Keywords

We will create two sets of keywords to gauge number of false positive cases.

threat <- c('hostile', 'danger', 'risk', 'threat', 'pressure', 'incident', 'use of force', 'emergency')
threat_ext <- c('safety', 'security', 'defence', 'war', 'casualty', 'death') # need many more

Keywords in context

We will identify if those keywords are use in the context of military or diplomatic threat in actual text segments. We will ask workers on crowd sourcing platform to determine (1) if text segments are about military or diplomatic threat, and, if so, (2) from which country the threat is coming.

For example, the text segment around 10 in Document 3 can be understood that threat is coming from China. Dictionary analysis can capture this. The text segment around 253 in Document 5 is not about diplomatic or military threat, suggesting “security” should not be in the keyword set.

Dictionary analysis fails around 413 in Document 7, because the threat is not from ‘Thailand’, but it identifies that the threat is coming from Vietnam around 431 in the same document.

require(quanteda)
## Loading required package: quanteda
## quanteda version 0.99.9002
## Using 7 of 8 threads for parallel computing
## 
## Attaching package: 'quanteda'
## The following object is masked from 'package:utils':
## 
##     View
corp <- readRDS('/home/kohei/Documents/Power balance/Data/data_corpus_guardian.RDS')
toks <- tokens(corp[1:10000])

kw <- kwic(toks, threat, window = 10)
nrow(kw)
## [1] 6859

kw_ext <- kwic(toks, c(threat, threat_ext), window = 10)
nrow(kw_ext)
## [1] 27350

knitr::kable(head(kw_ext, 100))
docname from to pre keyword post
3 10 10 | British Bigheads Wring Wee Wallets . A diplomatic incident is building up between the UK and China , claims
4 312 312 simply because it had to secure its year against a hostile and unpredictable regime which had Chinese backing . No doubt
4 391 391 ’ a power vacuum that constituted a menace to regional security . ’ | Indochina has suffered for 40 years -
4 603 603 at least one area the growing globalisation of the cold war which multiplies the threat to world peace . | The
4 607 607 the growing globalisation of the cold war which multiplies the threat to world peace . | The Kampuchea question is admittedly
4 761 761 here tomorrow morning . ’ | * Red Brotherhood at War . Verso Editions , pounds 6.95 .
5 100 100 Khrushchev’s ‘secret speech’ three years after the dictator’s death . | The speech is one of the score of
5 253 253 European workers prize and want to maintain , like job security , stable prices , relative social equality . | Polish
5 761 761 articles is Jon Halliday’s carefully documented one on the Korean War , which as he says badly needs to be rescued
6 208 208 the force should take total responsibility for the maintenance of security and law and order there . | The Israelis on
6 257 257 be an Israeli responsibility , although they agree that overall security should be safeguarded by the MFO . | The Israelis
6 592 592 emphasised to all parties the need for agreed and effective security arrangements in areas to be vacated by Israeli forces .
7 156 156 said that the Khmer Rouge are counter-attacking to relieve the pressure . | Mr Wu’s warning that China would be obliged
7 413 413 Government , cannot seriously be said to pose a military threat to Thailand . But Mr Wu’s warning against Vietnamese ’
7 431 431 against Vietnamese ‘provocation’ of Thailand is a coded threat that , if the military balance changes too drastically within
9 17 17 won a pounds 50 million contract to supply China with defence related equipment consisting of message processing systems and interlinked radio
13 119 119 ‘she said ,’ I use it in my defence . I feel safe behind it . I feel very
13 818 818 and romantic view . Riot , arson , and sudden death were followed by curfew , the setting up of refugee
13 841 841 the Chinese , and the establishment of a state of emergency . The actual death toll was not large , a
13 845 845 the establishment of a state of emergency . The actual death toll was not large , a few hundred , but
13 1785 1785 century . | Ambivalent though the Chinese may be about death , they do not like anyone monkeying around with the
13 1962 1962 states with a multi-ethnic population . Only during ’ the Emergency ’ and the period which immediately preceded it was the
13 2043 2043 future . ’ We are not predicting an inevitable racial war , ’ write two university lecturers , Ishak Shari and
13 2104 2104 ethnic tension and conflict will remain of the ’ cold war ’ type , that is , without necessarily erupting .
14 129 129 critical biography of Taiwan’s President Chiang Ching-Kuo shortly before his death . | | Government sources said that President Chiang ,
16 801 801 replied : ’ Muslims believe they will realise paradise after death . The Communists think they can turn the existing world
18 326 326 the biggest arms deal between the two countries since the Defence Secretary , Mr Caspar Weinberger , cleared the way for
19 314 314 of the world - and has achieved this while at war . President Castro’s visit will deepen Washington’s paranoia , or
19 492 492 with whom Western Europe has scant purchase . | The war in Nicaragua is different , since it involves a country
21 215 215 there was hardly a ‘scholar’ who foresaw the death of Pakistan . | India was caught in the pincer
21 389 389 the Ministry of Tourism ) . | The only real danger that India still faces comes from the same theocratic interests
21 931 931 not that the constant effort to distance oneself from ’ hostile India ’ can lead to dangerous geopolitics . It is
22 114 114 present Kampuchean conflict is a classic example of a political war : support for the anti-Vietnamese Coalition Government of democratic Kampuchea
22 338 338 , is less to gain terrain than to maintain political pressure . | One reason that the coalition’s backers are taking
22 360 360 reverses so calmly may be because this is an inexpensive war . The 240,000 refugees spread along the border are fed
22 452 452 KPNLF , not the Khmer Rouge , will win the war is an offence in Khmer Rouge areas . But China
22 851 851 Vietnamese operations in Kampuchea has been to increase the military pressure on the 720-mile border . This does not force Hanoi
26 597 597 honest peasants than at any time since the second world war . | The school system is not being Vietnamised ,
26 1239 1239 Nations , the United States and China . | National defence takes priority over almost everything else , and this means
26 1258 1258 this means low incomes , slow economic recovery , strict security measures , particularly in the north and north-west , and
27 228 228 | The Hagfors Observatory , a wing of Sweden’s National Defence Research Institute , revealed yesterday that the nuclear powers had
29 166 166 a Fascist country . | ’ Fascism anywhere is a threat to the human family - Britain , Israel , Germany
29 680 680 right to vote - their lack of democracy is a threat to the integrity of ours . ’ | The Reagan
29 851 851 South Africa . ’ In both you have unions under pressure , the churches under pressure - but the criteria for
29 856 856 both you have unions under pressure , the churches under pressure - but the criteria for criticism are not the same
29 957 957 of Americans living in poverty and unemployment will increase the pressure for fundamental change in both domestic and foreign policy .
29 1021 1021 . These are devastating social effects of current policies . Pressure for change is coming from the bottom up . Hunger
30 3 3 | If war is the mother of invention : philanthropy can be its
30 37 37 the United States ’ most devastating weapons during the Vietnam War . Mounted in the rear of an aircraft , within
30 130 130 London for today’s executive meeting of International Physicians Against Nuclear War , Prof McCally explained how a good intention went lethally
30 282 282 The final straw was the discovery that , despite his security rating , he was denied access to work in the
30 322 322 dollars 7 million F-5s were being shot down with world war two ack-ack guns with a minimum of technology and a
30 397 397 already a centre of expertise . During the second world war it helped to design oxygen masks , heated flak suits
30 418 418 and the gun turrets of Superfortresses . | After the war it was partly staffed with German medical scientists who had
30 624 624 now grown up in the States , because of not war experiences but over such questions as withholding life support .
30 671 671 from black men with syphilis . ’ | The Vietnam War forced him to draw the line . ’ It’s a
30 845 845 makes him a useful voice in International Physicians Against Nuclear War during its current offensive . | This year’s dollars 1.6
30 1055 1055 to learn to control our technology . The most striking danger about Star Wars is that it will be totally computer
31 848 848 crisis , and there were three during the second world war . | Between 1946 and 1971 , there were ten
31 1013 1013 law and order which can mean intolerance ; it means death . Pluto brings fanaticism , deep disruption , the underhand
31 1152 1152 violence within the UK . They did not think of war , for war is the unthinkable . But as soon
31 1155 1155 UK . They did not think of war , for war is the unthinkable . But as soon as the task
31 1180 1180 the Falklands , he says now , he knew that war was the inevitable too . | Turn now to the
31 1768 1768 from looking at the chart of the USSR , the death of Andropov - and that almost to the day .
32 336 336 this continuation is inevitable . ’ | This is where defence bureaucracies show their power . The British Defence Ministry ,
32 344 344 is where defence bureaucracies show their power . The British Defence Ministry , the country’s largest employer with a staff of
32 590 590 mill create considerable production capacity which in turn will create pressure to find programmes to use that capacity . ’ |
32 661 661 four decades , of renegotiating alliances , of resisting industrial pressure , and of deciding what to do with the installations
32 747 747 select committees have no power to summon ministers . The defence committee has indeed complained that ’ Parliament’s role in the
32 804 804 to get full agreement of the Cabinet or of its defence and overseas policy committee , to the R & D
32 847 847 other ministers might disagree - and not for reasons of security . ’ | Cataloguing the ineffectiveness of parliaments , the
32 945 945 are apparently less prone to manipulation by scientists , and pressure is the other way round . The group found a
32 1314 1314 , you have to be seen to be preparing for war , and there is no difference between that and actually
33 9 9 | A secret report sent to the Cabinet’s defence committee showed how the allies considered the possibility of using
33 67 67 said : ’ Although the use of nuclear weapons in war against China would , from the military point of view
33 121 121 the Tongking Delta was of the greatest importance to the defence of South-east Asia , its loss ’ should not automatically
33 182 182 New Zealand . | The report said : ’ Should war with China be precipitated by Chinese Communist aggression in South-east
34 47 47 the British Government believed this could have led to nuclear war . | After the Vietminh victory over the French in
34 110 110 told the Cabinet in April that he doubted whether any threat would work . The coalition would have to either withdraw
35 247 247 re-election in the Senate . They will be under great pressure at a time when Reagan will be seen as a
35 908 908 only the first step toward a more secure world . Pressure would have to continue until deep cuts in nuclear arms
35 1097 1097 , China and France , would then be under great pressure to follow . | Opposition of the British Government to
35 1113 1113 of the British Government to US plans For space-based missile defence may present an important opportunity for common ground with supporters
35 1206 1206 a member of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and a member of the steering group of the UK
37 121 121 to write with more reverence about Emperor Hirohito , whose war responsibility is not mentioned . | | ’ The new
37 233 233 Unions alleged this year that the Education Ministry had increased pressure on publishers to reflect the Government line . Citing the
37 424 424 to make the new generation more receptive to the country’s defence policies . | Although textbook writers have experienced pressure for
37 433 433 country’s defence policies . | Although textbook writers have experienced pressure for decades - Professor Ienaga’s longest-running suit concerns censorship of
37 514 514 - served by school textbooks that reported the horrors of war . | First it was necessary to refurbish the image
37 529 529 was necessary to refurbish the image of the 250,000-strong Self Defence Forces , who are given most favoured treatment in the
37 615 615 suppressing dissenting voices about the legal status of the Self Defence Forces , Professor Ienaga says . | ’ It was
38 138 138 , and Britain ( as permanent members of the UN Security Council ) as well as India , Japan , and
40 219 219 in the region generally , with particular reference to the threat which , they say , is posed by China .
42 47 47 ’ placed him one step away from a declaration of war . ’ He said , however , that the comments
42 245 245 Although Sandinista rhetoric has been kept to a minimum , defence preparations are quietly being speeded up . In the past
44 871 871 rising birth rates as in China or uncontrolled and rising death rates . | Conventional economists would also be well-advised to
44 1443 1443 atmosphere by fossil fuel burning may well pose a serious threat , as the Worldwatch Institute argues . But slower growth
45 44 44 systems pushing retail sales to record highs and placing unprecedented pressure on the domestic market . | | The lifting of
46 399 399 forces inside Kampuchea so we don’t think we’ve lost the war , ’ one soldier remarked . | The Vietnamese successes
48 243 243 ’ is a near-universal in our culture . Workers are hostile to state interference and devoted to self-reliance . They are