HW1
xukun.liu
2/22/2018
CIS/STA 3920 - Data Mining for Business Analytics with R
HW1
Instructor: @ Charlie Terng
Student: @ Xukun LIU
lecture1 notes and HW1 solution
0-setup and preview the raw data
getwd()## [1] "/Users/liuxukun/Google Driver/2018Spring/CIS3920/Assignments/HW1/data"#setwd("/Users/liuxukun/Google Driver/2018Spring/CIS3920/Assignments/HW1/data")
#getwd()
preview_data = read.csv("2004.csv", header = TRUE, sep = ",")
preview_data[1:3,]## X.1 X id sale rating units industry product country
## 1 1 1 3319288385 10030 4.608166 71 tech Series A Switzerland
## 2 2 2 3319288377 5499 4.007151 62 environmental Series A Switzerland
## 3 3 3 8132227255 32650 5.788430 368 tech Series C India
## return.client contract primary secondary deci5 aux tsee c1550 c1551
## 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
## 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
## c1553 c1554 c1556 c1552 c15512 c1542 c1558 c1557 c1559 c15511 c15513
## 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
## 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
## 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
## c15514 c15515
## 1 1 0
## 2 0 1
## 3 1 0nrow(preview_data)## [1] 225ncol(preview_data)## [1] 31preview_data[1:10,1:3]## X.1 X id
## 1 1 1 3319288385
## 2 2 2 3319288377
## 3 3 3 8132227255
## 4 4 4 8132227239
## 5 5 5 128048425
## 6 6 6 128046910
## 7 7 7 128052198
## 8 8 8 3319225189
## 9 9 9 3319225219
## 10 10 10 1280517951-Combining Datasets
1-Combining Datasets
my_data = NULL
temp_data<-data.frame()
for (year in 2004:2016) # 2004.csv
{
filename = paste(year, ".csv", sep = "", collapse = NULL)
print(filename)
temp_data = read.csv(filename, header = TRUE)
features = c("id","sale","units","rating","product", "industry","country","return.client","year")
temp_data$year = year #create and assgin col "year"
temp_data = temp_data[,features]
if(is.null(my_data))
{#print(is.null(my_data))
my_data = temp_data}
else
{print(is.null(my_data))
my_data = rbind(my_data,temp_data)}
}## [1] "2004.csv"
## [1] "2005.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2006.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2007.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2008.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2009.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2010.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2011.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2012.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2013.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2014.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2015.csv"
## [1] FALSE
## [1] "2016.csv"
## [1] FALSEmy_data[1:10,]## id sale units rating product industry country
## 1 3319288385 10030 71 4.608166 Series A tech Switzerland
## 2 3319288377 5499 62 4.007151 Series A environmental Switzerland
## 3 8132227255 32650 368 5.788430 Series C tech India
## 4 8132227239 17900 368 5.187386 Series C biotech India
## 5 128048425 27792 232 5.627333 Series A13 tech United Kingdom
## 6 128046910 19300 232 5.262690 Series A biotech United Kingdom
## 7 128052198 20448 194 5.320470 Series A tech United States
## 8 3319225189 32650 707 5.788430 Series C tech Switzerland
## 9 3319225219 32650 656 5.788430 Series C tech Switzerland
## 10 128051795 22032 534 5.395081 Series A tech United States
## return.client year
## 1 0 2004
## 2 0 2004
## 3 0 2004
## 4 0 2004
## 5 0 2004
## 6 0 2004
## 7 1 2004
## 8 0 2004
## 9 0 2004
## 10 1 20042-Examing the Dataset
dim(my_data) #7739-obervation / 9 varibales## [1] 7739 9str(my_data)## 'data.frame': 7739 obs. of 9 variables:
## $ id : Factor w/ 7225 levels "012801847X","012803436X",..: 135 134 187 186 35 34 38 122 123 36 ...
## $ sale : int 10030 5499 32650 17900 27792 19300 20448 32650 32650 22032 ...
## $ units : int 71 62 368 368 232 232 194 707 656 534 ...
## $ rating : num 4.61 4.01 5.79 5.19 5.63 ...
## $ product : Factor w/ 7 levels "Delta","Series A",..: 2 2 7 7 3 2 2 7 7 2 ...
## $ industry : Factor w/ 4 levels "biotech","environmental",..: 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ country : Factor w/ 27 levels "Australia","Canada",..: 10 10 5 5 11 11 12 10 10 12 ...
## $ return.client: int 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
## $ year : int 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 ...class(my_data$id)## [1] "factor"levels(my_data$product)## [1] "Delta" "Series A" "Series A13" "Series A2" "Series B"
## [6] "Series B55" "Series C"length(levels(my_data$product))## [1] 73.1-Handing missing values
my_length = length(my_data$id)
my_length## [1] 7739names(my_data)## [1] "id" "sale" "units" "rating"
## [5] "product" "industry" "country" "return.client"
## [9] "year"variables = names(my_data)
variables## [1] "id" "sale" "units" "rating"
## [5] "product" "industry" "country" "return.client"
## [9] "year"class(variables)## [1] "character"count_num = vector(mode="integer", length = length(variables))
count_num## [1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0count_na = data.frame(variables,count_num)
count_na## variables count_num
## 1 id 0
## 2 sale 0
## 3 units 0
## 4 rating 0
## 5 product 0
## 6 industry 0
## 7 country 0
## 8 return.client 0
## 9 year 0names(count_na)## [1] "variables" "count_num"str(count_na)## 'data.frame': 9 obs. of 2 variables:
## $ variables: Factor w/ 9 levels "country","id",..: 2 7 8 5 4 3 1 6 9
## $ count_num: int 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0for (m in 1:my_length) {
for (n in 1:length(variables)) # length(variables) V.S variables
{
if(is.na(my_data[m,n])){
count_na[n,"count_num"] = count_na[n,"count_num"] + 1}
}
}
count_na## variables count_num
## 1 id 0
## 2 sale 0
## 3 units 2
## 4 rating 0
## 5 product 4
## 6 industry 0
## 7 country 0
## 8 return.client 0
## 9 year 0plot(count_na,xlab="Vars",ylab="Missing",main="NA count")
3.2
class(my_data$product)## [1] "factor"my_data$product=as.character(my_data$product)
class(my_data$product)## [1] "character"my_data$product[is.na(my_data$product)]="Delta"3.3
class(my_data$industry)## [1] "factor"my_data$industry = as.character(my_data$industry)
class(my_data$industry)## [1] "character"my_data$industry[my_data$industry=="999"]=NA
my_data$industry[is.na(my_data$industry)]## [1] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [24] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
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## [3313] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
## [3336] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA3.4 remove all NA observation
my_data = na.omit(my_data)4.1 Recoding Values
class(my_data$country)## [1] "factor"summary(my_data$country)## Australia Canada France
## 18 44 8
## Germany India Italy
## 302 60 5
## Japan Netherlands Singapore
## 47 170 257
## Switzerland United Kingdom United States
## 1241 798 1416
## Austria New Zealand (Aotearoa) Denmark
## 8 4 1
## Taiwan Sweden Hong Kong
## 2 1 1
## Poland Belgium Senegal
## 2 1 1
## Singapore, SWitzerland United Arab Emirates
## 0 0 0
## Slovenia Switzerland, Switzerland South Africa
## 1 0 1my_count=0
for (test in my_data$country=="Singapore, ") {
if(test==T)
{my_count=my_count+1}
}
my_count## [1] 0my_data[my_data$country=="Singapore, ","country"] = "Singapore"
my_count=0
for (test in my_data$country=="Singapore, ") {
if(test==T)
{my_count=my_count+1}
}
my_count## [1] 0summary(my_data$country)## Australia Canada France
## 18 44 8
## Germany India Italy
## 302 60 5
## Japan Netherlands Singapore
## 47 170 257
## Switzerland United Kingdom United States
## 1241 798 1416
## Austria New Zealand (Aotearoa) Denmark
## 8 4 1
## Taiwan Sweden Hong Kong
## 2 1 1
## Poland Belgium Senegal
## 2 1 1
## Singapore, SWitzerland United Arab Emirates
## 0 0 0
## Slovenia Switzerland, Switzerland South Africa
## 1 0 1my_data[my_data$country=="SWitzerland","country"] <- "Switzerland"
my_data[my_data$country=="Switzerland, Switzerland","country"] <- "Switzerland"
summary(my_data$country)## Australia Canada France
## 18 44 8
## Germany India Italy
## 302 60 5
## Japan Netherlands Singapore
## 47 170 257
## Switzerland United Kingdom United States
## 1241 798 1416
## Austria New Zealand (Aotearoa) Denmark
## 8 4 1
## Taiwan Sweden Hong Kong
## 2 1 1
## Poland Belgium Senegal
## 2 1 1
## Singapore, SWitzerland United Arab Emirates
## 0 0 0
## Slovenia Switzerland, Switzerland South Africa
## 1 0 1my_data$country <- as.factor(my_data$country)
levels(my_data$country)## [1] "Australia" "Canada"
## [3] "France" "Germany"
## [5] "India" "Italy"
## [7] "Japan" "Netherlands"
## [9] "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [11] "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [13] "Austria" "New Zealand (Aotearoa)"
## [15] "Denmark" "Taiwan"
## [17] "Sweden" "Hong Kong"
## [19] "Poland" "Belgium"
## [21] "Senegal" "Singapore, "
## [23] "SWitzerland" "United Arab Emirates"
## [25] "Slovenia" "Switzerland, Switzerland"
## [27] "South Africa"# we could also use droplevels() function to remove extra(containing no value) levels.4.2
country_check = c("Singapore", "Switzerland", "United States", "United Kingdom")
! my_data$country %in% country_check## [1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [12] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [23] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [34] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
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## [3994] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
## [4005] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
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## [4104] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4115] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [4126] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4137] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [4148] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4159] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
## [4170] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4181] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
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## [4203] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4214] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4225] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE
## [4236] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4247] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4258] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4269] FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4280] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [4291] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4302] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4313] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4324] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
## [4335] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE
## [4346] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4357] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [4368] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [4379] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSEmy_data$country = as.character(my_data$country)
my_data$country[!(my_data$country %in% country_check)] <- "other"
my_data$country## [1] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [5] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [9] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [13] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [17] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [21] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [25] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Singapore" "United States"
## [29] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [33] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [37] "other" "other" "United States" "other"
## [41] "United Kingdom" "other" "United States" "other"
## [45] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [49] "other" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [53] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [57] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [61] "other" "other" "Singapore" "United States"
## [65] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [69] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [73] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [77] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [81] "United States" "other" "other" "United States"
## [85] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [89] "United States" "Singapore" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [93] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [97] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [101] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [105] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [109] "United States" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [113] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [117] "United States" "other" "other" "other"
## [121] "other" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States"
## [125] "other" "United States" "other" "other"
## [129] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [133] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [137] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [141] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [145] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [149] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [153] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [157] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [161] "other" "other" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [165] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [169] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [173] "other" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [177] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "Singapore"
## [181] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [185] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [189] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [193] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [197] "other" "other" "other" "other"
## [201] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [205] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [209] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [213] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [217] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [221] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "other"
## [225] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [229] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [233] "United States" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [237] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [241] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [245] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [249] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [253] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [257] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [261] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [265] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [269] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [273] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [277] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "other"
## [281] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [285] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [289] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "United States"
## [293] "United States" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [297] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [301] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [305] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [309] "United States" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [313] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [317] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [321] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [325] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [329] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [333] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [337] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [341] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [345] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "United States"
## [349] "other" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [353] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [357] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [361] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [365] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [369] "United States" "other" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [373] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [377] "United States" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [381] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other"
## [385] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [389] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [393] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [397] "Singapore" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [401] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [405] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [409] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [413] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [417] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [421] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [425] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [429] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [433] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [437] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [441] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [445] "other" "United States" "other" "other"
## [449] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [453] "United States" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [457] "other" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [461] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [465] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [469] "United States" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [473] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "other"
## [477] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [481] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [485] "United States" "other" "other" "other"
## [489] "other" "United States" "other" "Singapore"
## [493] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [497] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [501] "other" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [505] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [509] "United Kingdom" "United States" "other" "other"
## [513] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [517] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [521] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [525] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [529] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [533] "Singapore" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [537] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [541] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [545] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [549] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [553] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [557] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [561] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [565] "United States" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [569] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [573] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [577] "United States" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [581] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [585] "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [589] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [593] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [597] "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [601] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [605] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [609] "United States" "other" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [613] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [617] "other" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [621] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [625] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [629] "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [633] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States"
## [637] "United States" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [641] "United States" "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [645] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [649] "United States" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [653] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Singapore"
## [657] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [661] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [665] "other" "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [669] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [673] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [677] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [681] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [685] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [689] "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [693] "other" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [697] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [701] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [705] "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [709] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [713] "other" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [717] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [721] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [725] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [729] "United States" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [733] "other" "other" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [737] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [741] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [745] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [749] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [753] "other" "other" "other" "other"
## [757] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [761] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "other" "United States"
## [765] "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [769] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [773] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [777] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [781] "other" "other" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [785] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [789] "other" "other" "United States" "other"
## [793] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [797] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [801] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [805] "United States" "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [809] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [813] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [817] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [821] "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [825] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "United States"
## [829] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Singapore"
## [833] "Singapore" "other" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [837] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [841] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [845] "other" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [849] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [853] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [857] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Singapore" "other"
## [861] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [865] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [869] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [873] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [877] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [881] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [885] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [889] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [893] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [897] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [901] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [905] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [909] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [913] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [917] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [921] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [925] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [929] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [933] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [937] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [941] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [945] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [949] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [953] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [957] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [961] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [965] "United States" "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [969] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [973] "other" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [977] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [981] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [985] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [989] "United States" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [993] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [997] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [1001] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1005] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1009] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1013] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1017] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1021] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [1025] "other" "Singapore" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [1029] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [1033] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [1037] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1041] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Singapore"
## [1045] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1049] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1053] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [1057] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1061] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1065] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1069] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1073] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1077] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [1081] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1085] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [1089] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1093] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1097] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [1101] "Singapore" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [1105] "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1109] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [1113] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [1117] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1121] "United Kingdom" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1125] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1129] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1133] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "Singapore"
## [1137] "United States" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1141] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1145] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1149] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [1153] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1157] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1161] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1165] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1169] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [1173] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1177] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1181] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1185] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1189] "other" "other" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1193] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1197] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1201] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1205] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1209] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1213] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [1217] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1221] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1225] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1229] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [1233] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1237] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1241] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Singapore"
## [1245] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1249] "other" "other" "other" "other"
## [1253] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [1257] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1261] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1265] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1269] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1273] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1277] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1281] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Singapore" "United States"
## [1285] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1289] "United States" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1293] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [1297] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [1301] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1305] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1309] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1313] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1317] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1321] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1325] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [1329] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [1333] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [1337] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1341] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1345] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [1349] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1353] "United States" "United Kingdom" "other" "other"
## [1357] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1361] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1365] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1369] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1373] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1377] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1381] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1385] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1389] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1393] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1397] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1401] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1405] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1409] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [1413] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1417] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1421] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [1425] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1429] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1433] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1437] "United States" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1441] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1445] "United States" "other" "other" "other"
## [1449] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [1453] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1457] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1461] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1465] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [1469] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1473] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1477] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [1481] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [1485] "other" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [1489] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [1493] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1497] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [1501] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "other"
## [1505] "other" "Singapore" "Singapore" "other"
## [1509] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1513] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [1517] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1521] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1525] "Singapore" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [1529] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1533] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1537] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [1541] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1545] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1549] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1553] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1557] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1561] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1565] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1569] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1573] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1577] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1581] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1585] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1589] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1593] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1597] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [1601] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [1605] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1609] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1613] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1617] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1621] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [1625] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1629] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [1633] "other" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1637] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1641] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1645] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1649] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [1653] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [1657] "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore" "United States"
## [1661] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1665] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1669] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1673] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [1677] "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [1681] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "other"
## [1685] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [1689] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1693] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [1697] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1701] "United States" "other" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [1705] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1709] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [1713] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1717] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1721] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1725] "United States" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1729] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1733] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1737] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1741] "United Kingdom" "United States" "other" "other"
## [1745] "other" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [1749] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1753] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1757] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [1761] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1765] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [1769] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1773] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1777] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [1781] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1785] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1789] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1793] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1797] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1801] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [1805] "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [1809] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1813] "other" "other" "other" "United States"
## [1817] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [1821] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1825] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1829] "other" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [1833] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1837] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [1841] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1845] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1849] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1853] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1857] "other" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1861] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1865] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1869] "other" "United States" "other" "other"
## [1873] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1877] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [1881] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1885] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [1889] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [1893] "United Kingdom" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [1897] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1901] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [1905] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "other"
## [1909] "other" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1913] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [1917] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [1921] "United States" "Singapore" "United States" "Singapore"
## [1925] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "other"
## [1929] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1933] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1937] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [1941] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [1945] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1949] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1953] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "other" "United States"
## [1957] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [1961] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [1965] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [1969] "other" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [1973] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [1977] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [1981] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [1985] "Singapore" "other" "other" "United States"
## [1989] "United States" "Singapore" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [1993] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [1997] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [2001] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States"
## [2005] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2009] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2013] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [2017] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2021] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2025] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2029] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2033] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2037] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2041] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "other"
## [2045] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2049] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2053] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2057] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2061] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2065] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2069] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2073] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2077] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States"
## [2081] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [2085] "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2089] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [2093] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [2097] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2101] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2105] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2109] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2113] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2117] "United States" "Singapore" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [2121] "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2125] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2129] "United Kingdom" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2133] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2137] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2141] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2145] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2149] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2153] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2157] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2161] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2165] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2169] "other" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2173] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2177] "United Kingdom" "other" "other" "other"
## [2181] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [2185] "other" "other" "United States" "other"
## [2189] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2193] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2197] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2201] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2205] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [2209] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2213] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2217] "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [2221] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2225] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2229] "United States" "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2233] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "other"
## [2237] "other" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2241] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2245] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2249] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2253] "other" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2257] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [2261] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2265] "Singapore" "other" "other" "other"
## [2269] "other" "Singapore" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2273] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2277] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2281] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2285] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2289] "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2293] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2297] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2301] "United States" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2305] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [2309] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2313] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2317] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2321] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2325] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2329] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2333] "United States" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [2337] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2341] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2345] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2349] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2353] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [2357] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [2361] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2365] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2369] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2373] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2377] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2381] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2385] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2389] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2393] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2397] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2401] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2405] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2409] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2413] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2417] "Singapore" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2421] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2425] "United Kingdom" "other" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [2429] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2433] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2437] "other" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [2441] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2445] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2449] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2453] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2457] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [2461] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2465] "other" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2469] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2473] "other" "other" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [2477] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2481] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [2485] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2489] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2493] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2497] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2501] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2505] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2509] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2513] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2517] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2521] "Singapore" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2525] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [2529] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2533] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2537] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2541] "other" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2545] "United States" "other" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [2549] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [2553] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2557] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2561] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2565] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [2569] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2573] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2577] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2581] "United Kingdom" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2585] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2589] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [2593] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2597] "other" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2601] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2605] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2609] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2613] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2617] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2621] "other" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [2625] "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2629] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [2633] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2637] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2641] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2645] "United States" "other" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2649] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [2653] "other" "other" "United States" "other"
## [2657] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2661] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [2665] "United Kingdom" "other" "other" "other"
## [2669] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2673] "other" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States"
## [2677] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [2681] "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2685] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [2689] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2693] "United States" "other" "other" "other"
## [2697] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2701] "United States" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [2705] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [2709] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [2713] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2717] "Singapore" "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2721] "United States" "Singapore" "other" "other"
## [2725] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2729] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other"
## [2733] "Switzerland" "other" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [2737] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2741] "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [2745] "United Kingdom" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2749] "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2753] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2757] "other" "other" "United States" "other"
## [2761] "Singapore" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2765] "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2769] "other" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2773] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2777] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2781] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other"
## [2785] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [2789] "Singapore" "other" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2793] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2797] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2801] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2805] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2809] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [2813] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2817] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [2821] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2825] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [2829] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2833] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2837] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2841] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [2845] "United States" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [2849] "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2853] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [2857] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2861] "Singapore" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2865] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2869] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2873] "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [2877] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [2881] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2885] "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2889] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [2893] "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [2897] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2901] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [2905] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [2909] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2913] "United States" "other" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2917] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2921] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [2925] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2929] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2933] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Singapore" "United States"
## [2937] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2941] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [2945] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2949] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore"
## [2953] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [2957] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [2961] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [2965] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2969] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2973] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [2977] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2981] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2985] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [2989] "Singapore" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [2993] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [2997] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3001] "Switzerland" "other" "Singapore" "United States"
## [3005] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3009] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3013] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [3017] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3021] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3025] "United States" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3029] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3033] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [3037] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3041] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [3045] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3049] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3053] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3057] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [3061] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [3065] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3069] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3073] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3077] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3081] "other" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3085] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3089] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [3093] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3097] "Switzerland" "other" "Singapore" "United States"
## [3101] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3105] "other" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3109] "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3113] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3117] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3121] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [3125] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3129] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3133] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3137] "Singapore" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [3141] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [3145] "Singapore" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3149] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3153] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3157] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3161] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [3165] "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3169] "other" "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [3173] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3177] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [3181] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3185] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States" "Singapore"
## [3189] "United States" "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [3193] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [3197] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3201] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3205] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3209] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3213] "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3217] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3221] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3225] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3229] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3233] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3237] "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore" "United States"
## [3241] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3245] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3249] "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3253] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3257] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3261] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3265] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3269] "United States" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3273] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3277] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3281] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3285] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3289] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3293] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3297] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3301] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3305] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3309] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3313] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3317] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3321] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3325] "Singapore" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3329] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3333] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3337] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3341] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3345] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3349] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3353] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3357] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [3361] "United States" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [3365] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3369] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3373] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3377] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3381] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3385] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "other"
## [3389] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3393] "Singapore" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3397] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3401] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3405] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3409] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3413] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3417] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3421] "other" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [3425] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [3429] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [3433] "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3437] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [3441] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3445] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3449] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3453] "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3457] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3461] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3465] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3469] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3473] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "other"
## [3477] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3481] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3485] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [3489] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3493] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3497] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3501] "United States" "other" "United States" "Singapore"
## [3505] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3509] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3513] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3517] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "other"
## [3521] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3525] "Singapore" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3529] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3533] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3537] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3541] "United States" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3545] "other" "other" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3549] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3553] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3557] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [3561] "other" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3565] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3569] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3573] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3577] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [3581] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [3585] "United States" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [3589] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [3593] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3597] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3601] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [3605] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3609] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [3613] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3617] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3621] "United Kingdom" "other" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [3625] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3629] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3633] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3637] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3641] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3645] "United States" "United States" "United States" "Singapore"
## [3649] "Singapore" "other" "Singapore" "other"
## [3653] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3657] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United States" "other"
## [3661] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3665] "United States" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3669] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "United States"
## [3673] "United States" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3677] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [3681] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [3685] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3689] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3693] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3697] "other" "Singapore" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3701] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [3705] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3709] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [3713] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3717] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3721] "other" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3725] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other"
## [3729] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3733] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3737] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3741] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3745] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3749] "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "other"
## [3753] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3757] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3761] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Singapore"
## [3765] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3769] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3773] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3777] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3781] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3785] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3789] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3793] "other" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3797] "Singapore" "other" "other" "other"
## [3801] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [3805] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3809] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3813] "Singapore" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3817] "other" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3821] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3825] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [3829] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3833] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [3837] "Singapore" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3841] "other" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [3845] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3849] "Switzerland" "other" "other" "other"
## [3853] "United States" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3857] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Singapore" "United Kingdom"
## [3861] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore"
## [3865] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3869] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3873] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3877] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "other" "other"
## [3881] "Singapore" "Singapore" "other" "other"
## [3885] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "other"
## [3889] "other" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3893] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3897] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [3901] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3905] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3909] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3913] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [3917] "United States" "other" "other" "United States"
## [3921] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3925] "Singapore" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3929] "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other"
## [3933] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3937] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [3941] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [3945] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3949] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3953] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3957] "Switzerland" "Singapore" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [3961] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "other" "Switzerland"
## [3965] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [3969] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [3973] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Singapore"
## [3977] "Singapore" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3981] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [3985] "United Kingdom" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [3989] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [3993] "other" "Switzerland" "Singapore" "Switzerland"
## [3997] "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States" "United States"
## [4001] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [4005] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4009] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [4013] "Singapore" "other" "United States" "other"
## [4017] "Singapore" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [4021] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [4025] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [4029] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [4033] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [4037] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [4041] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [4045] "United States" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [4049] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4053] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4057] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4061] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4065] "United States" "United States" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [4069] "United States" "other" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [4073] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [4077] "United States" "other" "United States" "other"
## [4081] "Switzerland" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [4085] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [4089] "United Kingdom" "Switzerland" "United States" "other"
## [4093] "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [4097] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "other"
## [4101] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4105] "United States" "other" "other" "Switzerland"
## [4109] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [4113] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [4117] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [4121] "other" "United States" "Singapore" "other"
## [4125] "other" "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland"
## [4129] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [4133] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4137] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4141] "other" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [4145] "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4149] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4153] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4157] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [4161] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [4165] "Switzerland" "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [4169] "other" "Singapore" "other" "United Kingdom"
## [4173] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4177] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [4181] "United Kingdom" "United States" "other" "other"
## [4185] "United States" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [4189] "United Kingdom" "United States" "other" "Switzerland"
## [4193] "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4197] "other" "other" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [4201] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4205] "Switzerland" "other" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [4209] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4213] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4217] "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [4221] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [4225] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [4229] "other" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [4233] "other" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [4237] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4241] "Singapore" "other" "other" "United States"
## [4245] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4249] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [4253] "Switzerland" "other" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4257] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4261] "other" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [4265] "United States" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [4269] "United States" "United States" "other" "United States"
## [4273] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [4277] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States"
## [4281] "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "Singapore" "United States"
## [4285] "Singapore" "Singapore" "other" "other"
## [4289] "other" "other" "United States" "United States"
## [4293] "Switzerland" "United States" "Singapore" "Singapore"
## [4297] "United States" "Singapore" "Switzerland" "Switzerland"
## [4301] "United States" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [4305] "other" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4309] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4313] "United States" "United States" "United States" "other"
## [4317] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United States" "United States"
## [4321] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [4325] "Switzerland" "United States" "United States" "United Kingdom"
## [4329] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "other"
## [4333] "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "United States"
## [4337] "other" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4341] "United Kingdom" "other" "other" "United States"
## [4345] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "Switzerland"
## [4349] "Switzerland" "United States" "Switzerland" "United States"
## [4353] "other" "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "United Kingdom"
## [4357] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [4361] "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States" "Switzerland"
## [4365] "United States" "other" "other" "United States"
## [4369] "United States" "United States" "other" "other"
## [4373] "Switzerland" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United Kingdom"
## [4377] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4381] "United States" "United States" "United States" "United States"
## [4385] "United Kingdom" "United States" "United Kingdom" "United States"
## [4389] "United States"4.3
class(my_data$product)## [1] "character"my_data$product[my_data$product=="Series A13"|my_data$product=="Series A2"]="Series A"
my_data$product[my_data$product=="Series B55"]="Series B"
summary(my_data$product)## Length Class Mode
## 4389 character character5.1
class(my_data$sale)## [1] "integer"my_data$sale = as.numeric(my_data$sale)
class(my_data$sale)## [1] "numeric"class(my_data$units)## [1] "integer"my_data$units = as.numeric(my_data$units)
class(my_data$units)## [1] "numeric"my_data$sale.per.unit = my_data$sale/my_data$units
class(my_data$sale.per.unit) # int/int -> numeric## [1] "numeric"5.2
class(my_data$rating)## [1] "numeric"my_data$rating.level[ 5 <= my_data$rating ] = "excellent"
my_data$rating.level[ 4 <= my_data$rating & my_data$rating < 5] = "satisfactory"
my_data$rating.level[ my_data$rating < 4] = "poor"5.3
Create dummy variables for levels “biotech” and “environmental” from the “industry” variable.
class(my_data$industry)## [1] "character"my_data$biotech <- as.numeric(my_data$industry=="biotech")
my_data$environmental <- as.numeric(my_data$industry=="environmental")5.4
Create a variable “priority”, in which a value of 1 is given for clients who are returning clients (“return.client” = 1) and have given a poor rating (“rating.level” = “poor”). Both conditions must be met.
class(my_data$return.client)## [1] "integer"class(my_data$rating.level)## [1] "character"my_data$priority = as.numeric( my_data$return.client==1 & my_data$rating.level=="poor")6.1
Show the new dimensions of the dataset
dim(my_data)## [1] 4389 146.2
Check the data types to make sure they are appropriate for the variable (ex. “product”, “industry”, and “country” variables should be factors)
summary(my_data)## id sale units rating
## : 7 Min. : 606 Min. : 10 Min. : 1.802
## 8132236114: 3 1st Qu.: 7999 1st Qu.: 224 1st Qu.: 4.382
## 3319268074: 3 Median : 12900 Median : 329 Median : 4.860
## 3658159707: 3 Mean : 16822 Mean : 391 Mean : 4.767
## 8132236416: 3 3rd Qu.: 18900 3rd Qu.: 465 3rd Qu.: 5.242
## 9811023409: 3 Max. :4670000 Max. :7785 Max. :10.751
## (Other) :4367
## product industry country return.client
## Length:4389 Length:4389 Length:4389 Min. :0.0000
## Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.3219
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000
##
## year sale.per.unit rating.level biotech
## Min. :2004 Min. : 1.367 Length:4389 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:2007 1st Qu.: 22.729 Class :character 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :2009 Median : 39.489 Mode :character Median :1.0000
## Mean :2010 Mean : 47.447 Mean :0.5284
## 3rd Qu.:2013 3rd Qu.: 58.982 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :2016 Max. :1122.273 Max. :1.0000
##
## environmental priority
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.00000
## Mean :0.3602 Mean :0.07952
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000
## str(my_data)## 'data.frame': 4389 obs. of 14 variables:
## $ id : Factor w/ 7225 levels "012801847X","012803436X",..: 135 134 187 186 35 34 38 122 123 36 ...
## $ sale : num 10030 5499 32650 17900 27792 ...
## $ units : num 71 62 368 368 232 232 194 707 656 534 ...
## $ rating : num 4.61 4.01 5.79 5.19 5.63 ...
## $ product : chr "Series A" "Series A" "Series C" "Series C" ...
## $ industry : chr "tech" "environmental" "tech" "biotech" ...
## $ country : chr "Switzerland" "Switzerland" "other" "other" ...
## $ return.client: int 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
## $ year : int 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 ...
## $ sale.per.unit: num 141.3 88.7 88.7 48.6 119.8 ...
## $ rating.level : chr "satisfactory" "satisfactory" "excellent" "excellent" ...
## $ biotech : num 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ environmental: num 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ priority : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## - attr(*, "na.action")=Class 'omit' Named int [1:3350] 229 230 232 233 235 237 241 243 245 246 ...
## .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:3350] "229" "230" "232" "233" ...my_data$product <- as.factor(my_data$product)
my_data$industry <- as.factor(my_data$industry)
my_data$country <- as.factor(my_data$country)
str(my_data)## 'data.frame': 4389 obs. of 14 variables:
## $ id : Factor w/ 7225 levels "012801847X","012803436X",..: 135 134 187 186 35 34 38 122 123 36 ...
## $ sale : num 10030 5499 32650 17900 27792 ...
## $ units : num 71 62 368 368 232 232 194 707 656 534 ...
## $ rating : num 4.61 4.01 5.79 5.19 5.63 ...
## $ product : Factor w/ 4 levels "Delta","Series A",..: 2 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 ...
## $ industry : Factor w/ 3 levels "biotech","environmental",..: 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ country : Factor w/ 5 levels "other","Singapore",..: 3 3 1 1 4 4 5 3 3 5 ...
## $ return.client: int 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ...
## $ year : int 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 ...
## $ sale.per.unit: num 141.3 88.7 88.7 48.6 119.8 ...
## $ rating.level : chr "satisfactory" "satisfactory" "excellent" "excellent" ...
## $ biotech : num 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ environmental: num 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ priority : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## - attr(*, "na.action")=Class 'omit' Named int [1:3350] 229 230 232 233 235 237 241 243 245 246 ...
## .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr [1:3350] "229" "230" "232" "233" ...7.1
Export dataset
write.csv(my_data,"LIU_Xukun.csv")7.2
rewrite without index number
write.csv(my_data,"LIU_Xukun.csv",row.names = F)CIS/STA 3920 - Data Mining for Business Analytics
Instructor: @ Charlie Terng
Student: @ Xukun LIU