277 | 4.754171 | 5.437453 | 5.031806 | 5.998254 | 5.660260 | 4.282521 | 5.958398 |
| The Very Hungry Caterpillar | 3.456509 | 2.242612 | 4.746448 | 5.870112 | 5.346355 | 6.212930 | 6.192767 | 3.111900 | 6.096612 |
| The Other Side | 3.475363 | 2.446223 | 5.023791 | 5.197628 | 5.292035 | 6.034397 | 5.649253 | 4.250019 | 6.115749 |
| Goldilicious | 3.497268 | 2.681417 | 5.299192 | 4.804519 | 5.291810 | 5.821343 | 5.327056 | 4.176464 | 6.218912 |
| Bunny Party | 3.525550 | 2.541211 | 4.515424 | 5.624957 | 5.081531 | 5.914953 | 5.985942 | 3.384690 | 5.611593 |
| Miss Rumphius | 3.526887 | 2.473838 | 5.087463 | 5.204692 | 5.300889 | 6.146247 | 5.655902 | 4.534586 | 6.204991 |
| Madeline | 3.570897 | 2.298021 | 4.950416 | 5.314637 | 5.031940 | 6.252868 | 5.774436 | 4.127324 | 5.599351 |
| No, David! | 3.588456 | 2.366422 | 5.410478 | 4.422000 | 5.480678 | 6.257367 | 4.571144 | 4.164811 | 6.404989 |
| If You Give a Mouse a Cookie | 3.592555 | 2.492816 | 4.291004 | 5.511375 | 5.376720 | 6.063443 | 5.672280 | 3.350773 | 5.570984 |
| The Runaway Bunny | 3.599798 | 2.205602 | 4.795622 | 5.936251 | 5.444356 | 5.951631 | 6.107491 | 3.919160 | 6.271744 |
| A Bad Case of Stripes | 3.600147 | 2.779837 | 4.802784 | 4.928138 | 5.002743 | 6.109106 | 5.202277 | 4.065205 | 5.475596 |
| Winter Days in the Big Woods | 3.603702 | 2.437101 | 4.700574 | 5.304132 | 5.240619 | 6.152938 | 5.613899 | 3.960563 | 5.795044 |
| The Little House | 3.606224 | 2.430056 | 4.978716 | 5.360449 | 5.296437 | 6.329488 | 5.814937 | 4.644129 | 5.994435 |
| George and Martha | 3.610204 | 2.518593 | 4.735402 | 4.965436 | 5.366871 | 6.054468 | 5.289184 | 3.613066 | 5.776062 |
| Lilly’s Purple Plastic Purse | 3.623605 | 2.590626 | 4.921749 | 4.916743 | 5.109928 | 6.159762 | 5.231384 | 4.078727 | 5.846000 |
| The Day the Crayons Quit | 3.638812 | 2.318237 | 4.918208 | 5.017775 | 5.312439 | 6.134921 | 5.550484 | 3.870408 | 5.951026 |
| Bread and Jam for Frances | 3.639618 | 2.303836 | 4.434378 | 5.672922 | 5.189734 | 6.237732 | 5.908904 | 3.331147 | 5.937306 |
| Llama Llama Red Pajama | 3.642517 | 3.005633 | 4.483658 | 5.951799 | 5.170346 | 5.348203 | 6.243872 | 3.739282 | 5.832249 |
| Charlie and the New Baby | 3.661958 | 2.622219 | 4.861391 | 4.552031 | 5.024608 | 6.158943 | 4.858067 | 4.533146 | 5.990233 |
| Maisy Goes to the Library | 3.663787 | 2.191772 | 4.837879 | 5.540374 | 5.613551 | 6.342323 | 5.715930 | 3.706523 | 6.228900 |
| Corduroy | 3.672295 | 2.381225 | 4.724137 | 5.606351 | 5.304488 | 6.143871 | 5.903399 | 4.178999 | 5.849963 |
| Ladybug Girl at the Beach | 3.680304 | 2.495313 | 5.078944 | 5.316366 | 5.204298 | 6.037101 | 5.619229 | 4.325341 | 6.062864 |
| If You Give a Moose a Muffin | 3.693568 | 2.845121 | 4.127418 | 5.400771 | 5.122015 | 5.825194 | 5.486915 | 3.476629 | 5.339285 |
| Dragons Love Tacos | 3.697023 | 2.855474 | 5.817548 | 4.586335 | 5.330191 | 5.977286 | 5.179218 | 4.393903 | 5.961768 |
| The Story of Babar | 3.698835 | 2.615915 | 5.172171 | 5.041435 | 5.371864 | 6.098174 | 5.498804 | 4.463075 | 5.990737 |
| The Hat | 3.717974 | 2.350077 | 4.799771 | 5.389348 | 5.343312 | 6.080985 | 5.683290 | 3.797866 | 5.851904 |
| The Cat in The Hat | 3.718268 | 2.071545 | 4.534855 | 5.497236 | 5.290339 | 6.176746 | 5.833292 | 3.635524 | 5.679916 |
| Olivia. . . and the Missing Toy | 3.728953 | 2.120322 | 4.915203 | 5.306595 | 5.208822 | 6.179957 | 5.689283 | 4.053422 | 6.063402 |
| When Dinosaurs came with everything | 3.735169 | 2.403213 | 4.726022 | 5.144559 | 5.297357 | 6.158292 | 5.405267 | 4.018446 | 5.735076 |
| Stellaluna | 3.741456 | 2.552927 | 4.753029 | 5.207499 | 5.130343 | 5.989660 | 5.479317 | 3.907528 | 5.598039 |
| Knuffle Bunny | 3.748156 | 2.391656 | 4.205888 | 5.140192 | 5.032328 | 5.975796 | 5.476072 | 4.212860 | 5.619156 |
| Show Dog | 3.755079 | 2.447858 | 5.397989 | 5.256034 | 5.645063 | 6.125705 | 5.617972 | 3.896450 | 6.283912 |
| Arthur Writes a Story | 3.759676 | 2.511993 | 5.205109 | 4.641862 | 5.591221 | 6.197965 | 5.000187 | 4.356074 | 6.315461 |
| Harry the Dirty Dog | 3.793141 | 2.200187 | 4.906271 | 5.195354 | 5.386329 | 6.358506 | 5.656996 | 3.985316 | 5.817326 |
| The Tale of Peter Rabbit | 3.796699 | 2.428412 | 4.487753 | 5.307069 | 5.069957 | 6.123512 | 5.577879 | 3.760844 | 5.485631 |
| The Pigeon Finds a Hot Dog! | 3.802503 | 2.719959 | 5.907110 | 4.688765 | 5.921459 | 6.261655 | 4.968810 | 4.053700 | 6.738910 |
| Bark, George | 3.803778 | 2.458231 | 4.737374 | 5.144633 | 5.006693 | 5.825816 | 5.464453 | 4.286133 | 5.664525 |
| Arnie the Doughnut | 3.805446 | 2.705824 | 4.881735 | 4.763236 | 5.281375 | 6.097876 | 5.039313 | 3.969472 | 5.784246 |
| Good Night Gorilla | 3.828070 | 2.197204 | 5.210770 | 5.278559 | 5.352537 | 6.284204 | 6.366881 | 5.222885 | 5.882911 |
| The True Story of the 3 little pigs! | 3.839225 | 2.302066 | 4.698364 | 5.230486 | 5.112881 | 6.151233 | 5.395213 | 3.818195 | 5.550903 |
| Angelina Ice Skates | 3.840994 | 2.575502 | 5.456192 | 4.962255 | 5.288398 | 6.019411 | 5.481790 | 4.408659 | 5.708934 |
| Own Moon | 3.857728 | 2.353969 | 4.729061 | 5.056184 | 4.976064 | 6.207420 | 5.493563 | 4.186062 | 5.468881 |
| Llama llama home with mama | 3.861944 | 2.874577 | 4.189732 | 5.669177 | 5.070894 | 5.648668 | 5.892945 | 3.844761 | 5.433192 |
| Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? | 3.870788 | 1.956304 | 4.600795 | 5.910995 | 5.233253 | 6.268884 | 6.493820 | 3.553071 | 5.749784 |
| Curious George Takes a Job | 3.878306 | 2.562943 | 5.004884 | 5.118078 | 5.196054 | 6.153117 | 5.452422 | 4.352235 | 5.791660 |
| Sylvester and the Magic Pebble | 3.880423 | 2.565943 | 4.935594 | 5.040011 | 5.203579 | 6.073406 | 5.476945 | 4.243735 | 5.820365 |
| Chicka Chicka 1-2-3 | 3.882694 | 2.243694 | 5.038219 | 5.006081 | 5.283811 | 6.209044 | 5.461111 | 4.297781 | 5.722994 |
| The snowy Day | 3.912584 | 2.322279 | 5.040917 | 5.599022 | 5.246695 | 6.090645 | 6.003909 | 4.189419 | 5.758986 |
| The Berenstain Bears and the Green-Eyed Monster | 3.919837 | 2.323256 | 5.094096 | 5.173877 | 5.577699 | 6.285029 | 5.660875 | 4.326474 | 6.211390 |
| The Polar Express | 3.920272 | 2.736671 | 4.742018 | 5.281853 | 5.138463 | 5.935973 | 5.503872 | 4.103306 | 5.702445 |
| Make Way for Ducklings | 3.930766 | 2.591968 | 4.643307 | 5.150114 | 5.190308 | 6.010672 | 5.307334 | 4.192636 | 5.764136 |
| How to Train a Train | 3.956575 | 2.475112 | 4.934430 | 4.563371 | 5.309672 | 6.224243 | 4.946721 | 4.490934 | 5.872781 |
| The Lorax | 3.959208 | 2.724175 | 4.697856 | 4.610853 | 5.134621 | 6.060518 | 4.936405 | 4.175701 | 5.364925 |
| How Do Dinosaurs Say Good Night? | 3.960200 | 2.239476 | 5.455509 | 5.464982 | 5.452345 | 6.094282 | 5.996030 | 4.641536 | 5.744245 |
| Bear Wants More | 3.969614 | 2.566654 | 4.856542 | 5.562244 | 5.180375 | 5.835007 | 5.793840 | 3.917210 | 5.595190 |
| A Sick Day for Amos McGee | 3.974591 | 2.414804 | 4.740794 | 5.449071 | 5.174104 | 6.011820 | 5.719473 | 3.973918 | 5.587451 |
| Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day | 3.981589 | 2.426658 | 4.803243 | 5.019414 | 5.006770 | 6.248085 | 5.314369 | 4.143863 | 5.018539 |
| Cloudy With a Chance of Meatballs | 3.992663 | 2.530938 | 4.752740 | 5.320130 | 5.014543 | 6.202190 | 5.541864 | 4.093104 | 5.531803 |
| Curious George | 3.995664 | 2.386339 | 4.842073 | 5.192259 | 5.211394 | 6.101234 | 5.539326 | 4.076225 | 5.479910 |
| The Berenstain Bears Forget Their Manners | 3.999720 | 2.729148 | 4.640387 | 4.716552 | 5.249532 | 6.017779 | 5.006963 | 4.268844 | 5.353006 |
| Harold and the Purple Crayon | 4.003790 | 2.383317 | 4.699695 | 5.550149 | 5.071673 | 6.111456 | 5.803965 | 4.303050 | 5.653373 |
| There’s an Alligator Under My Bed | 4.010175 | 2.466112 | 4.657203 | 5.650378 | 5.020466 | 6.055713 | 5.763966 | 3.809456 | 5.564981 |
| Oh, the Places You’ll Go | 4.051500 | 2.739320 | 5.058751 | 4.465362 | 5.335014 | 5.974333 | 4.854330 | 4.294310 | 5.501745 |
| Horton Hears a Who! | 4.057146 | 2.817751 | 4.759080 | 4.939367 | 5.173266 | 5.872778 | 5.079839 | 4.110376 | 5.262768 |
| Duck on a Bike | 4.065606 | 2.101797 | 4.578267 | 6.067242 | 5.390860 | 5.876964 | 6.227335 | 3.466038 | 5.771536 |
| The Paper Bag Princess | 4.098313 | 2.470772 | 5.286769 | 5.057650 | 5.237548 | 5.965694 | 5.598914 | 4.437180 | 5.484196 |
| Where the Wild Things Are | 4.106162 | 2.619646 | 5.703213 | 4.673569 | 5.178954 | 6.063539 | 5.159253 | 4.671764 | 5.179461 |
| The Duckling gets a cookie!? | 4.116222 | 2.581544 | 4.535326 | 5.089948 | 5.271348 | 6.003459 | 5.263281 | 3.761485 | 5.868193 |
| The Story of Ferdinand | 4.143433 | 2.640733 | 4.947643 | 5.076806 | 5.319862 | 5.929817 | 5.418011 | 4.006192 | 5.080484 |
| Clifford at the Circus | 4.156323 | 2.698451 | 4.878131 | 5.315628 | 5.112783 | 5.837976 | 5.554636 | 4.057277 | 5.302236 |
| The Little Engine That Could | 4.168277 | 2.348698 | 4.959819 | 5.625008 | 5.529076 | 6.006844 | 5.943951 | 4.177009 | 5.894237 |
| Don’t Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus | 4.169540 | 2.699108 | 4.361184 | 5.032128 | 5.436964 | 6.001124 | 5.306232 | 4.156528 | 5.826080 |
| Chicka Chicka Boom Boom | 4.216716 | 2.493509 | 5.068942 | 4.985553 | 5.266605 | 5.945772 | 5.322188 | 4.554191 | 5.377847 |
| This is Not My Hat | 4.233072 | 2.619700 | 4.572122 | 4.118511 | 5.174706 | 6.100822 | 4.539189 | 4.161200 | 4.961150 |
| Train | 4.237143 | 2.665114 | 4.506199 | 5.689424 | 5.172233 | 6.029113 | 5.900524 | 4.371434 | 5.603390 |
| Mike Mulligan and his Steam Shovel | 4.278656 | 2.732265 | 4.465279 | 5.344629 | 5.114557 | 6.024510 | 5.545740 | 4.221812 | 5.429473 |
| Green Eggs and Ham | 4.298217 | 1.932838 | 4.572838 | 6.146496 | 5.296555 | 6.439499 | 6.356887 | 3.884836 | 5.658373 |
| Caps for Sale | 4.312667 | 2.269363 | 4.380586 | 5.388035 | 5.419624 | 6.188985 | 5.899287 | 3.841615 | 5.323349 |
| Dear Zoo | 4.369700 | 2.459812 | 5.536562 | 4.261213 | 5.618988 | 5.930162 | 4.877237 | 4.434775 | 4.955662 |
| Click, Clack, Moo Cows that Type | 4.383226 | 2.721035 | 3.936421 | 5.308230 | 5.353345 | 5.894016 | 5.471048 | 3.637914 | 5.216732 |
| The Giving Tree | 4.383520 | 2.124385 | 4.775152 | 5.369548 | 5.418615 | 6.277986 | 5.706312 | 4.352319 | 5.994998 |
| Maisy Goes Camping | 4.409527 | 2.721009 | 4.398977 | 5.459523 | 5.303373 | 5.872255 | 5.808691 | 3.766491 | 5.377218 |
| Pete the Cat: The Wheels on the Bus | 4.412219 | 2.028946 | 3.657239 | 6.478211 | 5.088477 | 6.473200 | 6.467965 | 4.198854 | 5.384435 |
| The Grouchy Ladybug | 4.472176 | 2.608950 | 5.218272 | 5.474086 | 5.651815 | 5.818219 | 5.754042 | 4.245812 | 5.031170 |
| The Carrot Seed | 4.487731 | 2.092119 | 4.469981 | 5.942337 | 5.007688 | 6.320069 | 6.283181 | 4.035025 | 5.701275 |
| Little Blue Truck Leads the Way | 4.503360 | 2.625326 | 4.793552 | 5.112463 | 5.226235 | 6.127606 | 5.570459 | 4.409746 | 5.451022 |
| Dinosaur Rescue | 4.611310 | 2.627396 | 4.752250 | 4.472894 | 4.869712 | 5.974671 | 4.856633 | 4.760427 | 5.313483 |
| Trashy Town | 4.735243 | 2.920319 | 4.246592 | 5.486077 | 4.969766 | 5.713066 | 5.793869 | 4.218017 | 4.413351 |
norm_means %>%
left_join(overall_means) %>%
group_by(norm) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = mean, fill = norm)) +
geom_histogram() +
facet_wrap(~norm) +
ggtitle("mean rating by book") +
geom_vline(aes(xintercept = mean_rating), linetype = 2) +
scale_x_continuous(name = "mean rating",
limits = c(1, 7),
breaks = 1:7) +
theme(legend.position = "none")
SCALE LABELS: (left to right)
- Arousal: Very Unarousing, Very Arousing
- Valence: Very Negative, Neutral, Very Positive
- Dominance: You are very Controlled, You are very Dominant
- Concreteness: Very Abstract, Very Concrete
- Imageability: Very Unimageable, Very Imageable
- AoA: 0-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13+
- Semantic Size: Very Small, Very Big
- Gender association: Very Feminine, Very Masculine
Suprisingly, books are overall slightly more feminine than the overall sample of words. All the other norms look relatively sensible.
Are the properties of books correlated?
Correlation matrix (color indicates signifance at the .05 level)
corr_mat <- cor(norm_means_wide[,-1],
use = "pairwise.complete.obs")
p.mat <- corrplot::cor.mtest(norm_means_wide[,-1],
use = "pairwise.complete.obs")$p
cols = rev(colorRampPalette(c("red", "white", "blue"))(100))
corrplot::corrplot(corr_mat, method = "color", col = cols,
type = "upper", order = "original", number.cex = .7,
addCoef.col = "black",
p.mat = p.mat, insig = "blank",
tl.col = "black", tl.srt = 90,
diag = FALSE)
More masculine books have words that tend to be learned later, less familiar, more negatively valenced, and lower arousal.
A regression predicting the gender of the book with all other norms:
lm(GEND_M ~ AOA_M+AROU_M+CNC_M+DOM_M+FAM_M +
IMAG_M+ SIZE_M + VAL_M, d = norm_means_wide) %>%
summary()##
## Call:
## lm(formula = GEND_M ~ AOA_M + AROU_M + CNC_M + DOM_M + FAM_M +
## IMAG_M + SIZE_M + VAL_M, data = norm_means_wide)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.43667 -0.11362 -0.00394 0.10384 0.68349
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 2.11896 1.72910 1.225 0.2236
## AOA_M -0.01639 0.15737 -0.104 0.9173
## AROU_M -0.18027 0.08465 -2.130 0.0359 *
## CNC_M 0.38392 0.17900 2.145 0.0346 *
## DOM_M 0.78014 0.12872 6.061 3.03e-08 ***
## FAM_M 0.06719 0.18126 0.371 0.7117
## IMAG_M -0.31607 0.17696 -1.786 0.0774 .
## SIZE_M 0.43638 0.07778 5.610 2.16e-07 ***
## VAL_M -0.67743 0.05962 -11.362 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.1925 on 91 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7278, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7039
## F-statistic: 30.41 on 8 and 91 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16