data("anscombe")
str(anscombe)
## 'data.frame': 11 obs. of 8 variables:
## $ x1: num 10 8 13 9 11 14 6 4 12 7 ...
## $ x2: num 10 8 13 9 11 14 6 4 12 7 ...
## $ x3: num 10 8 13 9 11 14 6 4 12 7 ...
## $ x4: num 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 19 8 8 ...
## $ y1: num 8.04 6.95 7.58 8.81 8.33 ...
## $ y2: num 9.14 8.14 8.74 8.77 9.26 8.1 6.13 3.1 9.13 7.26 ...
## $ y3: num 7.46 6.77 12.74 7.11 7.81 ...
## $ y4: num 6.58 5.76 7.71 8.84 8.47 7.04 5.25 12.5 5.56 7.91 ...
mean(anscombe$x1)
## [1] 9
lapply(anscombe, mean)
## $x1
## [1] 9
##
## $x2
## [1] 9
##
## $x3
## [1] 9
##
## $x4
## [1] 9
##
## $y1
## [1] 7.500909
##
## $y2
## [1] 7.500909
##
## $y3
## [1] 7.5
##
## $y4
## [1] 7.500909
lapply(anscombe, sd)
## $x1
## [1] 3.316625
##
## $x2
## [1] 3.316625
##
## $x3
## [1] 3.316625
##
## $x4
## [1] 3.316625
##
## $y1
## [1] 2.031568
##
## $y2
## [1] 2.031657
##
## $y3
## [1] 2.030424
##
## $y4
## [1] 2.030579
cor(anscombe$x1,anscombe$y1)
## [1] 0.8164205
attach(anscombe)
cor(x2,y2)
## [1] 0.8162365
cor(x3,y3)
## [1] 0.8162867
cor(x4,y4)
## [1] 0.8165214
par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(x1,y1)
plot(x2,y2)
plot(x3,y3)
plot(x4,y4)
data(iris)
str(iris)
## 'data.frame': 150 obs. of 5 variables:
## $ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...
## $ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
## $ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
## $ Petal.Width : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
## $ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
plot(iris)
plot(iris[3:5])
plot(iris$Sepal.Length)
par(mfrow=c(1,1))
plot(iris$Sepal.Length)
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,iris$Species)
stem(iris$Sepal.Length)
##
## The decimal point is 1 digit(s) to the left of the |
##
## 42 | 0
## 44 | 0000
## 46 | 000000
## 48 | 00000000000
## 50 | 0000000000000000000
## 52 | 00000
## 54 | 0000000000000
## 56 | 00000000000000
## 58 | 0000000000
## 60 | 000000000000
## 62 | 0000000000000
## 64 | 000000000000
## 66 | 0000000000
## 68 | 0000000
## 70 | 00
## 72 | 0000
## 74 | 0
## 76 | 00000
## 78 | 0
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length)
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length~iris$Species)
table(iris$Sepal.Length,iris$Species)
##
## setosa versicolor virginica
## 4.3 1 0 0
## 4.4 3 0 0
## 4.5 1 0 0
## 4.6 4 0 0
## 4.7 2 0 0
## 4.8 5 0 0
## 4.9 4 1 1
## 5 8 2 0
## 5.1 8 1 0
## 5.2 3 1 0
## 5.3 1 0 0
## 5.4 5 1 0
## 5.5 2 5 0
## 5.6 0 5 1
## 5.7 2 5 1
## 5.8 1 3 3
## 5.9 0 2 1
## 6 0 4 2
## 6.1 0 4 2
## 6.2 0 2 2
## 6.3 0 3 6
## 6.4 0 2 5
## 6.5 0 1 4
## 6.6 0 2 0
## 6.7 0 3 5
## 6.8 0 1 2
## 6.9 0 1 3
## 7 0 1 0
## 7.1 0 0 1
## 7.2 0 0 3
## 7.3 0 0 1
## 7.4 0 0 1
## 7.6 0 0 1
## 7.7 0 0 4
## 7.9 0 0 1
table(iris$Species,iris$Sepal.Length)
##
## 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8
## setosa 1 3 1 4 2 5 4 8 8 3 1 5 2 0 2 1
## versicolor 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 5 5 5 3
## virginica 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
##
## 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4
## setosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## versicolor 2 4 4 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
## virginica 1 2 2 2 6 5 4 0 5 2 3 0 1 3 1 1
##
## 7.6 7.7 7.9
## setosa 0 0 0
## versicolor 0 0 0
## virginica 1 4 1
barplot(table(iris$Sepal.Length,iris$Species))
barplot(table(iris$Species,iris$Sepal.Length))
barplot(table(iris$Species,iris$Sepal.Length),col=rainbow(7))
table(iris$Sepal.Length)
##
## 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6
## 1 3 1 4 2 5 6 10 9 4 1 6 7 6 8 7 3 6
## 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.9
## 6 4 9 7 5 2 8 3 4 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
table(iris$Species)
##
## setosa versicolor virginica
## 50 50 50
pie(table(iris$Species))
barplot(table(iris$Species))
attach(iris)
hist(Sepal.Length)
hist(Sepal.Length,breaks = 20)
plot(density(Sepal.Length))
hist(Sepal.Length,breaks = 20)
rug(Sepal.Length)
hist(Sepal.Length,breaks = 20)
par(mfrow=c(2,3))
par(bg="white")
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,iris$Species,col=rainbow(6))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,breaks=10,col=rainbow(6))
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length~iris$Species,col=rainbow(6))
par(bg="grey")
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,iris$Species,col=rainbow(6))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,breaks=10,col=rainbow(6))
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length~iris$Species,col=rainbow(6))
par(bg="yellow")
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(6))
plot(iris$Sepal.Length,iris$Species,col=rainbow(6))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,breaks=10,col=rainbow(6))
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length~iris$Species,col=rainbow(6))
par(mfrow=c(1,1))
par(bg="yellow")
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length~iris$Species,main="This is a box plot")
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
par(bg="grey")
boxplot(iris$Sepal.Length~iris$Species,xlim=c(0.1,2.5),xlab="Species",ylab="Sepal Length",main= "Boxplot")
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,ylab="Sepal Length",main= "Histogram")
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=topo.colors(3))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=topo.colors(8))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=topo.colors(8,0.1))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=topo.colors(8,0.9))
par(mfrow=c(2,3))
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=cm.colors(8),main="cm")
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=topo.colors(8),main="topo")
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=rainbow(8),main="rainbow")
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=heat.colors(8),main="heat")
hist(iris$Sepal.Length,col=terrain.colors(8),main="terrain")
library(RColorBrewer)
display.brewer.all()
library(RColorBrewer)
par(mfrow=c(2,3))
hist(VADeaths,col=brewer.pal(3,"Set3"),main="Set3 3 colors")
hist(VADeaths,col=brewer.pal(3,"Set2"),main="Set2 3 colors")
hist(VADeaths,col=brewer.pal(3,"Set1"),main="Set1 3 colors")
hist(VADeaths,col=brewer.pal(8,"Set3"),main="Set3 8 colors")
hist(VADeaths,col=brewer.pal(8,"Greys"),main="Greys 8 colors")
hist(VADeaths,col=brewer.pal(8,"Greens"),main="Greens 8 colors")
