##Question 1
ToyotaPrices <- read.csv("C:/Users/aksha/Downloads/ToyotaPrices.csv")
library(e1071)
summary(ToyotaPrices)
## Id Price Age_08_04 Mfg_Month
## Min. : 1.0 Min. : 4350 Min. : 1.00 Min. : 1.000
## 1st Qu.: 361.8 1st Qu.: 8450 1st Qu.:44.00 1st Qu.: 3.000
## Median : 721.5 Median : 9900 Median :61.00 Median : 5.000
## Mean : 721.6 Mean :10731 Mean :55.95 Mean : 5.549
## 3rd Qu.:1081.2 3rd Qu.:11950 3rd Qu.:70.00 3rd Qu.: 8.000
## Max. :1442.0 Max. :32500 Max. :80.00 Max. :12.000
## Mfg_Year KM HP Automatic
## Min. :1998 Min. : 1 Min. : 69.0 Min. :0.00000
## 1st Qu.:1998 1st Qu.: 43000 1st Qu.: 90.0 1st Qu.:0.00000
## Median :1999 Median : 63390 Median :110.0 Median :0.00000
## Mean :2000 Mean : 68533 Mean :101.5 Mean :0.05571
## 3rd Qu.:2001 3rd Qu.: 87021 3rd Qu.:110.0 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :2004 Max. :243000 Max. :192.0 Max. :1.00000
## cc Doors Cylinders Gears
## Min. : 1300 Min. :2.000 Min. :4 Min. :3.000
## 1st Qu.: 1400 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:4 1st Qu.:5.000
## Median : 1600 Median :4.000 Median :4 Median :5.000
## Mean : 1577 Mean :4.033 Mean :4 Mean :5.026
## 3rd Qu.: 1600 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4 3rd Qu.:5.000
## Max. :16000 Max. :5.000 Max. :4 Max. :6.000
## Quarterly_Tax Weight Mfr_Guarantee BOVAG_Guarantee
## Min. : 19.00 Min. :1000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 69.00 1st Qu.:1040 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000
## Median : 85.00 Median :1070 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000
## Mean : 87.12 Mean :1072 Mean :0.4095 Mean :0.8955
## 3rd Qu.: 85.00 3rd Qu.:1085 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :283.00 Max. :1615 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Guarantee_Period ABS Airbag_1 Airbag_2
## Min. : 3.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 3.000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median : 3.000 Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000
## Mean : 3.815 Mean :0.8134 Mean :0.9708 Mean :0.7228
## 3rd Qu.: 3.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :36.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Airco Automatic_airco Boardcomputer CD_Player
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :1.0000 Median :0.00000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.5084 Mean :0.05641 Mean :0.2946 Mean :0.2187
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Central_Lock Powered_Windows Power_Steering Radio
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :1.0000 Median :1.000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.5801 Mean :0.562 Mean :0.9777 Mean :0.1462
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Mistlamps Sport_Model Backseat_Divider Metallic_Rim
## Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.257 Mean :0.3001 Mean :0.7702 Mean :0.2047
## 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Radio_cassette Tow_Bar
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.1455 Mean :0.2779
## 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Id)
## [1] 0.0007873344
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Price)
## [1] 1.700327
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Age_08_04)
## [1] -0.8249756
skewness(ToyotaPrices$cc)
## [1] 27.37451
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Mfg_Month)
## [1] 0.2900542
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Radio)
## [1] 2.000253
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Mfg_Year)
## [1] 0.9094007
skewness(ToyotaPrices$KM)
## [1] 1.013791
skewness(ToyotaPrices$HP)
## [1] 0.9538397
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Automatic)
## [1] 3.870099
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Doors)
## [1] -0.07623547
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Cylinders)
## [1] NaN
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Gears)
## [1] 2.27919
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Quarterly_Tax)
## [1] 1.98967
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Weight)
## [1] 3.102148
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Mfr_Guarantee)
## [1] 0.367818
skewness(ToyotaPrices$BOVAG_Guarantee)
## [1] -2.583797
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Guarantee_Period)
## [1] 5.826243
skewness(ToyotaPrices$ABS)
## [1] -1.606941
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Airbag_1)
## [1] -5.581705
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Airbag_2)
## [1] -0.9946859
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Airco)
## [1] -0.03339594
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Automatic_airco)
## [1] 3.841523
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Boardcomputer)
## [1] 0.9003747
skewness(ToyotaPrices$CD_Player)
## [1] 1.359867
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Central_Lock)
## [1] -0.324185
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Powered_Windows)
## [1] -0.2495767
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Power_Steering)
## [1] -6.46609
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Mistlamps)
## [1] 1.111236
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Sport_Model)
## [1] 0.8712372
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Backseat_Divider)
## [1] -1.283138
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Metallic_Rim)
## [1] 1.461959
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Radio_cassette)
## [1] 2.008161
skewness(ToyotaPrices$Tow_Bar)
## [1] 0.9908115
#Positive Skew - Id,Price,Mfg_Month, Mfg_Year,KM,HP,Automatic,cc,Gears,Quarterly_Tax,
#Weight,Mfr_Guarantee,Guarantee_Period, Automatic_airco,Boardcomputer,CD_player
#Radio,Mistlamps,Sport_Model,Metallic_Rim,Radio_cassette,Tow_Bar
#Negative Skew - Age_08_04,doors,BOVAG_Guarantee,ABS,Airbag_1,Airbag_2,Airco,Central_Lock,Powered_windows,
#Power_steering, Backseat_Divider.
#no skew - Cylinders
#is.na(ToyotaPrices) #return TRUE if any values are missing
#There are no values that can be declared missing because all the attributes have values
#and therefore we dont convert the missing values to NA
summary(ToyotaPrices)
## Id Price Age_08_04 Mfg_Month
## Min. : 1.0 Min. : 4350 Min. : 1.00 Min. : 1.000
## 1st Qu.: 361.8 1st Qu.: 8450 1st Qu.:44.00 1st Qu.: 3.000
## Median : 721.5 Median : 9900 Median :61.00 Median : 5.000
## Mean : 721.6 Mean :10731 Mean :55.95 Mean : 5.549
## 3rd Qu.:1081.2 3rd Qu.:11950 3rd Qu.:70.00 3rd Qu.: 8.000
## Max. :1442.0 Max. :32500 Max. :80.00 Max. :12.000
## Mfg_Year KM HP Automatic
## Min. :1998 Min. : 1 Min. : 69.0 Min. :0.00000
## 1st Qu.:1998 1st Qu.: 43000 1st Qu.: 90.0 1st Qu.:0.00000
## Median :1999 Median : 63390 Median :110.0 Median :0.00000
## Mean :2000 Mean : 68533 Mean :101.5 Mean :0.05571
## 3rd Qu.:2001 3rd Qu.: 87021 3rd Qu.:110.0 3rd Qu.:0.00000
## Max. :2004 Max. :243000 Max. :192.0 Max. :1.00000
## cc Doors Cylinders Gears
## Min. : 1300 Min. :2.000 Min. :4 Min. :3.000
## 1st Qu.: 1400 1st Qu.:3.000 1st Qu.:4 1st Qu.:5.000
## Median : 1600 Median :4.000 Median :4 Median :5.000
## Mean : 1577 Mean :4.033 Mean :4 Mean :5.026
## 3rd Qu.: 1600 3rd Qu.:5.000 3rd Qu.:4 3rd Qu.:5.000
## Max. :16000 Max. :5.000 Max. :4 Max. :6.000
## Quarterly_Tax Weight Mfr_Guarantee BOVAG_Guarantee
## Min. : 19.00 Min. :1000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 69.00 1st Qu.:1040 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000
## Median : 85.00 Median :1070 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000
## Mean : 87.12 Mean :1072 Mean :0.4095 Mean :0.8955
## 3rd Qu.: 85.00 3rd Qu.:1085 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :283.00 Max. :1615 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Guarantee_Period ABS Airbag_1 Airbag_2
## Min. : 3.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.: 3.000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median : 3.000 Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :1.0000
## Mean : 3.815 Mean :0.8134 Mean :0.9708 Mean :0.7228
## 3rd Qu.: 3.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :36.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Airco Automatic_airco Boardcomputer CD_Player
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.00000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.00000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :1.0000 Median :0.00000 Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.5084 Mean :0.05641 Mean :0.2946 Mean :0.2187
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.00000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.00000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Central_Lock Powered_Windows Power_Steering Radio
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :1.0000 Median :1.000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.5801 Mean :0.562 Mean :0.9777 Mean :0.1462
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Mistlamps Sport_Model Backseat_Divider Metallic_Rim
## Min. :0.000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.000 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:1.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.000 Median :0.0000 Median :1.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.257 Mean :0.3001 Mean :0.7702 Mean :0.2047
## 3rd Qu.:1.000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:0.0000
## Max. :1.000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Radio_cassette Tow_Bar
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:0.0000
## Median :0.0000 Median :0.0000
## Mean :0.1455 Mean :0.2779
## 3rd Qu.:0.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :1.0000
##Question 2
#converting categorical variables to factors
ToyotaPrices$Automatic=factor(ToyotaPrices$Automatic)
ToyotaPrices$Doors=factor(ToyotaPrices$Doors)
ToyotaPrices$Cylinders=factor(ToyotaPrices$Cylinders)
ToyotaPrices$Gears=factor(ToyotaPrices$Gears)
ToyotaPrices$Mfr_Guarantee=factor(ToyotaPrices$Mfr_Guarantee)
ToyotaPrices$BOVAG_Guarantee=factor(ToyotaPrices$BOVAG_Guarantee)
ToyotaPrices$Airbag_1=factor(ToyotaPrices$Airbag_1)
ToyotaPrices$Airbag_2=factor(ToyotaPrices$Airbag_2)
ToyotaPrices$Airco=factor(ToyotaPrices$Airco)
ToyotaPrices$Automatic_airco=factor(ToyotaPrices$Automatic_airco)
ToyotaPrices$Boardcomputer=factor(ToyotaPrices$Boardcomputer)
ToyotaPrices$ABS=factor(ToyotaPrices$ABS)
ToyotaPrices$CD_Player=factor(ToyotaPrices$CD_Player)
ToyotaPrices$Powered_Windows=factor(ToyotaPrices$Powered_Windows)
ToyotaPrices$Power_Steering=factor(ToyotaPrices$Power_Steering)
ToyotaPrices$Radio=factor(ToyotaPrices$Radio)
ToyotaPrices$Mistlamps=factor(ToyotaPrices$Mistlamps)
ToyotaPrices$Backseat_Divider=factor(ToyotaPrices$Backseat_Divider)
ToyotaPrices$Metallic_Rim=factor(ToyotaPrices$Metallic_Rim)
ToyotaPrices$Radio_cassette=factor(ToyotaPrices$Radio_cassette)
ToyotaPrices$Tow_Bar=factor(ToyotaPrices$Tow_Bar)
ToyotaPrices$Central_Lock=factor(ToyotaPrices$Central_Lock)
ToyotaPrices$Sport_Model=factor(ToyotaPrices$Sport_Model)
summary(ToyotaPrices)
## Id Price Age_08_04 Mfg_Month
## Min. : 1.0 Min. : 4350 Min. : 1.00 Min. : 1.000
## 1st Qu.: 361.8 1st Qu.: 8450 1st Qu.:44.00 1st Qu.: 3.000
## Median : 721.5 Median : 9900 Median :61.00 Median : 5.000
## Mean : 721.6 Mean :10731 Mean :55.95 Mean : 5.549
## 3rd Qu.:1081.2 3rd Qu.:11950 3rd Qu.:70.00 3rd Qu.: 8.000
## Max. :1442.0 Max. :32500 Max. :80.00 Max. :12.000
## Mfg_Year KM HP Automatic cc
## Min. :1998 Min. : 1 Min. : 69.0 0:1356 Min. : 1300
## 1st Qu.:1998 1st Qu.: 43000 1st Qu.: 90.0 1: 80 1st Qu.: 1400
## Median :1999 Median : 63390 Median :110.0 Median : 1600
## Mean :2000 Mean : 68533 Mean :101.5 Mean : 1577
## 3rd Qu.:2001 3rd Qu.: 87021 3rd Qu.:110.0 3rd Qu.: 1600
## Max. :2004 Max. :243000 Max. :192.0 Max. :16000
## Doors Cylinders Gears Quarterly_Tax Weight Mfr_Guarantee
## 2: 2 4:1436 3: 2 Min. : 19.00 Min. :1000 0:848
## 3:622 4: 1 1st Qu.: 69.00 1st Qu.:1040 1:588
## 4:138 5:1390 Median : 85.00 Median :1070
## 5:674 6: 43 Mean : 87.12 Mean :1072
## 3rd Qu.: 85.00 3rd Qu.:1085
## Max. :283.00 Max. :1615
## BOVAG_Guarantee Guarantee_Period ABS Airbag_1 Airbag_2 Airco
## 0: 150 Min. : 3.000 0: 268 0: 42 0: 398 0:706
## 1:1286 1st Qu.: 3.000 1:1168 1:1394 1:1038 1:730
## Median : 3.000
## Mean : 3.815
## 3rd Qu.: 3.000
## Max. :36.000
## Automatic_airco Boardcomputer CD_Player Central_Lock Powered_Windows
## 0:1355 0:1013 0:1122 0:603 0:629
## 1: 81 1: 423 1: 314 1:833 1:807
##
##
##
##
## Power_Steering Radio Mistlamps Sport_Model Backseat_Divider
## 0: 32 0:1226 0:1067 0:1005 0: 330
## 1:1404 1: 210 1: 369 1: 431 1:1106
##
##
##
##
## Metallic_Rim Radio_cassette Tow_Bar
## 0:1142 0:1227 0:1037
## 1: 294 1: 209 1: 399
##
##
##
##
##Factors with Unbalanced counts
#The factor variables that have unbalanced counts are as follows:
#Automatic
#Mfr_Guarantee
#BOVAG_Guarantee
#ABS
#Airbag_1
#Airbag_2
#Airco
#Automatic_airco
#Boardcomputer
#CD_Player
#Central_Lock
#Powered_Windows
#Power_Steering
#Radio
#Mistlamps
#Sport_Model
#Backseat_Divider
#Metallic_Rim
#Radio_cassette
#Tow_Bar
#question 3
#histogram
hist(ToyotaPrices$Price, xlab='Price')
#Desnity
plot(density(ToyotaPrices$Price), main='Price')
#Sort
plot(sort(ToyotaPrices$Price), ylab = 'Price')
require(ggplot2)
## Loading required package: ggplot2
#QQ Plot
qqnorm(ToyotaPrices$Price)
#the variable is normal.
#the variable Price is positively skewed.
#there are clusters that have been formed.
#question 4
#with plot()
plot(ToyotaPrices$Price,ToyotaPrices$KM)
#with qplot()
qplot(ToyotaPrices$Price,ToyotaPrices$KM, xlab='Price', ylab='KM')
#The relation looks like a curve.
#Question 5
#box-whisker Plot
boxplot(ToyotaPrices$Price~ToyotaPrices$ABS, xlab="ABS" , ylab="Price")
#Yes, automobiles with anti-locking breaks tend to have a higher price
#Yes there are outliers for ABS as wekk as Non-ABS.
#Question 6
cor(x = ToyotaPrices$Price, y= ToyotaPrices$KM)
## [1] -0.5699602
#It is a weak correlation.
#It is negative and and thus it means that as the KM decreases the Price of the automobile increases.