Analyze State of the Union corpus
Janpu Hou
August 15, 2017
Basic Theme Search
The State of the Union address is a particularly apt data set to explore for clues about the change in political language: it is a remarkably consistent form available annually over the entire history of the United States.
http://stateoftheunion.onetwothree.net/.
State of the Union (SOTU) provides access to the corpus of all the State of the Union addresses from 1790 to 2017. SOTU allows you to explore how specific words gain and lose prominence over time, and to link to information on the historical context for their use. SOTU focuses on the relationship between individual addresses as compared to the entire collection of addresses, highlighting what is different about the selected document. You are invited to try and understand from this information the connection between politics and language-between the state we are in, and the language which names it and calls it into being.
The code used here is base on:
http://programminghistorian.github.io/ph-submissions/lessons/published/basic-text-processing-in-r.
library(tidyverse)## Loading tidyverse: ggplot2
## Loading tidyverse: tibble
## Loading tidyverse: tidyr
## Loading tidyverse: readr
## Loading tidyverse: purrr
## Loading tidyverse: dplyr## Conflicts with tidy packages ----------------------------------------------## filter(): dplyr, stats
## lag(): dplyr, statslibrary(tokenizers)
library(NMF)## Loading required package: pkgmaker## Loading required package: registry##
## Attaching package: 'pkgmaker'## The following object is masked from 'package:base':
##
## isNamespaceLoaded## Loading required package: rngtools## Loading required package: cluster## NMF - BioConductor layer [NO: missing Biobase] | Shared memory capabilities [NO: windows] | Cores 7/8## To enable the Bioconductor layer, try: install.extras('
## NMF
## ') [with Bioconductor repository enabled]base_url <- "http://programminghistorian.github.io/ph-submissions/assets/basic-text-processing-in-r"
url <- sprintf("%s/sotu_text/236.txt", base_url)
text <- paste(readLines(url), collapse = "\n")
words <- tokenize_words(text)
length(words[[1]])## [1] 6113tab <- table(words[[1]])
tab <- data_frame(word = names(tab), count = as.numeric(tab))
tab <- arrange(tab, desc(count))
tab## # A tibble: 1,590 x 2
## word count
## <chr> <dbl>
## 1 the 281
## 2 to 209
## 3 and 189
## 4 of 148
## 5 that 125
## 6 we 124
## 7 a 120
## 8 in 105
## 9 our 96
## 10 is 72
## # ... with 1,580 more rowswf <- read_csv(sprintf("%s/%s", base_url, "word_frequency.csv"))## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
## language = col_character(),
## word = col_character(),
## frequency = col_double()
## )wf## # A tibble: 150,000 x 3
## language word frequency
## <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 en the 3.9338375
## 2 en of 2.2362525
## 3 en and 2.2100158
## 4 en to 2.0636764
## 5 en a 1.5440913
## 6 en in 1.4400708
## 7 en for 1.0088552
## 8 en is 0.8001275
## 9 en on 0.6376924
## 10 en that 0.5781145
## # ... with 149,990 more rowstab <- inner_join(tab, wf)## Joining, by = "word"tab## # A tibble: 1,527 x 4
## word count language frequency
## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 the 281 en 3.9338375
## 2 to 209 en 2.0636764
## 3 and 189 en 2.2100158
## 4 of 148 en 2.2362525
## 5 that 125 en 0.5781145
## 6 we 124 en 0.2364572
## 7 a 120 en 1.5440913
## 8 in 105 en 1.4400708
## 9 our 96 en 0.1698209
## 10 is 72 en 0.8001275
## # ... with 1,517 more rowsfilter(tab, frequency < 0.1)## # A tibble: 1,457 x 4
## word count language frequency
## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 america 28 en 0.02316088
## 2 people 27 en 0.08166699
## 3 just 25 en 0.07869701
## 4 world 23 en 0.07344269
## 5 american 22 en 0.03868825
## 6 work 22 en 0.07132574
## 7 make 20 en 0.06887739
## 8 want 19 en 0.04398566
## 9 change 18 en 0.03580897
## 10 years 18 en 0.05744387
## # ... with 1,447 more rowsprint(filter(tab, frequency < 0.002), n = 15)## # A tibble: 463 x 4
## word count language frequency
## <chr> <dbl> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 laughter 11 en 0.0006433418
## 2 voices 8 en 0.0018923179
## 3 allies 4 en 0.0008442300
## 4 harder 4 en 0.0015197009
## 5 qaida 4 en 0.0001831486
## 6 terrorists 4 en 0.0012207035
## 7 bipartisan 3 en 0.0001451991
## 8 generations 3 en 0.0012275704
## 9 stamp 3 en 0.0016595929
## 10 strongest 3 en 0.0005913999
## 11 syria 3 en 0.0013626227
## 12 terrorist 3 en 0.0018103454
## 13 tougher 3 en 0.0002466358
## 14 weaken 3 en 0.0001806348
## 15 accelerate 2 en 0.0005439790
## # ... with 448 more rows# Now, these seem to suggest seem to suggest some of the key themes of the speech such as "syria", "terrorist", and "qaida" (al-qaida is split into "al" and "qaida" by the tokenizer).Tokenize words in Document
Given a character sequence and a defined document unit, tokenization is the task of chopping it up into pieces, called tokens , perhaps at the same time throwing away certain characters, such as punctuation.
These tokens are often loosely referred to as terms or words, but it is sometimes important to make a type/token distinction. A token is an instance of a sequence of characters in some particular document that are grouped together as a useful semantic unit for processing.
A type is the class of all tokens containing the same character sequence. A term is a (perhaps normalized) type that is included in the Information Retrieval(IR) system’s dictionary.
For example, if the document to be indexed is to sleep perchance to dream, then there are 5 tokens, but only 4 types (since there are 2 instances of to). However, if to is omitted from the index (as a stop word), then there will be only 3 terms: sleep, perchance, and dream.
metadata <- read_csv(sprintf("%s/%s", base_url, "metadata.csv"))## Parsed with column specification:
## cols(
## president = col_character(),
## year = col_integer(),
## party = col_character(),
## sotu_type = col_character()
## )metadata## # A tibble: 236 x 4
## president year party sotu_type
## <chr> <int> <chr> <chr>
## 1 George Washington 1790 Nonpartisan speech
## 2 George Washington 1790 Nonpartisan speech
## 3 George Washington 1791 Nonpartisan speech
## 4 George Washington 1792 Nonpartisan speech
## 5 George Washington 1793 Nonpartisan speech
## 6 George Washington 1794 Nonpartisan speech
## 7 George Washington 1795 Nonpartisan speech
## 8 George Washington 1796 Nonpartisan speech
## 9 John Adams 1797 Federalist speech
## 10 John Adams 1798 Federalist speech
## # ... with 226 more rowstab <- filter(tab, frequency < 0.002)
result <- c(metadata$president[236], metadata$year[236], tab$word[1:5])
paste(result, collapse = "; ")## [1] "Barack Obama; 2016; laughter; voices; allies; harder; qaida"result <- c(metadata$president[23], metadata$year[23], tab$word[1:5])
paste(result, collapse = "; ")## [1] "James Madison; 1811; laughter; voices; allies; harder; qaida"files <- sprintf("%s/sotu_text/%03d.txt", base_url, 1:236)
text <- c()
for (f in files) {
text <- c(text, paste(readLines(f), collapse = "\n"))
}
# Exploratory
words <- tokenize_words(text)
sapply(words, length)## [1] 1091 1404 2305 2100 1969 2922 1988 2879 2062 2220 1507
## [12] 1374 3228 2203 2270 2100 2930 2863 2389 2676 1832 2448
## [23] 2273 3248 3259 2115 3145 3368 4423 4378 4709 3447 5831
## [34] 4733 6383 8416 9027 7745 6996 7329 10547 15109 7200 7889
## [45] 7918 13473 10840 12386 11471 11521 13463 9011 8254 8436 8049
## [56] 9331 16151 18251 16447 21368 7637 8340 13273 9951 9613 10152
## [67] 11626 10512 13685 16396 12378 14085 6998 8410 6132 5975 9258
## [78] 7155 12032 9886 7720 8772 6480 10131 10058 9844 12238 6816
## [89] 10755 7909 11670 13405 13382 10315 8414 8956 19828 15196 5305
## [100] 13276 13038 11559 16357 13718 12360 15972 14710 15568 12157 20301
## [111] 22907 19228 19708 9825 15017 17517 25147 23680 27519 19515 13947
## [122] 27696 23838 25275 3566 4550 7735 2125 3931 5482 4765 2714
## [133] 5621 5774 6715 6978 10871 10333 8800 8083 11049 4560 5705
## [144] 4232 2240 3545 3849 2745 4736 3815 3244 3354 3555 4649
## [155] 3876 3162 8202 27942 6090 5130 3418 5154 4000 5387 6997
## [166] 9737 6027 7295 1090 8339 4166 4954 4995 5693 5300 6260
## [177] 6637 5429 3233 4453 5582 7221 4941 4137 4482 4532 3997
## [188] 17383 5199 22419 4153 4999 4747 4580 12155 3273 21668 3475
## [199] 33643 4470 33921 5182 5582 4968 4235 3493 3843 4851 4824
## [210] 3788 3964 5117 7033 7440 9216 6366 6787 7335 7535 9155
## [221] 4386 3845 5396 5201 5075 5342 5575 5729 6092 7263 6909
## [232] 7066 6872 7087 6819 6113qplot(metadata$year, sapply(words, length))
qplot(metadata$year, sapply(words, length),
color = metadata$sotu_type)
Stylometric Analysis
Stylometry is the application of the study of linguistic style, usually to written language, but it has successfully been applied to music and to fine-art paintings as well.
sentences <- tokenize_sentences(text)
sentence_words <- sapply(sentences, tokenize_words)
sentence_length <- list()
for (i in 1:nrow(metadata)) {
sentence_length[[i]] <- sapply(sentence_words[[i]], length)
}
sentence_length_median <- sapply(sentence_length, median)
qplot(metadata$year, sentence_length_median)
qplot(metadata$year, sentence_length_median) +
geom_smooth()## `geom_smooth()` using method = 'loess'
Document Summarization
The topics can be retrieved from the frequency count of words in each speech of each president.
description <- c()
for (i in 1:length(words)) {
tab <- table(words[[i]])
tab <- data_frame(word = names(tab), count = as.numeric(tab))
tab <- arrange(tab, desc(count))
tab <- inner_join(tab, wf)
tab <- filter(tab, frequency < 0.002)
result <- c(metadata$president[i], metadata$year[i], tab$word[1:5])
description <- c(description, paste(result, collapse = "; "))
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## Joining, by = "word"cat(description, sep = "\n")## George Washington; 1790; ought; render; afford; blessings; derive
## George Washington; 1790; militia; requisite; abundant; belongs; consuls
## George Washington; 1791; indians; treaties; equally; gentlemen; naturally
## George Washington; 1792; tribes; frontier; hitherto; hostility; legislature
## George Washington; 1793; ought; militia; commissioners; dignity; fulfillment
## George Washington; 1794; militia; insurrection; inspector; ought; gentlemen
## George Washington; 1795; indians; tranquillity; gentlemen; treaty; blessings
## George Washington; 1796; treaty; commissioners; ought; majesty; proportion
## John Adams; 1797; treaty; commissioners; vessels; gentlemen; sums
## John Adams; 1798; commissioners; gentlemen; treaty; croix; demarcation
## John Adams; 1799; gentlemen; commissioners; satisfactory; treaty; amity
## John Adams; 1800; gentlemen; happiness; considerable; ought; treaty
## Thomas Jefferson; 1801; legislature; requisite; respecting; vessels; expedient
## Thomas Jefferson; 1802; vessels; discharge; legislature; naval; extraordinary
## Thomas Jefferson; 1803; friendship; treasury; vessels; neutral; ours
## Thomas Jefferson; 1804; discharge; dispositions; establishing; friendship; intercourse
## Thomas Jefferson; 1805; vessels; belligerent; competent; desirable; admit
## Thomas Jefferson; 1806; negotiations; clarke; inhabitants; mediterranean; messrs
## Thomas Jefferson; 1807; harbors; intercourse; legislature; militia; threatened
## Thomas Jefferson; 1808; belligerent; decrees; embargo; manifested; militia
## James Madison; 1809; arrangement; favorable; engagements; ratification; treasury
## James Madison; 1810; neutral; blockades; decrees; contemplated; danish
## James Madison; 1811; repeal; communicated; councils; decrees; friendship
## James Madison; 1812; savages; militia; favorable; armistice; considerable
## James Madison; 1813; prisoners; honorable; militia; savages; commander
## James Madison; 1814; militia; warfare; civilized; commanded; frontier
## James Madison; 1815; treasury; tribes; afford; attained; branches
## James Madison; 1816; treasury; favorable; intercourse; militia; prosperity
## James Monroe; 1817; colonies; tribes; arrangement; treasury; treaty
## James Monroe; 1818; savages; tribes; adventurers; indians; respecting
## James Monroe; 1819; treaty; ratified; majesty; ratification; explanations
## James Monroe; 1820; considerable; vessels; colonies; blessings; favorable
## James Monroe; 1821; vessels; manufactures; treaty; colonies; provinces
## James Monroe; 1822; treasury; likewise; vessels; respecting; communicated
## James Monroe; 1823; appropriated; expenditures; treasury; treaty; vessels
## James Monroe; 1824; treaty; tribes; negotiation; likewise; appropriation
## John Quincy Adams; 1825; treasury; accomplished; commissioners; deliberations; naval
## John Quincy Adams; 1826; colonies; vessels; discriminating; intercourse; receipts
## John Quincy Adams; 1827; intercourse; receipts; treaty; negotiation; vessels
## John Quincy Adams; 1828; treaties; commenced; intercourse; colonies; enumeration
## Andrew Jackson; 1829; treasury; discharge; disposition; injurious; feelings
## Andrew Jackson; 1830; vessels; treaty; appropriations; treasury; indians
## Andrew Jackson; 1831; treaty; indemnity; majesty; tribes; assurances
## Andrew Jackson; 1832; treasury; intercourse; heretofore; hoped; indians
## Andrew Jackson; 1833; treasury; treaty; chambers; intercourse; vessels
## Andrew Jackson; 1834; treaty; appropriation; treasury; chambers; appropriations
## Andrew Jackson; 1835; treaty; chambers; constitutional; intercourse; treasury
## Andrew Jackson; 1836; surplus; treasury; appropriations; ration; treaty
## Martin Van Buren; 1837; treasury; disposition; satisfactory; vessels; indians
## Martin Van Buren; 1838; treasury; indians; tribes; moneys; appropriations
## Martin Van Buren; 1839; treasury; specie; prosperity; afford; necessity
## Martin Van Buren; 1840; expenditures; indians; treasury; treaty; appropriations
## John Tyler; 1841; treasury; circulation; discharge; necessity; distant
## John Tyler; 1842; treasury; circulation; exchequer; treaty; specie
## John Tyler; 1843; treasury; regarded; greatly; heretofore; consequence
## John Tyler; 1844; treaty; annexation; treasury; happiness; negotiation
## James K. Polk; 1845; treasury; treaty; vessels; imposed; negotiation
## James K. Polk; 1846; treaty; paredes; redress; annexation; grande
## James K. Polk; 1847; treaty; treasury; indemnity; steamers; cession
## James K. Polk; 1848; treasury; expenditures; constitutional; veto; tariff
## Zachary Taylor; 1849; treaty; treasury; vessels; correspondence; intercourse
## Millard Fillmore; 1850; expenditures; treasury; hoped; respectfully; treaty
## Millard Fillmore; 1851; treasury; appropriations; expenditures; exports; expedition
## Millard Fillmore; 1852; indians; prosperity; blessings; naval; treasury
## Franklin Pierce; 1853; intercourse; treasury; regarded; appropriations; arrangement
## Franklin Pierce; 1854; treaty; naval; treasury; proposition; favorable
## Franklin Pierce; 1855; treaty; constitutional; expenditures; nicaragua; pretensions
## Franklin Pierce; 1856; treaty; constitutional; panama; repeal; territories
## James Buchanan; 1857; treaty; slavery; honduras; circulation; whilst
## James Buchanan; 1858; treaty; treasury; whilst; nicaragua; ought
## James Buchanan; 1859; treasury; treaty; slaves; expenditures; ought
## James Buchanan; 1860; constitutional; treaty; slave; slavery; sovereign
## Abraham Lincoln; 1861; insurrection; insurgents; hired; judges; appropriation
## Abraham Lincoln; 1862; emancipation; slavery; slave; colored; treasury
## Abraham Lincoln; 1863; naval; proclamation; emancipation; receipts; disbursements
## Abraham Lincoln; 1864; treasury; naval; pensioners; receipts; aggregate
## Andrew Johnson; 1865; preservation; freedmen; treason; circulation; electors
## Andrew Johnson; 1866; expenditures; constitutional; declared; emperor; expedition
## Andrew Johnson; 1867; treasury; circulation; inclusive; coin; expenditures
## Andrew Johnson; 1868; expenditures; treasury; treaty; circulation; republics
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1869; expenditures; treaty; receipts; treasury; largely
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1870; treaty; vessels; domingo; disposed; appropriation
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1871; treaty; desirable; appropriation; herewith; hoped
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1872; treaty; appropriation; majesty; steamship; disposed
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1873; correspondence; herewith; specie; expenditures; treasury
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1874; prosperity; herewith; hoped; naturalization; specie
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1875; shores; treasury; satisfactory; treaty; herewith
## Ulysses S. Grant; 1876; treaty; appropriations; naturalization; diplomatic; expenditures
## Rutherford B. Hayes; 1877; coinage; coin; tender; treaty; expenditures
## Rutherford B. Hayes; 1878; indians; expenditures; appropriations; commissioners; receipts
## Rutherford B. Hayes; 1879; appropriation; appropriations; examinations; expenditures; treasury
## Rutherford B. Hayes; 1880; appropriations; appropriation; treasury; necessity; treaty
## Chester A. Arthur; 1881; imports; indians; exports; treasury; territories
## Chester A. Arthur; 1882; expenditures; appointments; treasury; appropriations; lieutenant
## Chester A. Arthur; 1883; treaty; circulation; customs; treasury; vessels
## Chester A. Arthur; 1884; vessels; treaty; intercourse; treaties; expenditures
## Grover Cleveland; 1885; treaty; indians; coinage; vessels; citizenship
## Grover Cleveland; 1886; treaty; surplus; treasury; pensions; worthy
## Grover Cleveland; 1887; tariff; treasury; taxation; wool; surplus
## Grover Cleveland; 1888; expenditures; treaty; pensions; surplus; citizenship
## Benjamin Harrison; 1889; treasury; circulation; indians; surplus; appropriation
## Benjamin Harrison; 1890; tariff; largely; receipts; treaty; expenditures
## Benjamin Harrison; 1891; naval; electors; treasury; appropriation; tariff
## Benjamin Harrison; 1892; tons; wages; vessels; imports; exports
## Grover Cleveland; 1893; preceding; vessels; treaty; amounted; tariff
## Grover Cleveland; 1894; amounted; circulation; treasury; vessels; expenditures
## Grover Cleveland; 1895; treasury; circulation; arbitration; coinage; consular
## Grover Cleveland; 1896; preceding; expenditures; amounted; treasury; vessels
## William McKinley; 1897; cuban; tribes; civilized; negotiations; indians
## William McKinley; 1898; naval; santiago; admiral; treasury; vessels
## William McKinley; 1899; treaty; manila; treasury; exposition; archipelago
## William McKinley; 1900; treaty; imperial; philippine; peking; expenditures
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1901; merely; cannot; arid; irrigation; streams
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1902; tariff; corporations; evils; prosperity; canal
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1903; treaty; panama; isthmus; canal; colombia
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1904; naturalization; corporations; interstate; civilized; citizenship
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1905; cannot; interstate; railroad; corporations; supervision
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1906; merely; colored; interstate; seals; corporations
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1907; interstate; corporations; railroads; supervision; tariff
## Theodore Roosevelt; 1908; corporations; judges; interstate; forests; fisheries
## William Howard Taft; 1909; tariff; deficit; naval; expenditures; treaty
## William Howard Taft; 1910; canal; tariff; naval; treasury; ought
## William Howard Taft; 1911; statute; canal; wool; tariff; corporations
## William Howard Taft; 1912; canal; panama; ought; tariff; naval
## Woodrow Wilson; 1913; ought; constitutional; nominees; administer; beg
## Woodrow Wilson; 1914; ought; profitable; constructive; friendship; jealous
## Woodrow Wilson; 1915; cruisers; submarines; treasury; fifteen; cannot
## Woodrow Wilson; 1916; interstate; railroads; acted; arbitration; concerted
## Woodrow Wilson; 1917; peoples; enemies; wrongs; alien; everywhere
## Woodrow Wilson; 1918; railways; railroads; billions; armies; empires
## Woodrow Wilson; 1919; unrest; exports; interstate; remedy; disputes
## Woodrow Wilson; 1920; treasury; expenditures; appropriations; floating; necessity
## Warren G. Harding; 1921; tariff; ought; necessity; reclamation; imports
## Warren G. Harding; 1922; railway; tile; ought; tribunal; freight
## Calvin Coolidge; 1923; ought; coal; burden; greatly; humanity
## Calvin Coolidge; 1924; nitrogen; prosperity; railways; taxation; burden
## Calvin Coolidge; 1925; ought; expenditures; judges; prosperity; tile
## Calvin Coolidge; 1926; ought; tariff; imports; cooperative; greatly
## Calvin Coolidge; 1927; farmer; surplus; treasury; appropriations; considerable
## Calvin Coolidge; 1928; prosperity; expenditures; surplus; encouragement; irrigation
## Herbert Hoover; 1929; tariff; appropriations; necessity; annum; desirable
## Herbert Hoover; 1930; distress; commodities; reorganization; unemployment; expenditure
## Herbert Hoover; 1931; unemployment; emergencies; deposits; expenditures; naval
## Herbert Hoover; 1932; reconstruction; expenditures; greatly; failures; accomplished
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1934; cannot; civilization; exploitation; mere; readjustment
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1935; cannot; undertaken; unemployed; livelihood; definite
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1936; autocracy; neighbor; peaceful; rulers; americas
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1937; speculation; unemployment; civilization; constitutional; continuously
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1938; abuses; expenditures; wages; cannot; balanced
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1939; aggression; eighty; idle; cannot; sixty
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1940; cannot; everywhere; centuries; civilization; compelled
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1941; everywhere; cannot; dictators; hemisphere; unity
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1942; conquest; hitler; enemies; planes; nazis
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1943; cannot; planes; conquest; criticism; decent
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1944; allies; cannot; enemies; sailors; selfish
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1945; peoples; allies; nurses; liberated; cannot
## Franklin D. Roosevelt; 1945; nurses; allies; cannot; enemies; peoples
## Harry S Truman; 1946; expenditures; appropriations; receipts; authorizations; peacetime
## Harry S Truman; 1947; disputes; strikes; bargaining; atomic; jurisdictional
## Harry S Truman; 1948; inflation; decade; incomes; restore; afford
## Harry S Truman; 1949; prosperity; cannot; authorize; afford; boom
## Harry S Truman; 1950; peoples; expenditures; ideals; cannot; mankind
## Harry S Truman; 1951; soviet; aggression; defend; ideals; allies
## Harry S Truman; 1952; communist; aggression; allies; cannot; soviet
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1953; inflation; deficits; promptly; burden; communist
## Harry S Truman; 1953; soviet; communist; atomic; rulers; cannot
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1954; allies; communist; propose; reductions; mobilization
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1955; vigorous; strengthen; urge; civilian; communist
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1956; expanding; allies; disarmament; intend; peacetime
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1956; prosperity; strengthen; atomic; communist; accomplished
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1957; prosperity; peoples; cannot; productive; atomic
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1958; missiles; missile; soviet; soviets; ballistic
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1959; expenditures; peoples; cannot; inflation; missile
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1960; peoples; cannot; expenditures; inflation; soviet
## John F. Kennedy; 1961; deficit; allies; domination; hopes; soviet
## Dwight D. Eisenhower; 1961; communist; strengthened; greatly; strengthening; unemployment
## John F. Kennedy; 1962; cannot; urge; allies; farms; compete
## John F. Kennedy; 1963; cannot; communist; afford; strengthen; communism
## Lyndon B. Johnson; 1964; hopes; cannot; unemployment; decent; afford
## Lyndon B. Johnson; 1965; propose; unity; communist; soviet; enrich
## Lyndon B. Johnson; 1966; propose; aggression; pursuit; sacrifice; strengthen
## Lyndon B. Johnson; 1967; soviet; succeed; allies; cannot; communist
## Lyndon B. Johnson; 1968; abundance; expenditures; propose; treaty; appropriations
## Lyndon B. Johnson; 1969; commitments; prosperity; treaty; presidents; surtax
## Richard M. Nixon; 1970; decade; seventies; propose; balanced; blame
## Richard M. Nixon; 1971; propose; localities; inflation; prosperity; peacetime
## Richard M. Nixon; 1972; burden; decades; bipartisan; commitments; compete
## Richard M. Nixon; 1972; manpower; inflation; propose; cannot; prosperity
## Richard M. Nixon; 1974; prosperity; afford; cannot; colleagues; lasting
## Richard M. Nixon; 1974; urge; inflation; bicentennial; prosperity; unemployment
## Gerald R. Ford; 1975; propose; coal; barrels; crude; inflation
## Gerald R. Ford; 1976; cannot; propose; inflation; generations; adversaries
## Gerald R. Ford; 1977; productive; branches; cannot; deter; recession
## Jimmy Carter; 1978; inflation; cannot; unemployment; canal; deficit
## Jimmy Carter; 1978; strengthen; propose; passage; inflation; allies
## Jimmy Carter; 1979; inflation; cannot; soviet; allies; congressional
## Jimmy Carter; 1979; inflation; propose; fy; congressional; exports
## Jimmy Carter; 1980; soviet; preserve; aggression; inflation; persian
## Jimmy Carter; 1980; soviet; inflation; urge; strengthen; propose
## Ronald Reagan; 1981; inflation; reductions; subsidies; taxpayers; expenditures
## Jimmy Carter; 1981; soviet; coal; allies; urge; assure
## Ronald Reagan; 1982; inflation; deficits; unemployment; needy; soviet
## Ronald Reagan; 1983; deficits; inflation; soviet; allies; bipartisan
## Ronald Reagan; 1984; bipartisan; inflation; courage; eighties; restore
## Ronald Reagan; 1985; stronger; barriers; propose; spreading; abortion
## Ronald Reagan; 1986; cannot; soviet; courage; decade; deficit
## Ronald Reagan; 1987; soviet; competitiveness; hemisphere; honorable; nicaragua
## Ronald Reagan; 1988; laughter; deficits; nicaragua; prosperity; reforms
## George Bush; 1989; propose; cannot; deficit; priorities; freeze
## George Bush; 1990; panama; soviet; anchor; announcing; bless
## George Bush; 1991; struggle; aggression; soviet; blessings; persian
## George Bush; 1992; laughter; missiles; burden; cannot; gains
## William J. Clinton; 1993; deficit; propose; incomes; invest; decade
## William J. Clinton; 1994; deficit; renew; ought; brady; cannot
## William J. Clinton; 1995; ought; covenant; deficit; bureaucracy; voted
## William J. Clinton; 1996; bipartisan; gangs; medicare; deficit; harder
## William J. Clinton; 1997; bipartisan; cannot; balanced; nato; immigrants
## William J. Clinton; 1998; bipartisan; deficit; propose; bosnia; millennium
## William J. Clinton; 1999; medicare; propose; surplus; balanced; bipartisan
## William J. Clinton; 2000; propose; laughter; medicare; bipartisan; prosperity
## George W. Bush; 2001; medicare; courage; surplus; josefina; laughter
## George W. Bush; 2002; terrorist; terrorists; allies; camps; homeland
## George W. Bush; 2003; hussein; saddam; inspectors; qaida; terrorists
## George W. Bush; 2004; terrorists; propose; medicare; seniors; killers
## George W. Bush; 2005; terrorists; iraqis; reforms; decades; generations
## George W. Bush; 2006; hopeful; offensive; retreat; terrorists; terrorist
## George W. Bush; 2007; terrorists; qaida; extremists; struggle; baghdad
## George W. Bush; 2008; terrorists; empower; qaida; extremists; deny
## Barack Obama; 2009; deficit; afford; cannot; lending; invest
## Barack Obama; 2010; deficit; laughter; afford; decade; decades
## Barack Obama; 2011; deficit; republicans; democrats; laughter; afghan
## Barack Obama; 2012; afford; deficit; tuition; cannot; doubling
## Barack Obama; 2013; deficit; deserve; stronger; bipartisan; medicare
## Barack Obama; 2014; cory; laughter; decades; diplomacy; invest
## Barack Obama; 2015; laughter; childcare; democrats; rebekah; republicans
## Barack Obama; 2016; laughter; voices; allies; harder; qaida