Still to do:

-test whether years are significantly different from one another in mean flowering time

-query online phylogeny and see how many of our names match up (use what Jan sent) Current issue - species list is to long for phylomatic online. Try dekstop version?

New to do: -Climate data? since 1860 -Is it possible to compare variation to show that contemporary is signficantly wider than historical (3C) +greater variation? analysis of variance? +or is this a skedasticity thing? -Second question - is this different across different contemporary years

1) Historical data

After loading the data and dropping Lycopodium and Selaginella species, we can use the reference table we built to assign day of year numbers to each of the Hervey ranges.

1a

hervey dates type dates day of year
Jan 1 - Mar 15 start 1-Jan 1
Jan 1 - Mar 15 end 14-Mar 73
Mar 15-Apr1 start 15-Mar 74
Mar 15-Apr1 end 31-Mar 90
Apr 1-Apr 15 start 1-Apr 91
Apr 1-Apr 15 end 14-Apr 104
Apr 15-May 1 start 15-Apr 105
Apr 15-May 1 end 30-Apr 120
May 1-May 10 start 1-May 121
May 1-May 10 end 9-May 129
May 10-May 20 start 10-May 130
May 10-May 20 end 19-May 139
May 20-June 1 start 20-May 140
May 20-June 1 end 31-May 151
June 1-June 10 start 1-Jun 152
June 1-June 10 end 9-Jun 160
June 10-June 20 start 10-Jun 161
June 10-June 20 end 19-Jun 170
June 20-July 1 start 20-Jun 171
June 20-July 1 end 30-Jun 181
July 1-July 10 start 1-Jul 182
July 1-July 10 end 9-Jul 190
July 10-July 20 start 10-Jul 191
July 10-July 20 end 19-Jul 200
July 20-Aug 1 start 20-Jul 201
July 20-Aug 1 end 31-Jul 212
Aug. 1-Aug. 10 start 1-Aug 213
Aug. 1-Aug. 10 end 9-Aug 221
Aug. 10-Aug. 20 start 10-Aug 222
Aug. 10-Aug. 20 end 19-Aug 231
Aug. 20-Sept. 1 start 20-Aug 232
Aug. 20-Sept. 1 end 31-Aug 243
Sept. 1-Sept. 15 start 1-Sep 244
Sept. 1-Sept. 15 end 14-Sep 257
Sept. 15-Oct 1 start 15-Sep 258
Sept. 15-Oct 1 end 30-Sep 273
October start 1-Oct 274
October end 31-Oct 304
Nov 1-Dec 31 start 1-Nov 305
Nov 1-Dec 31 end 31-Dec 365

Now that we’ve coded the historical data numerically, we can start quantifying them. There are 1281 unique taxon names. Here’s a summary of the # of species which occur (have an “X” marked) in various periods.

1b-1

date N taxa
Mar 15-Apr1 9
Apr 1-Apr 15 36
Apr 15-May 1 32
May 1-May 10 141
May 10-May 20 80
May 20-June 1 146
June 1-June 10 123
June 10-June 20 139
June 20-July 1 158
July 1-July 10 146
July 10-July 20 142
July 20-Aug 1 160
Aug. 1-Aug. 10 197
Aug. 10-Aug. 20 164
Aug. 20-Sept. 1 145
Sept. 1-Sept. 15 124
October 93

Later on, we’ll use the second dataset (“no sp”), for which there are 1139 unique taxon names. Here’s a summary of the # of species which occur (have an “X” marked) in various periods.

1b-2

date N taxa
Mar 15-Apr1 9
Apr 1-Apr 15 33
Apr 15-May 1 31
May 1-May 10 85
May 10-May 20 76
May 20-June 1 137
June 1-June 10 108
June 10-June 20 121
June 20-July 1 152
July 1-July 10 143
July 10-July 20 142
July 20-Aug 1 160
Aug. 1-Aug. 10 195
Aug. 10-Aug. 20 151
Aug. 20-Sept. 1 145
Sept. 1-Sept. 15 124
October 93

For now, though, we’ll consider all the data. (Note that I’ve still used the period names from Hervey, but the actual periods end one day sooner: e.g. the “Apr 1-Apr 15” goes from day 91 to day 104).

1c

To make this into a range, we can define a beginning of flowering (t1_begin) for each species as the Julian day (sequential day of year for a non-leap-year year) of the beginning of the first period for which it’s marked with an x in the table. The end of flowering (t1_end) will be defined as the end of the last flowering period for which the species is marked.

So a plant which which was recorded in only the March 15-April 1 column would be recorded with a t1_begin of 74 (March 15) and a t1_end of 90 (March 30, the day before April 1).

Just to illustrate what we’ll do below, here’s a small sample of the species ranges – just those species that begin flowering in the second period. I’ve turned each of those ranges into a horizontal line, ordered the species by when they begin flowering (so the earliest beginning species are at the bottom), and colored them based on when they end flowering (t1_end).

1d

There lots of species in the full data, so when I plot them all together, they “stack” in the y axis very tightly and there’s no room for names. However, you can still see one possible pattern right away: the majority of species only flower within one monitoring period.

1e

Looking at introduced vs. native

1f

1g

no significant difference between introduced and native

t.test(dhervey_tidy[dhervey_tidy$is_introduced=="introduced","midpoints"],dhervey_tidy[dhervey_tidy$is_introduced=="native","midpoints"])
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  dhervey_tidy[dhervey_tidy$is_introduced == "introduced", "midpoints"] and dhervey_tidy[dhervey_tidy$is_introduced == "native", "midpoints"]
## t = -0.69605, df = 1582.2, p-value = 0.4865
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -5.497313  2.617617
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  189.6162  191.0561

2) Contemporary data

For the contemporary data, I’ve ignored all the empty cells (that is, the ones without an “x”), and converted the dates from the excel format into Julian day and year.

Now we can check the contemporary data to make sure it looks like you expect. There are 2609 observations, which represent observations of 691 species.

Here’s a summary of the # of observations (1 count per observation of a species on a date in a year), the number of taxa, and the range of dates in which flowering was observed for each year:

2a

year_of_obs N observations N taxa daterange
2014 364 254 2014-03-05 - 2014-09-17
2015 458 284 2015-03-06 - 2015-12-27
2016 919 419 2016-01-01 - 2016-12-31
2017 867 419 2017-02-19 - 2017-11-25

If we plot a histogram of the observations it looks like this:

2b

2b-2

Introduced vs. nonintroduced:

2b-3

Significant difference between native and invasive

t.test(contemporary_dates[contemporary_dates$is_introduced=="introduced","day_of_year"][[1]],contemporary_dates[contemporary_dates$is_introduced=="native","day_of_year"][[1]])
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  contemporary_dates[contemporary_dates$is_introduced == "introduced",  and contemporary_dates[contemporary_dates$is_introduced == "native",     "day_of_year"][[1]] and     "day_of_year"][[1]]
## t = -10.751, df = 1838.3, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -30.33944 -20.97770
## sample estimates:
## mean of x mean of y 
##  175.3039  200.9624

1g and 2b-3 together (Presentation Figure 1)

Separated by years:

2c

Attempting to do a similar phenological range plot to that we did with Hervey

2c-2

1e and 2c-2 together (Presentation Figure 2)

3) Comparison

One of the most recent things you asked me to do is to compare density plots of the two periods. One way to make the Hervey data comparable with your is to just assign them points at the midpoint of each observation period.

One problem of doing this comparison is that then some methodological issues show up, like the gap in midsummer contemporary observations and the gap in September in the Hervey data.

3a

We could correct this by converting your data to ranges (for each year, or across years) and interpolating into the gaps (so we’d assume if something was flowering before and after the mid-summer gap, it should be flowering between as well). But first, more simply, we can just force a smoother curve.

3b

These two density curves are easy to overlay and compare, as you requested:

3c

3c without grey (Presentation Figure 3)

It certainly looks like the contemporary data shows a longer duration, with earlier and later flowering. However, this is looking at all contemporary and all historical data: 1471 taxa. Could part of the difference come from the different taxa being observed?

For this analysis and those that follow, we’ll use the “no sp” dataset, and only look at taxa that have both historical and contemporary data available. For these 465 taxa that have both historical and contemporary date, it looks very similar:

3d

So it does seem like the flowering season has a longer duration in the contemporary data. Ancillary questions that I deal with below:

-methodology: does the season just appear longer because of the variation among contemporary years?

-organism: are individual species durations getting longer?

-seasonal: do spring days tend to have flowers that have moved earlier and fall days have flowers that have moved later?

-traits: are there differences in these patterns among native and introduced taxa

Methodology: does the season just appear longer because of the variation among contemporary years? No, it looks like most of the individual years show the same pattern:

3e

3e modified (Presentation Figure 4)

Organism: are individual species durations getting longer? Yes, it seems so.

We can compare duration by looking at the latest flowering date minus earliest flowering date for each species for contemporary observations and comparing this to the t1_end minus t1_begin for the Hervey data. It looks like most taxa have a longer duration:

3f

3f modified (Presentation Figure 5)

3g

## 
##  Paired t-test
## 
## data:  rjoined[rjoined$t2_duration > 0, "t2_duration"] and rjoined[rjoined$t2_duration > 0, "t1_duration"]
## t = 9.9069, df = 322, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  27.08188 40.50326
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences 
##                33.79257

In the above figure and t-test, I’ve dropped species which have only a single contemporary observation, because their duration is neccessarily zero, whereas the minimum duration for the Hervey data is 10-15 days (just because of the way we coded the data).

In fact, the trend still holds up when we include all the data. Despite the big spike of species that appear to be “15 days shorter in duration”, which as you can see is completely driven by species for whom the t2_duration is 0 (that is, species with a single observation), there are still more taxa with a longer contemporary duration:

3h

3i

## 
##  Paired t-test
## 
## data:  rjoined[, "t2_duration"] and rjoined[, "t1_duration"]
## t = 6.4296, df = 463, p-value = 3.19e-10
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  12.20826 22.95553
## sample estimates:
## mean of the differences 
##                 17.5819

Seasonal: do spring days tend to have flowers that have moved earlier and fall days have flowers that have moved later? Yes.

Here I took each day_of_year for which you have contemporary data, and asked whether species observations made on that day tended to come before (negative), during (0), or after (positive) the historical range:

3j

3j modified (Presentation Figure 6)

To some extent, this question is tautological - an observation made before March 15 will necessarily be earlier than the Hervey observation because he recorded no data that early (however, this isn’t just methodological - presumably he didn’t record early becuase nothing was flowering!). Even so, if I “zoom in” and only consider observations you made during the same date range (Mar 15-October 31) as Hervey, the same trend shows up.

3k

3k modified (Presentation Figure 7)

In this last chart, we fit the following linear model:

summary(lm(mean_difference~contemporary_observation,data=contemporary_hervey_difference))
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = mean_difference ~ contemporary_observation, data = contemporary_hervey_difference)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -21.1089  -5.0383  -0.8932   5.3377  18.2678 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                           Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)              -37.34451    2.72546  -13.70   <2e-16 ***
## contemporary_observation   0.24457    0.01388   17.62   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 7.632 on 72 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.8117, Adjusted R-squared:  0.8091 
## F-statistic: 310.4 on 1 and 72 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

It’s easy to support this if we categorize the data:

3k-2

## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = mean_before_after ~ period, data = periods)
## 
## Residuals:
##      Min       1Q   Median       3Q      Max 
## -20.9819  -5.9495   0.7017   7.2770  26.9467 
## 
## Coefficients:
##                 Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept)       -6.554      1.901  -3.448 0.000947 ***
## period(172,305]   27.035      2.585  10.458 4.31e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 11.08 on 72 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.603,  Adjusted R-squared:  0.5975 
## F-statistic: 109.4 on 1 and 72 DF,  p-value: 4.306e-16

3k-2 modified (Presentation Figure 8)

Again, for this method, in which we take each observation from contemporary data and ask whether it comes before (negative), during (0), or after (positive) the historical range, we get

3k-3

Or, ignoring the ones that come during:

3k-4

3k-4 modified (Presentation Figure 9)

Categorizing species by their observed shift

We want to count the number of observations for each species that fall off (<-50 or >75), early (-50-0), late (0-75), during (0)

Eventually, we will compare this with phylogeny. For the moment, I’ll arrange these in descending order by the column “early”

species total early same late off
Comptonia peregrina 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Acer platanoides 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Betula alleghaniensis 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Betula papyrifera 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Larix laricina 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Ribes rubrum 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Cardamine parviflora 6 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Lobularia maritima 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Berberis vulgaris 3 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Cercis canadensis 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Eleagnus commutata* 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Fagus sylvatica* 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Lupinus perennis 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Podophyllum peltatum* 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Stellaria longifolia 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Allium schoenoprasum* 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Carum carvi 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Poa pratensis 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Syringa vulgaris 8 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Trifolium hybridum 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Euonymus 3 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Festuca rubra 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Festuca trachyphylla 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Linnaea borealis 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Myosotis scorpioides 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Tradescantia virginiana* 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Nyssa sylvatica 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Tilia americana 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Urtica urens* 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Apocynum cannabinum 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Aralia racemosa 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Calamagrostis canadensis 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Glaucium flavum 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Ilex verticillata 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Lyonia ligustrina 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Pastinaca sativa 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Toxicodendron vernix 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Anthemis cotula 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Galium asprellum 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Galium triflorum 2 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Galium mollugo 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Plantago rugelii 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Parthenocissus quinquefolia 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Datura stramonium 1 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Solidago gigantea 3 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Aralia nudicaulis 9 0.89 0.00 0.11 0.0
Toxicodendron radicans 8 0.88 0.00 0.12 0.0
Luzula campestris* 5 0.80 0.00 0.20 0.0
Spiraea prunifolia 5 0.80 0.00 0.20 0.0
Vaccinium pallidum 14 0.79 0.21 0.00 0.0
Erythronium americanum 4 0.75 0.25 0.00 0.0
Celastrus scandens 4 0.75 0.25 0.00 0.0
Liatris scariosa 4 0.75 0.00 0.25 0.0
Magnolia stellata* 7 0.71 0.29 0.00 0.0
Vaccinium corymbosum 14 0.71 0.21 0.07 0.0
Acer campestre 3 0.67 0.33 0.00 0.0
Chamaedaphne calyculata 3 0.67 0.33 0.00 0.0
Maianthemum stellatum 3 0.67 0.33 0.00 0.0
Quercus coccinea 3 0.67 0.33 0.00 0.0
Dactylis glomerata 6 0.67 0.00 0.33 0.0
Holcus lanatus 3 0.67 0.00 0.33 0.0
Viburnum nudum 3 0.67 0.00 0.33 0.0
Campanula rapunculoides 3 0.67 0.33 0.00 0.0
Hibiscus moscheutos 3 0.67 0.00 0.33 0.0
Solidago odora 15 0.67 0.20 0.13 0.0
Solidago ulmifolia 3 0.67 0.00 0.33 0.0
Barbarea vulgaris 8 0.62 0.12 0.25 0.0
Vicia 8 0.62 0.00 0.38 0.0
Betula populifolia 10 0.60 0.30 0.10 0.1
Malus baccata* 10 0.60 0.40 0.10 0.1
Convallaria majalis 5 0.60 0.40 0.00 0.0
Robinia hispida 5 0.60 0.20 0.20 0.0
Artemisia stelleriana 5 0.60 0.00 0.40 0.0
Viburnum dentatum* 9 0.56 0.33 0.11 0.0
Senecio vulgaris 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Cornus mascula* 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 4 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.0
Glechoma hederacea 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Pieris floribunda 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Arisaema triphyllum 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Bromus tectorum 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Malus pumila 4 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.0
Sassafras albidum 6 0.50 0.33 0.17 0.0
Geranium maculatum 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Quercus rubra 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Nasturtium officinale 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Cirsium horridulum 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Hesperis matronalis 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Iris versicolor 8 0.50 0.12 0.25 0.0
Oxalis corniculata 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Kalmia latifolia 4 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Rumex crispus 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Agrostis alba 6 0.50 0.17 0.33 0.0
Ilex opaca 2 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.0
Rosa multiflora 8 0.50 0.12 0.38 0.0
Rosa virginiana 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Trifolium aureum 4 0.50 0.25 0.00 0.0
Cynanchum louiseae 6 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Hemerocallis fulva 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Lychnis coronaria 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Sambucus nigra 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Symphytum officinale 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Vitis 2 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.0
Chimaphila umbellata 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Gaultheria procumbens 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Utricularia macrorhiza 2 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.0
Spartina patens 4 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.0
Eupatorium pilosum 2 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Eutrochium purpureum* 4 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.0
Phragmites australis 2 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.0
Symplocarpus foetidus 9 0.44 0.56 0.00 0.0
Solanum nigrum 9 0.44 0.33 0.22 0.0
Trientalis borealis 14 0.43 0.36 0.21 0.0
Cerastium glomeratum 12 0.42 0.58 0.00 0.0
Kalmia angustifolia 5 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.0
Spartina alterniflora 5 0.40 0.00 0.60 0.0
Clethra alnifolia 15 0.40 0.60 0.00 0.0
Euthamia 25 0.40 0.60 0.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 5 0.40 0.60 0.00 0.0
Rhododendron 24 0.38 0.12 0.33 0.0
Dichanthelium 8 0.38 0.12 0.38 0.0
Solidago nemoralis 8 0.38 0.25 0.38 0.0
Maianthemum canadense 11 0.36 0.55 0.09 0.0
Crocus vernus 6 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Helleborus niger* 3 0.33 0.00 0.67 0.0
Anemone quinquefolia 6 0.33 0.67 0.00 0.0
Euphorbia cyparissias 6 0.33 0.17 0.50 0.0
Cytisus scoparius 3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Geranium carolinianum 3 0.33 0.00 0.67 0.0
Morella caroliniensis 9 0.33 0.22 0.33 0.0
Pogonia ophioglossoides 3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Solanum dulcamara 6 0.33 0.17 0.50 0.0
Galium boreale* 3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Cephalanthus occidentalis 3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Sonchus arvensis 3 0.33 0.00 0.67 0.0
Limonium carolinianum 6 0.33 0.00 0.67 0.0
Polygonum pensylvanica* 3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Stachys hyssopifolia 6 0.33 0.00 0.67 0.0
Doellingeria umbellata 3 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.0
Lespedeza 9 0.33 0.44 0.22 0.0
Schizachyrium scoparium 6 0.33 0.17 0.50 0.0
Symphyotrichum cordifolium 3 0.33 0.67 0.00 0.0
Forsythia suspensa* 10 0.30 0.40 0.20 0.0
Cyperus 7 0.29 0.14 0.57 0.0
Pityopsis falcata 18 0.28 0.00 0.67 0.0
Anthoxanthum odoratum 11 0.27 0.18 0.55 0.0
Prunus 22 0.27 0.32 0.36 0.0
Draba verna 8 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.0
Amelanchier arborea* 4 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.0
Brassica rapa 4 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.0
Uvularia sessilifolia 4 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.0
Paulownia tomentosa 4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.0
Polygonatum biflorum 4 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.0
Cornus florida* 4 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.0
Lepidium 4 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.0
Leucanthemum vulgare 12 0.25 0.17 0.58 0.0
Schoenoplectus americanus 4 0.25 0.00 0.50 0.0
Potentilla norvegica 4 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.0
Prunella vulgaris 4 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.0
Typha latifolia 4 0.25 0.00 0.75 0.0
Vaccinium macrocarpon 4 0.25 0.00 0.75 0.0
Plantago major 4 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.0
Monotropa uniflora 8 0.25 0.00 0.75 0.0
Andropogon gerardii 4 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.0
Solidago bicolor 4 0.25 0.00 0.50 0.0
Sorghastrum nutans 4 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.0
Symphyotrichum tenuifolium 4 0.25 0.75 0.00 0.0
Achillea millefolium 26 0.23 0.62 0.08 0.0
Corylus americana 9 0.22 0.22 0.56 0.0
Fragaria virginiana 9 0.22 0.11 0.67 0.0
Nymphaea odorata 9 0.22 0.11 0.67 0.0
Rosa rugosa 28 0.21 0.00 0.46 0.0
Vinca minor 15 0.20 0.33 0.87 0.2
Acer rubrum 10 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.0
Luzula multiflora 5 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.0
Cypripedium acaule 5 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.0
Deschampsia flexuosa 5 0.20 0.20 0.40 0.0
Gaylussacia frondosa 5 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.0
Juncus 15 0.20 0.07 0.60 0.0
Asclepias syriaca 5 0.20 0.20 0.60 0.0
Baptisia tinctoria 5 0.20 0.80 0.00 0.0
Chamaecrista fasciculata 5 0.20 0.00 0.80 0.0
Solidago caesia 5 0.20 0.40 0.40 0.0
Taraxacum officinale 21 0.19 0.76 0.05 0.0
Carex 16 0.19 0.12 0.38 0.0
Lonicera 21 0.19 0.29 0.29 0.0
Trifolium arvense 11 0.18 0.82 0.00 0.0
Rhus copallinum 11 0.18 0.27 0.55 0.0
Viola sororia 6 0.17 0.33 0.50 0.0
Lathyrus japonicus 6 0.17 0.83 0.00 0.0
Lythrum salicaria 6 0.17 0.00 0.83 0.0
Nuttallanthus canadensis 19 0.16 0.84 0.00 0.0
Stellaria media 7 0.14 0.86 0.00 0.0
Melampyrum lineare 7 0.14 0.00 0.86 0.0
Chimaphila maculata 7 0.14 0.43 0.43 0.0
Sericocarpus asteroides 7 0.14 0.00 0.86 0.0
Coreopsis rosea 7 0.14 0.00 0.71 0.0
Spiraea tomentosa 7 0.14 0.29 0.57 0.0
Hypericum gentianoides 7 0.14 0.29 0.57 0.0
Dianthus armeria 8 0.12 0.00 0.88 0.0
Hieracium 27 0.11 0.56 0.30 0.0
Sabatia kennedyana 9 0.11 0.22 0.56 0.0
Eupatorium hyssopifolium 9 0.11 0.33 0.56 0.0
Plantago lanceolata 10 0.10 0.10 0.50 0.0
Hudsonia 10 0.10 0.30 0.30 0.0
Trifolium repens 10 0.10 0.90 0.00 0.0
Eupatorium perfoliatum 10 0.10 0.10 0.80 0.0
Ionactis linariifolius* 10 0.10 0.90 0.00 0.0
Verbascum thapsus 11 0.09 0.09 0.73 0.0
Oenothera biennis 32 0.09 0.81 0.06 0.0
Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn. 11 0.09 0.18 0.73 0.0
Phytolacca americana 13 0.08 0.92 0.00 0.0
Nabalus trifoliolatus 12 0.08 0.08 0.58 0.0
Solidago rugosa 13 0.08 0.23 0.69 0.0
Symphyotrichum dumosum 13 0.08 0.00 0.85 0.0
Salix 17 0.06 0.76 0.12 0.0
Hypericum perforatum 16 0.06 0.06 0.88 0.0
Erigeron annuus 17 0.06 0.82 0.12 0.0
Erigeron canadensis 17 0.06 0.88 0.06 0.0
Hypochaeris radicata 28 0.04 0.07 0.39 0.0
Epigaea repens 13 0.00 0.08 0.92 0.0
Acer saccharinum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Alnus incana 5 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.0
Chamaecyparis thyoides 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Juniperus virginiana 3 0.00 0.00 0.67 0.0
Lamium amplexicaule 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Sanguinaria canadensis 4 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.0
Taxodium distichum* 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Tussilago farfara 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Ulmus americana 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Viola odorata 7 0.00 0.57 0.43 0.0
Populus 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Lindera benzoin 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Myrica gale 4 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Viola blanda 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Caltha palustris 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Potentilla canadensis 18 0.00 0.72 0.22 0.0
Poa annua 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Acer japonicum* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Acer pseudoplatanus 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Berberis aquifolium* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Betula nigra 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Claytonia virginica 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Lunaria rediviva* 4 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.0
Ostrya virginiana 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Panax trifolius 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Veronica serpyllifolia 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Viola lanceolata* 5 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Viola pedata 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Viola sagittata 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Eleocharis 4 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Aquilegia canadensis 6 0.00 0.33 0.67 0.0
Brassica nigra 3 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.0
Chelidonium majus 7 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.0
Ilex mucronata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Pyrus communis 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Raphanus raphanistrum 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Rhamnus alnifolia* 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Rhododendron canadense 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Robinia caragana* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Sinapis alba 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Spergularia rubra 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Rubus 14 0.00 0.50 0.43 0.0
Aesculus flava* 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Erigeron philadelphicus 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Fagus grandifolia 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Gaylussacia baccata 4 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Geranium pusillum 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Honckenya peploides 2 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.0
Moehringia lateriflora 4 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.0
Nuphar lutea 2 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.0
Ornithogalum umbellatum 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Pinus rigida 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Quercus alba 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Quercus bicolor 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Quercus ilicifolia 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Quercus stellata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rheum rhaponticum* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rumex acetosella 8 0.00 0.62 0.38 0.0
Stellaria graminea 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Wisteria frutescens* 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Hypoxis hirsuta 3 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Allium vineale 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Crocanthemum canadense 3 0.00 0.67 0.33 0.0
Galium aparine 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Hieracium venosum 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Iris prismatica 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Morus alba 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Puccinellia distans* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Sisyrinchium angustifolium 3 0.00 0.33 0.67 0.0
Tanacetum parthenium 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Thlaspi arvense 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Triglochin maritima 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rorippa sylvestris 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Oxalis stricta 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Trifolium pratense 12 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Commelina communis 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Danthonia spicata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Elymus repens 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Medeola virginiana 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Robinia pseudoacacia 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Anagallis arvensis 3 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Potentilla argentea 3 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Rumex obtusifolius 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Calystegia sepium 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Ilex laevigata 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Lathyrus odoratus* 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lysimachia quadrifolia 7 0.00 0.14 0.86 0.0
Lysimachia terrestris 4 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.0
Phalaris arundinacea 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Phleum pratense 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Potamogeton confervoides 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rosa carolina 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Sagittaria graminea 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Securigera varia 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Silene latifolia 4 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Sonchus asper 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Sonchus oleraceus 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Utricularia cornuta 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Woodwardia areolata 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Melilotus albus 7 0.00 0.86 0.14 0.0
Aletris farinosa 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Apocynum androsaemifolium 5 0.00 0.20 0.80 0.0
Asclepias tuberosa 8 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.0
Circaea lutetiana* 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Cirsium arvense 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Convolvulus arvensis 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Epilobium coloratum 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Eriophorum gracile* 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Geum canadense 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Gnaphalium uliginosum 4 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.0
Hydrocotyle americana 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Malva moschata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Marrubium vulgare 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Plantago aristata 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Pyrola americana 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rhus hirta 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rudbeckia hirta* 17 0.00 0.06 0.76 0.0
Sparganium androcladum 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Typha angustifolia 4 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Cichorium intybus 13 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Daucus carota 24 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Erigeron strigosus 7 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Galinsoga parviflora 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Linaria vulgaris 10 0.00 0.90 0.10 0.0
Asclepias incarnata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Centaurea jacea 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Cirsium vulgare 4 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.0
Drosera filiformis 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Epilobium ciliatum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Eriocaulon aquaticum 5 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Euphorbia maculata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Gratiola aurea 10 0.00 0.10 0.80 0.0
Hypericum punctatum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Impatiens capensis 14 0.00 0.07 0.79 0.0
Lactuca biennis 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lactuca serriola 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lindernia dubia 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Linum virginianum 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Phlox paniculata 2 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.0
Pontederia cordata 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lactuca canadensis 6 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Cakile edentula 5 0.00 0.80 0.20 0.0
Euphorbia polygonifolia 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Hypericum canadense 4 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.0
Hypericum mutilum 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Hypopitys monotropa 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Persicaria arifolia 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Persicaria maculosa 17 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Persicaria sagittata 3 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Polygonum aviculare 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Polygonum glaucum 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Polygonum hydropiperoides* [see also Persicaria hydropiperoides note] 4 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Bartonia virginica 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Campsis radicans 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Cladium mariscoides 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Decodon verticillatus 4 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Lechea maritima 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lechea mucronata 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lycopus americanus 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Lycopus amplectens 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Mimulus ringens 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Plantago maritima 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Pycnanthemum virginianum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rhexia virginica 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Rhus glabra 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Scirpus cyperinus 3 0.00 0.33 0.67 0.0
Scutellaria lateriflora 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Solanum rostratum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Teucrium canadense 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Triadenum virginicum 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Utricularia purpurea 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Verbena hastata 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Verbena urticifolia 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Xyris caroliniana* 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Lobelia cardinalis 7 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Leontodon autumnalis* 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Polygala cruciata 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Saponaria officinalis 5 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Tanacetum vulgare 5 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Ambrosia artemisiifolia 5 0.00 0.20 0.80 0.0
Anaphalis margaritacea 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Apios americana 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Artemisia campestris 2 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.0
Artemisia vulgaris 6 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Atriplex cristata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Atriplex littoralis 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Atriplex patula 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Chelone glabra 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Clematis virginiana 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Digitaria sanguinalis 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Diphasiastrum digitatum 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Echinochloa crus-galli 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Eleusine indica 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Gnaphalium polycephalum* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Helianthus strumosus 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Hydrangea paniculata 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Mentha arvensis 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Mentha piperita 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Mentha spicata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Panicum virgatum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Polygonum amphibium 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Portulaca oleracea 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Ptilimnium capillaceum 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Salicornia bigelovii* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Salicornia depressa 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Salsola kali 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Sarcocornia perennis* 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Setaria pumila 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Solidago juncea 4 0.00 0.25 0.75 0.0
Suaeda linearis 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Spiranthes lacera 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Chenopodium album 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Dendrolycopodium obscurum 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Erechtites hieraciifolius 16 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Agalinis maritima 2 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.0
Agalinis paupercula 4 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Bulbostylis capillaris 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Cirsium discolor 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Cuscuta gronovii 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Desmodium marilandicum 8 0.00 0.50 0.38 0.0
Eurybia spectabilis 5 0.00 0.40 0.60 0.0
Iva frutescens 2 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook. 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Pluchea camphorata* 3 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Polygonum scandens 2 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum novi-belgii 10 0.00 0.80 0.20 0.0
Ammophila arenaria* 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Baccharis halimifolia 7 0.00 0.29 0.71 0.0
Bidens connata 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Bidens frondosa 5 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Mikania scandens 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Oclemena acuminata 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Spiranthes cernua 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum patens 2 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.0
Trichostema dichotomum 4 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.0
Vernonia noveboracensis 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum praeltum* 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Solidago sempervirens* 11 0.00 0.09 0.91 0.0
Symphyotrichum ericoides 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae 1 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum subulatum 2 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0
Symphyotrichum undulatum 3 0.00 0.67 0.33 0.0
Chrysanthemum* 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0
Hamamelis virginiana 1 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0