This document presents the 3D visualisation (cf. Figure 2 below) of the results of Correspondence Analysis (CA) (Desagulier, 2017, pp. 257–276; Glynn, 2014) between the distinctive metaphors and the nominal lexical field for happiness in Indonesian (Rajeg, in progress, Chapter 7); the pilot study of the use of CA with only three happiness synonyms is published as Rajeg (2016). The distinctiveness of the metaphors for each synonym is firstly determined using Multiple Distinctive Collexeme Analysis (MDCA) (Desagulier, 2014; Gilquin, 2010; Hilpert, 2006, 2008; Stefanowitsch & Gries, 2009, p. 946). The results of MDCA are discussed in the same chapter of the thesis.
I adopt the idea to synthesise the results of MDCA using CA visualisation from Desagulier (2014). The metaphors included for CA are those having Collostruction Strength/Distinctiveness \(\geq\) 2 and co-occuring with any synonyms for at least ten tokens. I then performed CA using the CA() function from the FactoMineR R package. The results indicate that the first three (out of nine) dimensions explained 81.25% of the variance in the data, while the first two dimensions retains 70.92% of the total explained variance. Figure 1 visualises the explained variation in the data for each dimension; the dashed red lines indicate the average variance; dimensions whose percentages are above the average should be kept for the chosen solution. The barplot in Figure 1 is produced using fviz_screeplot() from the factoextra R package.
Figure 1: Scree plot for the percentages of the explained variance.
Figure 2 is the 3D map for the first three dimensions of the CA output. It is generated using the R functions (plot3d(), text3d(), grid3d(), and rglwidget()) from the rgl package. The synonyms are in red (R’s firebrick) while the distinctive metaphors are in blue (R’s navyblue). Glossing for the synonyms can be seen in Table 1. The id “S&ST” in the source column stands for ‘Stevens and Schmidgall Tellings’ (Stevens & Schmidgall Tellings, 2004). On Mac OSX, use two-finger gesture to zoom in and out, and three-finger gesture to rotate the graph.
Figure 2: 3D scatter plot for the distinctive metaphorical landscape of the happiness lexical field in Indonesian.
Relative association of the synonyms with the metaphors is shown by how close they are in particular dimension. Meanwhile, the separation of the synonyms between each other suggests distinct metaphorical conceptualisations associated with them.
To illustrate, kebahagiaan ‘happiness’ and kesenangan ‘pleasure’ differ in their distinctive metaphorical profiles along the third dimension. Kesenangan ‘pleasure’ are associated with (i.e., more frequently occur in) metaphorical expressions that describe kesenangan as a subjugator (e.g., diperbudak oleh kesenangan ‘to be enslaved by pleasure), an adversary (e.g., menaklukkan rayuan kesenangan ’to defeat the seduction of pleasure’), and a deceiver (e.g., tersihir/tersesatkan oleh kesenangan ‘to be bewitched/misled by pleasure’; tertipu dengan kesenangan ’to be deceived by pleasure).
In contrast, kebahagaiaan ‘happiness’ is more frequently described as if it is (i) a destination or desired goal one aims to achieve (e.g., menemukan kebahagiaan ‘to find/discover happiness; sampai pada kebahagiaan ’to arrive at happiness’; meraih kebahagiaan ‘to catch-hold of happiness’) and (ii) moving object approaching the candidate experiencer of happiness (e.g., kebahagiaan seperti ini akan datang ‘this kind of happiness will come’).
If one rotate the plot to view the first and the second dimensions, kebahagiaan ‘happiness’ and kesenangan ‘pleasure’ cluster together, separated from a group of other happiness words (i.e., kegembiraan ‘joy’ and keceriaan ‘cheerfulness’) that are associated with metaphors highlighting their ‘intense’ and ‘expressive’ profiles.
| synonyms | form | gloss | source |
|---|---|---|---|
| bahagia | root | (peaceful and) happy; happiness; luck(y), good fortune; welfare | S&ST.2004.p.75 |
| ceria | root | pure, clean, clear; cheerful | S&ST.2004.p.198 |
| gembira | root | excited, enthusiastic, exuberant, … | S&ST.2004.p.311 |
| riang | root | very happy, joyous, glad | S&ST.2004.p.830 |
| senang | root | happy, to feel well, contented, satisfied | S&ST.2004.p.909 |
| kebahagiaan | nominalised | happiness, prosperity and contentment | S&ST.2004.p.75 |
| keceriaan | nominalised | purity; cheerfulness | S&ST.2004.p.198 |
| kegembiraan | nominalised | joy, cheerfulness, high spirits | S&ST.2004.p.311 |
| keriangan | nominalised | cheer(fulness), happiness, joy | S&ST.2004.p.830 |
| kesenangan | nominalised | pleasure, happiness, enjoyment, … | S&ST.2004.p.909 |
NB: I am working on generating the Shiny and/or Plotly version of the map.
References
Desagulier, G. (2014). Visualizing distances in a set of near synonyms: Rather, Quite, Fairly, and Pretty. In D. Glynn & J. Robinson (Eds.), Corpus methods for semantics: Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy (pp. 145–178). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Desagulier, G. (2017). Corpus linguistics and statistics with R: Introduction to quantitative methods in linguistics. New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Gilquin, G. (2010). Corpus, cognition and causative constructions. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Glynn, D. (2014). Correspondence analysis: Exploring data and identifying patterns. In D. Glynn & J. A. Robinson (Eds.), Corpus methods for semantics: Quantitative studies in polysemy and synonymy (pp. 443–485). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Hilpert, M. (2006). Distinctive collexeme analysis and diachrony. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 2(2), 243–256.
Hilpert, M. (2008). Germanic future constructions: A usage-based approach to language change. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Rajeg, G. P. W. (2016). Exploring the semantics of near-synonyms via metaphorical profiles: A quantitative corpus-based study of Indonesian words for Happiness. In Proceedings of the International Congress of The Linguistic Society of Indonesia (pp. 261–265). Universitas Udayana, Bali-Indonesia: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia (MLI) & Universitas Udayana. doi:10.4225/03/5913aec719240
Rajeg, G. P. W. (in progress). Metaphorical profiles and near-synonyms: A case study of Indonesian words for Happiness (PhD Thesis). Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Stefanowitsch, A., & Gries, S. T. (2009). Corpora and grammar. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö (Eds.), Corpus linguistics: An international handbook (Vol. 2, pp. 933–951). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Stevens, A. M., & Schmidgall Tellings, A. E. (2004). A comprehensive Indonesian-English dictionary. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press.