d-place exploration (all essays)
Molly Lewis
2018-01-02
Does d-place data explain variability in semantic space similarity?
Read in language semantic distances from ETS.
raw_dists <- read_csv("../../data/processed/pairwise_lang_distances/HD_centroid_distances_all.csv")
dists <- raw_dists %>%
mutate(lang1 = colnames(raw_dists)) %>%
select(lang1, everything()) %>%
gather("lang2", "dist", -1) %>%
filter(lang1 != lang2,
!is.na(dist)) %>%
rename(semantic_dist = dist)
ggplot(dists, aes(x = semantic_dist)) +
geom_histogram() +
ggtitle("Distribution of essay distances") +
theme_bw()
Cultural measures
DOMAINS <- c("CulturalDistances","Agriculture_and_vegetation", "Basic_actions_and_technology", "Emotions_and_values", "Kinship", "Law", "Possession", "Religion_and_belief", "Social_and_political_relations", "The_house", "The_physical_world")There are a 10 different cultural domain distances measures, and one overall measure: CulturalDistances, Agriculture_and_vegetation, Basic_actions_and_technology, Emotions_and_values, Kinship, Law, Possession, Religion_and_belief, Social_and_political_relations, The_house, The_physical_world. The names are a little misleading, however, because they are mapped onto concepticon categories. We have cultural data for 30/36 langauges. The ones missing are: “GER”, “GRE”, “ITA”, “POR”, “RUM”, “FAS”. For several there were not exact matches between the two datasets, and but I mapped them to very similar groups. Below is the correlation between categories.
abbrevs <- read_csv("../../data/processed/ETS_abbrev_to_names.csv")
cult_dist <- read_csv("../../data/processed/ImputeEACulturalDifferences/results/EA_distances/CulturalDistances_Long.csv") %>%
left_join(abbrevs %>%
select(ETS_code, EA_language_Name),
by = c("Var1" = "EA_language_Name")) %>%
rename(lang1 = ETS_code) %>%
left_join(abbrevs %>%
select(ETS_code, EA_language_Name,),
by = c("Var2" = "EA_language_Name")) %>%
rename(lang2 = ETS_code) %>%
select(lang1, lang2, value) %>%
filter(!is.na(lang1) & !is.na(lang2))get_domain_data <- function(domain, dists){
path <- paste0("../../data/processed/ImputeEACulturalDifferences/results/EA_distances/", domain, "_long.csv")
cult_dists_raw <- read_csv(path) %>%
mutate(domain = domain)
all_cult_dists <- cult_dists_raw %>%
left_join(abbrevs %>%
select(ETS_code, EA_language_Name),
by = c("Var1" = "EA_language_Name")) %>%
rename(lang1 = ETS_code) %>%
left_join(abbrevs %>%
select(ETS_code, EA_language_Name,),
by = c("Var2" = "EA_language_Name")) %>%
rename(lang2 = ETS_code,
cult_dist = value) %>%
select(lang1, lang2, cult_dist, domain) %>%
filter(!is.na(lang1) & !is.na(lang2))
inner_join(dists, all_cult_dists) %>%
select(-semantic_dist)
}
all_cultural_values <- map_df(DOMAINS, get_domain_data, dists)
all_cultural_values_wide <- all_cultural_values %>%
distinct(lang1, lang2, domain, .keep_all = T) %>%
spread(domain, cult_dist)
cultural_corrs <- all_cultural_values_wide %>%
select(-lang1, -lang2) %>%
correlate() %>%
shave(upper = TRUE)
kable(cultural_corrs, digits = 2)| rowname | Agriculture_and_vegetation | Basic_actions_and_technology | CulturalDistances | Emotions_and_values | Kinship | Law | Possession | Religion_and_belief | Social_and_political_relations | The_house | The_physical_world |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture_and_vegetation | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Basic_actions_and_technology | 0.37 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| CulturalDistances | 0.48 | 0.81 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Emotions_and_values | 0.40 | 0.89 | 0.80 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Kinship | 0.07 | 0.50 | 0.81 | 0.54 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Law | 0.55 | 0.46 | 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.39 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Possession | 0.59 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.85 | 0.52 | 0.60 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Religion_and_belief | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.54 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Social_and_political_relations | 0.49 | 0.59 | 0.83 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.85 | 0.70 | 0.55 | NA | NA | NA |
| The_house | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.66 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.33 | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.74 | NA | NA |
| The_physical_world | 0.35 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.67 | NA |
rplot(cultural_corrs, legend = T) +
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, hjust = 1))
Semantic distance and cultural distance correlations
get_domain_corr <- function(domain, dists){
path <- paste0("../../data/processed/ImputeEACulturalDifferences/results/EA_distances/",domain, "_long.csv")
cult_dists_raw <- read_csv(path) %>%
mutate(domain = domain)
all_cult_dists <- cult_dists_raw %>%
left_join(abbrevs %>%
select(ETS_code, EA_language_Name),
by = c("Var1" = "EA_language_Name")) %>%
rename(lang1 = ETS_code) %>%
left_join(abbrevs %>%
select(ETS_code, EA_language_Name,),
by = c("Var2" = "EA_language_Name")) %>%
rename(lang2 = ETS_code,
cult_dist = value) %>%
select(lang1, lang2, cult_dist, domain) %>%
filter(!is.na(lang1) & !is.na(lang2))
#all_cult_dists
full <- left_join(dists, all_cult_dists)
tidy(cor.test(full$semantic_dist, full$cult_dist)) %>%
mutate(domain = domain) %>%
select(domain, estimate, statistic, p.value, conf.low, conf.high)
}
corrs <- map_df(DOMAINS, get_domain_corr, dists)
corrs %>%
arrange(-statistic) %>%
kable()| domain | estimate | statistic | p.value | conf.low | conf.high |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinship | 0.3881592 | 8.465677 | 0.0000000 | 0.3022537 | 0.4678104 |
| CulturalDistances | 0.3806840 | 8.274695 | 0.0000000 | 0.2942626 | 0.4609304 |
| Possession | 0.3256855 | 6.923689 | 0.0000000 | 0.2358371 | 0.4100130 |
| Basic_actions_and_technology | 0.2974103 | 6.261192 | 0.0000000 | 0.2060507 | 0.3836298 |
| Law | 0.2675399 | 5.580929 | 0.0000000 | 0.1747668 | 0.3556044 |
| Religion_and_belief | 0.2570612 | 5.346535 | 0.0000002 | 0.1638363 | 0.3457352 |
| Social_and_political_relations | 0.2438746 | 5.054428 | 0.0000007 | 0.1501138 | 0.3332878 |
| Emotions_and_values | 0.2030130 | 4.167291 | 0.0000377 | 0.1078196 | 0.2945177 |
| The_house | 0.1315471 | 2.667243 | 0.0079551 | 0.0346672 | 0.2259777 |
| The_physical_world | 0.0892719 | 1.801537 | 0.0723638 | -0.0081224 | 0.1849884 |
| Agriculture_and_vegetation | 0.0624871 | 1.258434 | 0.2089615 | -0.0350498 | 0.1588448 |
ggplot(corrs, aes(x = reorder(domain, -estimate), y = estimate, color = domain )) +
geom_pointrange(aes(ymin = conf.low, ymax = conf.high)) +
ylab("semantics-culture correlation coefficient") +
xlab("culture measure")+
theme_bw() +
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 45, hjust = 1))
Overall cultural distance correlation with semantic distance
all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists <- all_cultural_values_wide %>%
left_join(dists)
ggplot(all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists, aes(x = semantic_dist, y = CulturalDistances)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
ggtitle("Overall cultural measure") +
theme_bw()
Linear models
Predicting semantic distance with cultural distance measures.
“Kinship” (family) and “posession” (Economy-Wealth transactions-Property) account for 17% of the varaiance between essays.
mod1 <- lm(semantic_dist ~ CulturalDistances, all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists)
summary(mod1)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = semantic_dist ~ CulturalDistances, data = all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.25383 -0.39624 0.03762 0.41633 0.98958
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.8587 0.1119 7.673 1.27e-13 ***
## CulturalDistances 1.8371 0.2220 8.275 1.89e-15 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4926 on 404 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1449, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1428
## F-statistic: 68.47 on 1 and 404 DF, p-value: 1.893e-15mod2 <- lm(semantic_dist ~ Kinship, all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists)
summary(mod2)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = semantic_dist ~ Kinship, data = all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.31101 -0.31472 0.06348 0.38204 1.01224
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.0659 0.0858 12.422 < 2e-16 ***
## Kinship 1.3490 0.1593 8.466 4.76e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4909 on 404 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1507, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1486
## F-statistic: 71.67 on 1 and 404 DF, p-value: 4.757e-16mod3 <- lm(semantic_dist ~ Kinship + Possession, all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists)
summary(mod3)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = semantic_dist ~ Kinship + Possession, data = all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -1.28594 -0.35935 0.06883 0.38605 1.02252
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.8684 0.1053 8.249 2.28e-15 ***
## Kinship 1.0420 0.1850 5.634 3.32e-08 ***
## Possession 0.7914 0.2497 3.170 0.00164 **
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.4855 on 403 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.1713, Adjusted R-squared: 0.1672
## F-statistic: 41.66 on 2 and 403 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16Features of kinship and posession
Below are the coded features that go into the kinship and possession distance measures.
eav <- read_csv("../../data/processed/ImputeEACulturalDifferences/EAVariableList.csv")
c2ea <- read_csv("../../data/processed/ImputeEACulturalDifferences/Concepticon_to_EA.csv") %>%
filter(!is.na(ea))
# this code adapted from ImputeEACulturalDistances/processomg/getDistanceMatrix.R
get_cats <- function(ea, ct, eav){
cats = strsplit(ea,"-")[[1]]
eavars = c()
for(cx in cats){
eavars = c(eavars,eav[grepl(cx,eav$IndexCategory),]$VarID)
}
eavars = unique(eavars)
data.frame(VarID = eavars,
concepticon_category = ct,
ea_category = ea)
}
all_cats <- map2_df(c2ea$ea, c2ea$concepticon, get_cats, eav) %>%
left_join(eav %>% select(VarID, VarTitle, VarDefinition, Source)) %>%
select(-VarID) %>%
arrange(concepticon_category)
all_cats %>%
filter(concepticon_category == "Kinship"|
concepticon_category == "Possession") %>%
kable()| concepticon_category | ea_category | VarTitle | VarDefinition | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Transactions at marriage: prevailing type | Prevailing type of transfer or exchange at marriage. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Transactions at marriage: alternate type | Alternative types of transfer or exchange at marriage, or supplementary practices. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Domestic organization | The prevailing form of domestic or familial organization. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Marital composition: monogamy and polygamy | Marital composition of family units, regardless of whether families live as independent nuclear units or as part of larger extended families. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Marital residence with kin: first years | Pattern of marital residence in the first years or so of marriage. The variable “Marital residence with kin: change after first years” indicates whether or not this differs from the pattern of marital residence in later years. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Marital residence with kin: change after first years | Indicates whether or not the pattern of marital residence differs in the first years of marriage relative to later years. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Transfer of residence at marriage: prevailing pattern | The prevailing pattern of transfer of residence at marriage (note: not in original EA, summarized from variable describing marital residence with kin). | Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Marital residence with kin: prevailing pattern | The prevailing profile of marital residence in the society. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Transfer of residence at marriage: alternate | Culturally patterned alternatives to, or numerically significant deviations from, the prevailing pattern of transfer of residence at marriage (note: not in original EA, summarized from variable describing marital residence with kin). | Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Marital residence with kin: alternate | Culturally patterned alternatives to, or numerically significant deviations from, the prevailing profile of marital residence. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Community marriage organization | The prevalence of local endogamy, agamy, and exogamy, together with the presence or absence of localized kin groups. The specific structure of clans, whether ambilocal, matrilocal, or patrilocal, is revealed by the variable describing prevailing patterns of residence with kin. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Organization of clan communities | Indicates whether or not societies organized as clan-communities (i.e., where communities represent a single, localized, exogamous kin group or clan) are also segmented into clan barrios. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Largest patrilineal kin group | The largest type of patrilineal kin group reported for the society. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Largest patrilineal exogamous group | The largest patrilineal kin group characterized by exogamy. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Largest matrilineal kin group | The largest type of matrilineal kin group reported for the society. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Largest matrilineal exogamous group | The largest matrilineal kin group characterized by exogamy. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Cognatic kin groups | The presence or probable absence, and the typology, of cognatic kin groups. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Secondary cognatic kin group: kindreds and ramages | The presence or probable absence, and the typology, of secondary cognatic kin groups. This variable highlights societies for which both kindreds (bilateral descent) and ramages (ambilineal descent) are reported. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Cousin marriages permitted | The rules or practices governing the marriageability or nonmarriageability of a man’s first cousins and, in some cases, second cousins. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Cousin marriages permitted: subtypes | Number of types of cousins (first and/or second cousins) a man is permitted to marry. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Cousin marriages preferred | Preferred rather than just permitted marriages to particular first (and/or second) cousins. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Cousin marriages preferred: subtypes | Specific type(s) of cousin preferred as spouses. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Kin terms for cousins | Extent to which names for cousins distinguish cousin subtypes and/or among other groups of kin. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Descent: major type | Major mode of descent (note: not in original EA; derived from variables describing patrilineal and matrilineal kin groups EA017, EA019 and EA021). | Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Political succession: hereditary succession | Rules of succession applying to the office of local headman (or a close equivalent), without reference to rules of succession prevailing on higher levels of political integration. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Post-partum sex taboos | The normal duration of post-partum sex taboos, i.e., those requiring a lactating mother to refrain from sexual intercourse. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Segregation of adolescent boys | Degree and mode of segregating boys at or approaching puberty. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Kinship | Kinship-Marriage | Norms of premarital sexual behavior of girls | Prevailing standards of sex behavior for unmarried women. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Subsistence economy: gathering | Dependence on the gathering of wild plants and small land fauna, relative to other subsistence activities. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Subsistence economy: hunting | Dependence on hunting, including trapping and fowling, relative to other subsistence activities. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Subsistence economy: fishing | Dependence on fishing, including shellfishing and the pursuit of large aquatic animals, relative to other subsistence activities. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Subsistence economy: animal husbandry | Dependence on animal husbandry, relative to other subsistence activities. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Subsistence economy: agriculture | Dependence on agriculture, relative to other subsistence activities. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Transactions at marriage: prevailing type | Prevailing type of transfer or exchange at marriage. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Transactions at marriage: alternate type | Alternative types of transfer or exchange at marriage, or supplementary practices. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Agriculture: intensity | Intensity of cultivation. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Domestic animals: plow cultivation | Indicates whether or not animals are employed in plow cultivation, and whether plow cultivation is aboriginal or dates to the post-contact period. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Domestic animals: milking | Indicates whether or not domestic animals milked. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Subsistence economy: dominant activity | Dominant mode of subsistence (note: not in original EA; derived from other variables on subsistence and type of agriculture). | Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: metal working | Specialization by sex in such arts as smelting, casting, and forging, i.e., only those which involve the application of fire. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: weaving | Specialization by sex in the manufacture of true cloth on a loom or frame; not including the manufacture of nets, baskets, mats, or nonwoven fabrics like barkcloth or felt. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: leather working | Specialization by sex in the dressing of skins, e.g., by tanning; not including the manufacture of artifacts from raw hides or undressed skins. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: pottery making | Specialization by sex in the manufacture of earthenware utensils. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: boat building | Specialization by sex in the construction of true water craft; not including the making of simple floats, rafts, or the like. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: house construction | Specialization by sex in the actual building of a permanent dwelling or the erection of a transportable shelter; not including the acquisition or preliminary preparation of the materials used. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: gathering | Specialization by sex in the gathering of wild plants and small land fauna. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: hunting | Specialization by sex in hunting, including trapping and fowling. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex Differences: fishing | Specialization by sex in fishing, including shellfishing and the pursuit of large aquatic animals. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: animal husbandry | Specialization by sex in animal husbandry. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Sex differences: agriculture | Specialization by sex in agriculture. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: metal working | Age or occupational specialization in such arts as smelting, casting, and forging, i.e., only those which involve the application of fire. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: weaving | Age or occupational specialization in the manufacture of true cloth on a loom or frame; not including the manufacture of nets, baskets, mats, or nonwoven fabrics like barkcloth or felt. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: leather working | Age or occupational specialization in the dressing of skins, e.g., by tanning; not including the manufacture of artifacts from raw hides or undressed skins. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: pottery making | Age or occupational specialization in the manufacture of earthenware utensils. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: boat building | Age or occupational specialization in the construction of true water craft; not including the making of simple floats, rafts, or the like. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: house construction | Age or occupational specialization in the actual building of a permanent dwelling or the erection of a transportable shelter; not including the acquisition or preliminary preparation of the materials used. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: gathering | Age or occupational specialization in the gathering of wild plants and small land fauna. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: hunting | Age or occupational specialization in hunting, including trapping and fowling. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: fishing | Age or occupational specialization in fishing, including shellfishing and the pursuit of large aquatic animals. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: animal husbandry | Age or occupational specialization in animal husbandry. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Age or occupational specialization: agriculture | Age or occupational specialization in agriculture. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Class differentiation: primary | The degree and type of class differentiation, excluding purely political and religious statuses. See also “Class differentiation: secondary,” as some societies exhibit important features of two different types of class differentation. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Class differentiation: secondary features | Secondary type of class differentiation present in the society, excluding purely political and religious statuses. See also “Class differentiation: primary”. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Caste differentiation: primary | The degree and type of caste differentiation. See also “Caste differentiation: secondary,” as some societies exhibit important features of two different types of caste differentation. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Caste differentiation: secondary features | Secondary type of caste differentiation. See also “Caste differentiation: primary”. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Slavery: type | The forms and prevalence of slave status, treated quite independently of both class and caste status. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Slavery: timing | Indicates whether slavery present at the time of observation of the society, or only in the past. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Inheritance rule for real property (land) | The rule or practice governing the disposition or transmission of a man’s property in land (exclusive of any dower right of his widow). [Note that Murdock (1963a) warned that the codes for this variable had “proved inadequate and in serious need of revision,” and that the coded data “should consequently be used only with circumspection”]. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Inheritance distribution for real property (land) | Following the inheritance rule for real property (land), this variable indicates how real property is distributed among several individuals of the same category. [Note that Murdock (1963a) warned that the codes for this variable had “proved inadequate and in serious need of revision,” and that the coded data “should consequently be used only with circumspection”]. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Inheritance rule for movable property | The rule or practice governing the disposition or transmission of a man’s movable property (exclusive of any dower right of his widow). [Note that Murdock (1963a) warned that the codes for this variable had “proved inadequate and in serious need of revision,” and that the coded data “should consequently be used only with circumspection”]. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Inheritance distribution for movable property | Following the inheritance rule for movable property, this variable indicates how movable property is distributed among several individuals of the same category. [Note that Murdock (1963a) warned that the codes for this variable had “proved inadequate and in serious need of revision,” and that the coded data “should consequently be used only with circumspection”]. | Murdock (1962-1971); Gray (1999) |
| Possession | Economy-Wealth transactions-Property | Political integration | Political integration of the society with neighbouring communities and/or a larger state; this is the version that appeared in Murdock (1957)’s World Ethnographic Sample (WES). | Murdock (1957); Gray (1999) |
Linguistic distance
We only have wals distances and cultuyral distances for 136 pairs (and even fewer for asjp). But, of those, there’s not much of a correlation betweeb culture and language.
ling_dist <- read_csv("../../data/processed/all_pairwise_dists.csv") %>%
select(-hd_dist) %>%
filter(lang1 != lang2)
all <- all_cultural_values_wide_with_dists %>%
left_join(ling_dist %>% rename(lang1 = lang2, lang2 = lang1))
ggplot(all, aes(x = CulturalDistances, y = wals_euclidean_dist)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
ggplot(filter(all, CulturalDistances > .2), aes(x = CulturalDistances, y = wals_euclidean_dist)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
ggplot(all, aes(x = CulturalDistances, y = asjp_dist)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
ggplot(filter(all, CulturalDistances > .2), aes(x = CulturalDistances, y = asjp_dist)) +
geom_point() +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
With this subset, cultural difference, but not linguistic difference, is a predictor of semantic distance.
lm(semantic_dist ~ CulturalDistances + wals_euclidean_dist, all) %>%
summary()##
## Call:
## lm(formula = semantic_dist ~ CulturalDistances + wals_euclidean_dist,
## data = all)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.92311 -0.25750 -0.01066 0.21856 0.79972
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.208e+00 2.068e-01 5.840 3.81e-08 ***
## CulturalDistances 8.607e-01 3.579e-01 2.405 0.0176 *
## wals_euclidean_dist -4.535e-05 9.552e-04 -0.047 0.9622
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.3458 on 133 degrees of freedom
## (270 observations deleted due to missingness)
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04214, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02774
## F-statistic: 2.926 on 2 and 133 DF, p-value: 0.05709