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titanic <- read.csv(paste("Titanic Data.csv",sep=""))
View(titanic)
### Attach the dataframe
attach(titanic)
###Summarize the data
summary(titanic)## Survived Pclass Sex Age
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :1.000 female:312 Min. : 0.40
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:2.000 male :577 1st Qu.:22.00
## Median :0.0000 Median :3.000 Median :29.70
## Mean :0.3825 Mean :2.312 Mean :29.65
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:3.000 3rd Qu.:35.00
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :3.000 Max. :80.00
## SibSp Parch Fare Embarked
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. : 0.000 C:168
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.: 7.896 Q: 77
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000 Median : 14.454 S:644
## Mean :0.5242 Mean :0.3825 Mean : 32.097
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.: 31.000
## Max. :8.0000 Max. :6.0000 Max. :512.329library(psych)
describe(titanic)## vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range
## Survived 1 889 0.38 0.49 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.0 1.00 1.00
## Pclass 2 889 2.31 0.83 3.00 2.39 0.00 1.0 3.00 2.00
## Sex* 3 889 1.65 0.48 2.00 1.69 0.00 1.0 2.00 1.00
## Age 4 889 29.65 12.97 29.70 29.22 9.34 0.4 80.00 79.60
## SibSp 5 889 0.52 1.10 0.00 0.27 0.00 0.0 8.00 8.00
## Parch 6 889 0.38 0.81 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.0 6.00 6.00
## Fare 7 889 32.10 49.70 14.45 21.28 10.24 0.0 512.33 512.33
## Embarked* 8 889 2.54 0.79 3.00 2.67 0.00 1.0 3.00 2.00
## skew kurtosis se
## Survived 0.48 -1.77 0.02
## Pclass -0.63 -1.27 0.03
## Sex* -0.62 -1.61 0.02
## Age 0.43 0.96 0.43
## SibSp 3.68 17.69 0.04
## Parch 2.74 9.66 0.03
## Fare 4.79 33.23 1.67
## Embarked* -1.26 -0.23 0.03###4b.Use R to create a table showing the average age of the survivors and the average age of the people who died.
aggregate(titanic$Age, by=list(Survivors=titanic$Survived), mean)## Survivors x
## 1 0 30.41530
## 2 1 28.42382###4c.Use R to run a t-test to test the following hypothesis:
##H2: The Titanic survivors were younger than the passengers who died.
titanic$Survived = factor(titanic$Survived, levels = c(0,1), labels = c("Casualties", "Survivors"))
aggregate(Age~Survived,data=titanic,FUN = mean)## Survived Age
## 1 Casualties 30.41530
## 2 Survivors 28.42382log.transformed.Age = log(Age)
t.test(log.transformed.Age~Survived,var.equal = TRUE)##
## Two Sample t-test
##
## data: log.transformed.Age by Survived
## t = 3.844, df = 887, p-value = 0.0001297
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.09102778 0.28094770
## sample estimates:
## mean in group 0 mean in group 1
## 3.304318 3.118330###Based on the above output of the t-test, we can reject the hypothesis that "The Titanic survivors were younger than the passengers who died." (p<0.001)