October 26, 2017
Welcome to R-Ladies RTP!
Materials
- All source code at https://github.com/rladies/meetup-presentations_rtp/tree/master/2017-10-26-purrr
- Download the contents of the repo, we'll need the R scripts and data in the apps folder
- Slides at [to be added]
Acknowledgements
- Charlotte Whickham - Purrr tutorial
- Colin Rundel - Functional programming
- Hadley Wickham - Adv-R Functionals
- Hadley Wickham - R for Data Science
- Neil Saunders - A brief introduction to "apply" in R
- Jenny Bryan - Purrr Tutorial
- R Language Definition
Outline
Outline
Code with a lot of duplication is harder to understand, troubleshoot and maintain. The goal of this tutorial is help you remove duplication in your code by using functions that write for loops for you.
You'll learn to use the functions in the purrr package to perform iterative tasks: tasks that look like "for each _____ do _____".
The goal is to make strides towards writing code that is more readable and easier to update and so that you are ready to solve new iteration problems faster and with fewer mistakes.
Nothing new here!
You might already be solving problems purrr addresses with copy&paste, for loops, functions of the apply family, etc.
An alternative is using
purrr::map()and friends.
Learning goals
By the end of the workshop, you'll be able to:
- Move from solving a problem on a single element, to iterating that solution over many elements with
map(). - Identify when to use the typed variants of map(): map_lgl(), map_int(), walk() etc.
- Use purrr to work with list columns in tibbles.
- Leverage purrr to get list data into tibbles.
Packages
# purrr + dplyr + ... library(tidyverse) # includes: sw_films, sw_people, sw_vehicles, # sw_starships, sw_planets & sw_species library(repurrrsive)
Functions
When to use functions
The goal of a function should be to encapsulate a small reusable piece of code.
Name should make it clear what the function does (think in terms of simple verbs).
Functionality should be simple enough to be quickly understood.
The smaller and more modular the code the easier it will be to reuse elsewhere.
Better to change code in one location than code everywhere.
Function Basics
In R functions are first order objects, this means we can work with them like any other object in R.
f = function(x) x*x typeof(f)
## [1] "closure"
list(f)
## [[1]] ## function (x) ## x * x
g = f g(3)
## [1] 9
{function(x) x*x*x}(3)
## [1] 27
Function Parts
The two parts of a function are the arguments (formals) and the code (body).
gcd = function(loc1, loc2)
{
deg2rad = function(deg) return(deg*pi/180)
lat1 = deg2rad( loc1[1] )
lat2 = deg2rad( loc2[1] )
long1 = deg2rad( loc1[2] )
long2 = deg2rad( loc2[2] )
R = 6371 # Earth mean radius in km
d = acos(sin(lat1)*sin(lat2) + cos(lat1)*cos(lat2) * cos(long2-long1)) * R
return(d) # distance in km
}
formals(gcd)
## $loc1 ## ## ## $loc2
body(gcd)
## {
## deg2rad = function(deg) return(deg * pi/180)
## lat1 = deg2rad(loc1[1])
## lat2 = deg2rad(loc2[1])
## long1 = deg2rad(loc1[2])
## long2 = deg2rad(loc2[2])
## R = 6371
## d = acos(sin(lat1) * sin(lat2) + cos(lat1) * cos(lat2) *
## cos(long2 - long1)) * R
## return(d)
## }
purrr
purrr
A tidyverse package which improves functional programming in R with a focus on pure and type stable functions.
People in starwars
typeof(sw_people)
## [1] "list"
str(sw_people)
## List of 87 ## $ :List of 16 ## ..$ name : chr "Luke Skywalker" ## ..$ height : chr "172" ## ..$ mass : chr "77" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "blond" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "19BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/14/" "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/30/" ## ..$ starships : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/22/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-09T13:50:51.644000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:56.891000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/1/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "C-3PO" ## ..$ height : chr "167" ## ..$ mass : chr "75" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "n/a" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "gold" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "112BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "n/a" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:6] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/2/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:10:51.357000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.309000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/2/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "R2-D2" ## ..$ height : chr "96" ## ..$ mass : chr "32" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "n/a" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "white, blue" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "red" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "33BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "n/a" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/8/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:7] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/2/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:11:50.376000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.311000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/3/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Darth Vader" ## ..$ height : chr "202" ## ..$ mass : chr "136" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "white" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "41.9BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:4] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/13/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:18:20.704000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.313000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/4/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Leia Organa" ## ..$ height : chr "150" ## ..$ mass : chr "49" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "19BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/2/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/30/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:20:09.791000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.315000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/5/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Owen Lars" ## ..$ height : chr "178" ## ..$ mass : chr "120" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown, grey" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "52BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:52:14.024000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.317000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/6/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Beru Whitesun lars" ## ..$ height : chr "165" ## ..$ mass : chr "75" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "47BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:53:41.121000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.319000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/7/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "R5-D4" ## ..$ height : chr "97" ## ..$ mass : chr "32" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "n/a" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "white, red" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "red" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "n/a" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/2/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:57:50.959000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.321000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/8/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Biggs Darklighter" ## ..$ height : chr "183" ## ..$ mass : chr "84" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "24BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T15:59:50.509000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.323000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/9/" ## $ :List of 16 ## ..$ name : chr "Obi-Wan Kenobi" ## ..$ height : chr "182" ## ..$ mass : chr "77" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "auburn, white" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue-gray" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "57BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/20/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:6] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/38/" ## ..$ starships : chr [1:5] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/48/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/59/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/64/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/65/" ... ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T16:16:29.192000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.325000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/10/" ## $ :List of 16 ## ..$ name : chr "Anakin Skywalker" ## ..$ height : chr "188" ## ..$ mass : chr "84" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "blond" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "41.9BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/44/" "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/46/" ## ..$ starships : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/59/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/65/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/39/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T16:20:44.310000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.327000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/11/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Wilhuff Tarkin" ## ..$ height : chr "180" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "auburn, grey" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "64BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/21/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T16:26:56.138000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.330000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/12/" ## $ :List of 16 ## ..$ name : chr "Chewbacca" ## ..$ height : chr "228" ## ..$ mass : chr "112" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "unknown" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "200BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/14/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/3/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/19/" ## ..$ starships : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/10/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/22/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T16:42:45.066000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.332000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/13/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Han Solo" ## ..$ height : chr "180" ## ..$ mass : chr "80" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "29BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/22/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:4] "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/10/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/22/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T16:49:14.582000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.334000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/14/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Greedo" ## ..$ height : chr "173" ## ..$ mass : chr "74" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "n/a" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "green" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "44BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/23/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/4/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T17:03:30.334000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.336000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/15/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Jabba Desilijic Tiure" ## ..$ height : chr "175" ## ..$ mass : chr "1,358" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "n/a" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "green-tan, brown" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "orange" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "600BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "hermaphrodite" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/24/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/5/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-10T17:11:31.638000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.338000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/16/" ## $ :List of 16 ## ..$ name : chr "Wedge Antilles" ## ..$ height : chr "170" ## ..$ mass : chr "77" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "hazel" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "21BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/22/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/14/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-12T11:08:06.469000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.341000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/18/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Jek Tono Porkins" ## ..$ height : chr "180" ## ..$ mass : chr "110" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/26/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-12T11:16:56.569000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.343000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/19/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Yoda" ## ..$ height : chr "66" ## ..$ mass : chr "17" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "white" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "green" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "896BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/6/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T12:26:01.042000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.345000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/20/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Palpatine" ## ..$ height : chr "170" ## ..$ mass : chr "75" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "grey" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "pale" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "82BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/8/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ... ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T12:48:05.971000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.347000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/21/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Boba Fett" ## ..$ height : chr "183" ## ..$ mass : chr "78.2" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "31.5BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/10/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/21/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T12:49:32.457000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.349000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/22/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "IG-88" ## ..$ height : chr "200" ## ..$ mass : chr "140" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "metal" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "red" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "15BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "none" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/2/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T12:51:10.076000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.351000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/23/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Bossk" ## ..$ height : chr "190" ## ..$ mass : chr "113" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "green" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "red" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "53BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/29/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/7/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T12:53:49.297000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.355000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/24/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Lando Calrissian" ## ..$ height : chr "177" ## ..$ mass : chr "79" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "dark" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "31BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/30/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/10/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T12:56:32.683000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.357000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/25/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Lobot" ## ..$ height : chr "175" ## ..$ mass : chr "79" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "37BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/6/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-15T13:01:57.178000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.359000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/26/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Ackbar" ## ..$ height : chr "180" ## ..$ mass : chr "83" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "brown mottle" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "orange" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "41BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/31/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## 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..$ name : chr "Yarael Poof" ## ..$ height : chr "264" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "white" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/48/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/25/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T10:34:48.725000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.437000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/57/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Plo Koon" ## ..$ height : chr "188" ## ..$ mass : chr "80" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "orange" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "22BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/49/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/26/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/48/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T10:49:19.859000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.439000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/58/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Mas Amedda" ## ..$ height : chr "196" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "blue" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/50/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/27/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T10:53:26.457000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.442000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/59/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Gregar Typho" ## ..$ height : chr "185" ## ..$ mass : chr "85" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "dark" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/8/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/39/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T11:10:10.381000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.445000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/60/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Cordé" ## ..$ height : chr "157" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/8/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T11:11:39.630000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.449000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/61/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Cliegg Lars" ## ..$ height : chr "183" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "82BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T15:59:03.958000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.451000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/62/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Poggle the Lesser" ## ..$ height : chr "183" ## ..$ mass : chr "80" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "green" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/11/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/28/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:40:43.977000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.453000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/63/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Luminara Unduli" ## ..$ height : chr "170" ## ..$ mass : chr "56.2" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "yellow" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "58BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/51/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/29/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:45:53.668000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.455000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/64/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Barriss Offee" ## ..$ height : chr "166" ## ..$ mass : chr "50" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "yellow" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "40BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/51/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/29/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:46:40.440000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.457000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/65/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Dormé" ## ..$ height : chr "165" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/8/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:49:14.640000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.460000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/66/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Dooku" ## ..$ height : chr "193" ## ..$ mass : chr "80" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "white" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "102BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/52/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/55/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:52:14.726000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.462000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/67/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Bail Prestor Organa" ## ..$ height : chr "191" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "tan" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "67BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/2/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:53:08.575000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.463000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/68/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Jango Fett" ## ..$ height : chr "183" ## ..$ mass : chr "79" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "tan" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "66BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/53/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:54:41.620000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.465000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/69/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Zam Wesell" ## ..$ height : chr "168" ## ..$ mass : chr "55" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "blonde" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair, green, yellow" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/54/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/30/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/45/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T16:57:44.471000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.468000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/70/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Dexter Jettster" ## ..$ height : chr "198" ## ..$ mass : chr "102" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/55/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/31/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:28:27.248000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.470000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/71/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Lama Su" ## ..$ height : chr "229" ## ..$ mass : chr "88" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "grey" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/10/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/32/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:30:50.416000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.473000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/72/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Taun We" ## ..$ height : chr "213" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "grey" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/10/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/32/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:31:21.195000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.474000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/73/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Jocasta Nu" ## ..$ height : chr "167" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "white" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "fair" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/9/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:32:51.996000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.476000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/74/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Ratts Tyerell" ## ..$ height : chr "79" ## ..$ mass : chr "15" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "grey, blue" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "unknown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/38/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/16/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T09:53:15.086000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2016-06-30T12:52:19.604868Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/47/" ## $ :List of 13 ## ..$ name : chr "R4-P17" ## ..$ height : chr "96" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "silver, red" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "red, blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:43:36.409000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.478000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/75/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Wat Tambor" ## ..$ height : chr "193" ## ..$ mass : chr "48" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "green, grey" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "unknown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/56/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/33/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:53:52.607000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.481000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/76/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "San Hill" ## ..$ height : chr "191" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "grey" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "gold" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/57/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/34/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T17:58:17.049000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.484000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/77/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Shaak Ti" ## ..$ height : chr "178" ## ..$ mass : chr "57" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "red, blue, white" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/58/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/35/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T18:44:01.103000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.486000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/78/" ## $ :List of 16 ## ..$ name : chr "Grievous" ## ..$ height : chr "216" ## ..$ mass : chr "159" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "brown, white" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "green, yellow" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/59/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/36/" ## ..$ vehicles : chr "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/60/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/74/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T19:43:53.348000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.488000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/79/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Tarfful" ## ..$ height : chr "234" ## ..$ mass : chr "136" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "blue" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/14/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/3/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T19:46:34.209000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.491000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/80/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Raymus Antilles" ## ..$ height : chr "188" ## ..$ mass : chr "79" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/2/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T19:49:35.583000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.493000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/81/" ## $ :List of 13 ## ..$ name : chr "Sly Moore" ## ..$ height : chr "178" ## ..$ mass : chr "48" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "pale" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "white" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/60/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:2] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T20:18:37.619000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.496000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/82/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Tion Medon" ## ..$ height : chr "206" ## ..$ mass : chr "80" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "grey" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/12/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/37/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-20T20:35:04.260000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2014-12-20T21:17:50.498000Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/83/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Finn" ## ..$ height : chr "unknown" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "black" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "dark" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "dark" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2015-04-17T06:52:40.793621Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2015-04-17T06:52:40.793674Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/84/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "Rey" ## ..$ height : chr "unknown" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "hazel" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ created : chr "2015-04-17T06:54:01.495077Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2015-04-17T06:54:01.495128Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/85/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Poe Dameron" ## ..$ height : chr "unknown" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "male" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr "http://swapi.co/api/starships/77/" ## ..$ created : chr "2015-04-17T06:55:21.622786Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2015-04-17T06:55:21.622835Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/86/" ## $ :List of 14 ## ..$ name : chr "BB8" ## ..$ height : chr "unknown" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "none" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "none" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "black" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "none" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/2/" ## ..$ created : chr "2015-04-17T06:57:38.061346Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2015-04-17T06:57:38.061453Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/87/" ## $ :List of 13 ## ..$ name : chr "Captain Phasma" ## ..$ height : chr "unknown" ## ..$ mass : chr "unknown" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "unknown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "unknown" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "unknown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "unknown" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/28/" ## ..$ films : chr "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ..$ created : chr "2015-10-13T10:35:39.229823Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2015-10-13T10:35:39.229894Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/88/" ## $ :List of 15 ## ..$ name : chr "Padmé Amidala" ## ..$ height : chr "165" ## ..$ mass : chr "45" ## ..$ hair_color: chr "brown" ## ..$ skin_color: chr "light" ## ..$ eye_color : chr "brown" ## ..$ birth_year: chr "46BBY" ## ..$ gender : chr "female" ## ..$ homeworld : chr "http://swapi.co/api/planets/8/" ## ..$ films : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/5/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/4/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" ## ..$ species : chr "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ..$ starships : chr [1:3] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/49/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/64/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/39/" ## ..$ created : chr "2014-12-19T17:28:26.926000Z" ## ..$ edited : chr "2016-04-20T17:06:31.502555Z" ## ..$ url : chr "http://swapi.co/api/people/35/"
How many elements are in sw_people?
length(sw_people)
## [1] 87
Viewing lists
Run this in your console:
View(sw_people)
Then let's answer:
- Who is the first person in sw_people? Easy, peasy!
- How many starships has each character been on? 🤷♀️
Who is the first person in sw_people?
sw_people[[1]] # Luke!
## $name ## [1] "Luke Skywalker" ## ## $height ## [1] "172" ## ## $mass ## [1] "77" ## ## $hair_color ## [1] "blond" ## ## $skin_color ## [1] "fair" ## ## $eye_color ## [1] "blue" ## ## $birth_year ## [1] "19BBY" ## ## $gender ## [1] "male" ## ## $homeworld ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ## $films ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ## [3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## [5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ## $species ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ## $vehicles ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/14/" "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/30/" ## ## $starships ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/22/" ## ## $created ## [1] "2014-12-09T13:50:51.644000Z" ## ## $edited ## [1] "2014-12-20T21:17:56.891000Z" ## ## $url ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/people/1/"
A list inside a list
sw_people[1]
## [[1]] ## [[1]]$name ## [1] "Luke Skywalker" ## ## [[1]]$height ## [1] "172" ## ## [[1]]$mass ## [1] "77" ## ## [[1]]$hair_color ## [1] "blond" ## ## [[1]]$skin_color ## [1] "fair" ## ## [[1]]$eye_color ## [1] "blue" ## ## [[1]]$birth_year ## [1] "19BBY" ## ## [[1]]$gender ## [1] "male" ## ## [[1]]$homeworld ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ## [[1]]$films ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ## [3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## [5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ## [[1]]$species ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ## [[1]]$vehicles ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/14/" "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/30/" ## ## [[1]]$starships ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/22/" ## ## [[1]]$created ## [1] "2014-12-09T13:50:51.644000Z" ## ## [[1]]$edited ## [1] "2014-12-20T21:17:56.891000Z" ## ## [[1]]$url ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/people/1/"
A list, dropped one level of heirachy
sw_people[[1]]
## $name ## [1] "Luke Skywalker" ## ## $height ## [1] "172" ## ## $mass ## [1] "77" ## ## $hair_color ## [1] "blond" ## ## $skin_color ## [1] "fair" ## ## $eye_color ## [1] "blue" ## ## $birth_year ## [1] "19BBY" ## ## $gender ## [1] "male" ## ## $homeworld ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/planets/1/" ## ## $films ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/films/6/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/3/" ## [3] "http://swapi.co/api/films/2/" "http://swapi.co/api/films/1/" ## [5] "http://swapi.co/api/films/7/" ## ## $species ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/species/1/" ## ## $vehicles ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/14/" "http://swapi.co/api/vehicles/30/" ## ## $starships ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/starships/12/" "http://swapi.co/api/starships/22/" ## ## $created ## [1] "2014-12-09T13:50:51.644000Z" ## ## $edited ## [1] "2014-12-20T21:17:56.891000Z" ## ## $url ## [1] "http://swapi.co/api/people/1/"
map
map( .x, .f, ...)
For each element of
.xdo.f:.xcan be a vector, a list, or a data frame
How many starships has each character been on?
map(sw_people, _____)
Strategy:
- Do it for one element
- Turn it into a recipe
- Use
map()to do it for all elements
How many starships has Luke been in?
Save Luke:
luke <- sw_people[[1]]
length(luke$starships)
## [1] 2
How many starships has Leia been in?
leia <- sw_people[[?]]
length(leia$starships)
How many starships has ___ been in?
___ <- sw_people[[___]]
length(___$starships)
Turn it into a recipe
~ length( .x $ starships)
~: A formula.x: purrr's "pronoun" for one element of our vector- This recipe becomes the second argument to
map()
map(sw_people, ~ length(.x$starships))
## [[1]] ## [1] 2 ## ## [[2]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[3]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[4]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[5]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[6]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[7]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[8]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[9]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[10]] ## [1] 5 ## ## [[11]] ## [1] 3 ## ## [[12]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[13]] ## [1] 2 ## ## [[14]] ## [1] 2 ## ## [[15]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[16]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[17]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[18]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[19]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[20]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[21]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[22]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[23]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[24]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[25]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[26]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[27]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[28]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[29]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[30]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[31]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[32]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[33]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[34]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[35]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[36]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[37]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[38]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[39]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[40]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[41]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[42]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[43]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[44]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[45]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[46]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[47]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[48]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[49]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[50]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[51]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[52]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[53]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[54]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[55]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[56]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[57]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[58]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[59]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[60]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[61]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[62]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[63]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[64]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[65]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[66]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[67]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[68]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[69]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[70]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[71]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[72]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[73]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[74]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[75]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[76]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[77]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[78]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[79]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[80]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[81]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[82]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[83]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[84]] ## [1] 1 ## ## [[85]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[86]] ## [1] 0 ## ## [[87]] ## [1] 3
map() & friends
What else?
- Other types of output:
map_something - Other ways of specifying
.f - Other iteration functions:
map2- variants ofmap()that iterate over multiple arguments in parallel (but I might not get to this today)
Map functions
Basic functions for looping over an object and returning a value (of a specific type) - replacement for lapply/sapply/vapply.
map()- returns a list.map_lgl()- returns a logical vector.map_int()- returns a integer vector.map_dbl()- returns a double vector.map_chr()- returns a character vector.map_df()/map_dfr()- returns a data frame by row binding.map_dfc()- returns a data frame by column binding.walk()- returns nothing, call function exclusively for its side effects
How many starships has each character been in?
map_???(sw_people, ~ length(.x[["starships"]]))
How many starships has each character been in?
map_int(sw_people, ~ length(.x[["starships"]]))
## [1] 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 3 0 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 ## [36] 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## [71] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3
What color is each characters hair?
map_???(sw_people, ~ .x[["hair_color"]])
What color is each characters hair?
map_chr(sw_people, ~ .x[["hair_color"]])
## [1] "blond" "n/a" "n/a" "none" ## [5] "brown" "brown, grey" "brown" "n/a" ## [9] "black" "auburn, white" "blond" "auburn, grey" ## [13] "brown" "brown" "n/a" "n/a" ## [17] "brown" "brown" "white" "grey" ## [21] "black" "none" "none" "black" ## [25] "none" "none" "auburn" "brown" ## [29] "brown" "none" "brown" "none" ## [33] "blond" "none" "none" "none" ## [37] "brown" "black" "none" "black" ## [41] "black" "none" "none" "none" ## [45] "none" "none" "none" "none" ## [49] "white" "none" "black" "none" ## [53] "none" "none" "none" "none" ## [57] "black" "brown" "brown" "none" ## [61] "black" "black" "brown" "white" ## [65] "black" "black" "blonde" "none" ## [69] "none" "none" "white" "none" ## [73] "none" "none" "none" "none" ## [77] "none" "brown" "brown" "none" ## [81] "none" "black" "brown" "brown" ## [85] "none" "unknown" "brown"
Is the character male?
map_???(sw_people, ~ .x[["gender"]] == "male")
Is the character male?
map_lgl(sw_people, ~ .x[["gender"]] == "male")
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE ## [12] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE ## [23] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE ## [34] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE ## [45] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE ## [56] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE ## [67] FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE ## [78] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
How heavy is each character?
Why don't these work / what is not ideal about them? How would you fix it?
map_dbl(sw_people, ~ .x[["mass"]]) map(sw_people, ~ .x[["mass"]]) map_dbl(sw_people, ~ as.numeric(.x[["mass"]]))
How heavy is each character?
map_chr(sw_people, ~ .x[["mass"]]) %>% readr::parse_number(na = "unknown")
## [1] 77.0 75.0 32.0 136.0 49.0 120.0 75.0 32.0 84.0 77.0 ## [11] 84.0 NA 112.0 80.0 74.0 1358.0 77.0 110.0 17.0 75.0 ## [21] 78.2 140.0 113.0 79.0 79.0 83.0 NA NA 20.0 68.0 ## [31] 89.0 90.0 NA 66.0 82.0 NA NA NA 40.0 NA ## [41] NA 80.0 NA 55.0 45.0 NA 65.0 84.0 82.0 87.0 ## [51] NA 50.0 NA NA 80.0 NA 85.0 NA NA 80.0 ## [61] 56.2 50.0 NA 80.0 NA 79.0 55.0 102.0 88.0 NA ## [71] NA 15.0 NA 48.0 NA 57.0 159.0 136.0 79.0 48.0 ## [81] 80.0 NA NA NA NA NA 45.0
Another look at map()
map( .x, .f = ~ DO SOMETHING WITH .x)
.f can be
- a formula
- a string or integer (to extract the named/numbered element for each element)
- a function
.f can be a formula
What do each of these do?
map_int(sw_people, ~ length(.x[["starships"]])) map_chr(sw_people, ~ .x[["hair_color"]]) map_chr(sw_people, ~ .x[["mass"]])
.f can be a string or integer
How do these compare?
map_chr(sw_people, ~ .x[["hair_color"]]) map_chr(sw_people, "hair_color")
.f can be a function
What do these do?
char_starships <- map(sw_people, "starships") map_int(char_starships, length)
map(sw_people, "starships") %>% map_int(length) map_int(sw_people, ~ length(.x[["starships"]]))
An aside
What's wrong with this?
map(sw_people, "startships") %>% map_int(length)
## [1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## [36] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## [71] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
What about sapply() and apply()?
Motivation for purrr:
consistent return type
useful shortcuts
consistent syntax for more complicated iteration