rainfall <- read.csv("Rain.csv")
head(rainfall)
##   Year DOY Rain
## 1 1996   1  0.1
## 2 1996   2  0.6
## 3 1996   3 33.8
## 4 1996   4  1.9
## 5 1996   5  9.6
## 6 1996   6  4.3
tail(rainfall)
##      Year DOY Rain
## 3648 2005 360    0
## 3649 2005 361    0
## 3650 2005 362    0
## 3651 2005 363    0
## 3652 2005 364    0
## 3653 2005 365    0
rownames(rainfall)
##    [1] "1"    "2"    "3"    "4"    "5"    "6"    "7"    "8"    "9"   
##   [10] "10"   "11"   "12"   "13"   "14"   "15"   "16"   "17"   "18"  
##   [19] "19"   "20"   "21"   "22"   "23"   "24"   "25"   "26"   "27"  
##   [28] "28"   "29"   "30"   "31"   "32"   "33"   "34"   "35"   "36"  
##   [37] "37"   "38"   "39"   "40"   "41"   "42"   "43"   "44"   "45"  
##   [46] "46"   "47"   "48"   "49"   "50"   "51"   "52"   "53"   "54"  
##   [55] "55"   "56"   "57"   "58"   "59"   "60"   "61"   "62"   "63"  
##   [64] "64"   "65"   "66"   "67"   "68"   "69"   "70"   "71"   "72"  
##   [73] "73"   "74"   "75"   "76"   "77"   "78"   "79"   "80"   "81"  
##   [82] "82"   "83"   "84"   "85"   "86"   "87"   "88"   "89"   "90"  
##   [91] "91"   "92"   "93"   "94"   "95"   "96"   "97"   "98"   "99"  
##  [100] "100"  "101"  "102"  "103"  "104"  "105"  "106"  "107"  "108" 
##  [109] "109"  "110"  "111"  "112"  "113"  "114"  "115"  "116"  "117" 
##  [118] "118"  "119"  "120"  "121"  "122"  "123"  "124"  "125"  "126" 
##  [127] "127"  "128"  "129"  "130"  "131"  "132"  "133"  "134"  "135" 
##  [136] "136"  "137"  "138"  "139"  "140"  "141"  "142"  "143"  "144" 
##  [145] "145"  "146"  "147"  "148"  "149"  "150"  "151"  "152"  "153" 
##  [154] "154"  "155"  "156"  "157"  "158"  "159"  "160"  "161"  "162" 
##  [163] "163"  "164"  "165"  "166"  "167"  "168"  "169"  "170"  "171" 
##  [172] "172"  "173"  "174"  "175"  "176"  "177"  "178"  "179"  "180" 
##  [181] "181"  "182"  "183"  "184"  "185"  "186"  "187"  "188"  "189" 
##  [190] "190"  "191"  "192"  "193"  "194"  "195"  "196"  "197"  "198" 
##  [199] "199"  "200"  "201"  "202"  "203"  "204"  "205"  "206"  "207" 
##  [208] "208"  "209"  "210"  "211"  "212"  "213"  "214"  "215"  "216" 
##  [217] "217"  "218"  "219"  "220"  "221"  "222"  "223"  "224"  "225" 
##  [226] "226"  "227"  "228"  "229"  "230"  "231"  "232"  "233"  "234" 
##  [235] "235"  "236"  "237"  "238"  "239"  "240"  "241"  "242"  "243" 
##  [244] "244"  "245"  "246"  "247"  "248"  "249"  "250"  "251"  "252" 
##  [253] "253"  "254"  "255"  "256"  "257"  "258"  "259"  "260"  "261" 
##  [262] "262"  "263"  "264"  "265"  "266"  "267"  "268"  "269"  "270" 
##  [271] "271"  "272"  "273"  "274"  "275"  "276"  "277"  "278"  "279" 
##  [280] "280"  "281"  "282"  "283"  "284"  "285"  "286"  "287"  "288" 
##  [289] "289"  "290"  "291"  "292"  "293"  "294"  "295"  "296"  "297" 
##  [298] "298"  "299"  "300"  "301"  "302"  "303"  "304"  "305"  "306" 
##  [307] "307"  "308"  "309"  "310"  "311"  "312"  "313"  "314"  "315" 
##  [316] "316"  "317"  "318"  "319"  "320"  "321"  "322"  "323"  "324" 
##  [325] "325"  "326"  "327"  "328"  "329"  "330"  "331"  "332"  "333" 
##  [334] "334"  "335"  "336"  "337"  "338"  "339"  "340"  "341"  "342" 
##  [343] "343"  "344"  "345"  "346"  "347"  "348"  "349"  "350"  "351" 
##  [352] "352"  "353"  "354"  "355"  "356"  "357"  "358"  "359"  "360" 
##  [361] "361"  "362"  "363"  "364"  "365"  "366"  "367"  "368"  "369" 
##  [370] "370"  "371"  "372"  "373"  "374"  "375"  "376"  "377"  "378" 
##  [379] "379"  "380"  "381"  "382"  "383"  "384"  "385"  "386"  "387" 
##  [388] "388"  "389"  "390"  "391"  "392"  "393"  "394"  "395"  "396" 
##  [397] "397"  "398"  "399"  "400"  "401"  "402"  "403"  "404"  "405" 
##  [406] "406"  "407"  "408"  "409"  "410"  "411"  "412"  "413"  "414" 
##  [415] "415"  "416"  "417"  "418"  "419"  "420"  "421"  "422"  "423" 
##  [424] "424"  "425"  "426"  "427"  "428"  "429"  "430"  "431"  "432" 
##  [433] "433"  "434"  "435"  "436"  "437"  "438"  "439"  "440"  "441" 
##  [442] "442"  "443"  "444"  "445"  "446"  "447"  "448"  "449"  "450" 
##  [451] "451"  "452"  "453"  "454"  "455"  "456"  "457"  "458"  "459" 
##  [460] "460"  "461"  "462"  "463"  "464"  "465"  "466"  "467"  "468" 
##  [469] "469"  "470"  "471"  "472"  "473"  "474"  "475"  "476"  "477" 
##  [478] "478"  "479"  "480"  "481"  "482"  "483"  "484"  "485"  "486" 
##  [487] "487"  "488"  "489"  "490"  "491"  "492"  "493"  "494"  "495" 
##  [496] "496"  "497"  "498"  "499"  "500"  "501"  "502"  "503"  "504" 
##  [505] "505"  "506"  "507"  "508"  "509"  "510"  "511"  "512"  "513" 
##  [514] "514"  "515"  "516"  "517"  "518"  "519"  "520"  "521"  "522" 
##  [523] "523"  "524"  "525"  "526"  "527"  "528"  "529"  "530"  "531" 
##  [532] "532"  "533"  "534"  "535"  "536"  "537"  "538"  "539"  "540" 
##  [541] "541"  "542"  "543"  "544"  "545"  "546"  "547"  "548"  "549" 
##  [550] "550"  "551"  "552"  "553"  "554"  "555"  "556"  "557"  "558" 
##  [559] "559"  "560"  "561"  "562"  "563"  "564"  "565"  "566"  "567" 
##  [568] "568"  "569"  "570"  "571"  "572"  "573"  "574"  "575"  "576" 
##  [577] "577"  "578"  "579"  "580"  "581"  "582"  "583"  "584"  "585" 
##  [586] "586"  "587"  "588"  "589"  "590"  "591"  "592"  "593"  "594" 
##  [595] "595"  "596"  "597"  "598"  "599"  "600"  "601"  "602"  "603" 
##  [604] "604"  "605"  "606"  "607"  "608"  "609"  "610"  "611"  "612" 
##  [613] "613"  "614"  "615"  "616"  "617"  "618"  "619"  "620"  "621" 
##  [622] "622"  "623"  "624"  "625"  "626"  "627"  "628"  "629"  "630" 
##  [631] "631"  "632"  "633"  "634"  "635"  "636"  "637"  "638"  "639" 
##  [640] "640"  "641"  "642"  "643"  "644"  "645"  "646"  "647"  "648" 
##  [649] "649"  "650"  "651"  "652"  "653"  "654"  "655"  "656"  "657" 
##  [658] "658"  "659"  "660"  "661"  "662"  "663"  "664"  "665"  "666" 
##  [667] "667"  "668"  "669"  "670"  "671"  "672"  "673"  "674"  "675" 
##  [676] "676"  "677"  "678"  "679"  "680"  "681"  "682"  "683"  "684" 
##  [685] "685"  "686"  "687"  "688"  "689"  "690"  "691"  "692"  "693" 
##  [694] "694"  "695"  "696"  "697"  "698"  "699"  "700"  "701"  "702" 
##  [703] "703"  "704"  "705"  "706"  "707"  "708"  "709"  "710"  "711" 
##  [712] "712"  "713"  "714"  "715"  "716"  "717"  "718"  "719"  "720" 
##  [721] "721"  "722"  "723"  "724"  "725"  "726"  "727"  "728"  "729" 
##  [730] "730"  "731"  "732"  "733"  "734"  "735"  "736"  "737"  "738" 
##  [739] "739"  "740"  "741"  "742"  "743"  "744"  "745"  "746"  "747" 
##  [748] "748"  "749"  "750"  "751"  "752"  "753"  "754"  "755"  "756" 
##  [757] "757"  "758"  "759"  "760"  "761"  "762"  "763"  "764"  "765" 
##  [766] "766"  "767"  "768"  "769"  "770"  "771"  "772"  "773"  "774" 
##  [775] "775"  "776"  "777"  "778"  "779"  "780"  "781"  "782"  "783" 
##  [784] "784"  "785"  "786"  "787"  "788"  "789"  "790"  "791"  "792" 
##  [793] "793"  "794"  "795"  "796"  "797"  "798"  "799"  "800"  "801" 
##  [802] "802"  "803"  "804"  "805"  "806"  "807"  "808"  "809"  "810" 
##  [811] "811"  "812"  "813"  "814"  "815"  "816"  "817"  "818"  "819" 
##  [820] "820"  "821"  "822"  "823"  "824"  "825"  "826"  "827"  "828" 
##  [829] "829"  "830"  "831"  "832"  "833"  "834"  "835"  "836"  "837" 
##  [838] "838"  "839"  "840"  "841"  "842"  "843"  "844"  "845"  "846" 
##  [847] "847"  "848"  "849"  "850"  "851"  "852"  "853"  "854"  "855" 
##  [856] "856"  "857"  "858"  "859"  "860"  "861"  "862"  "863"  "864" 
##  [865] "865"  "866"  "867"  "868"  "869"  "870"  "871"  "872"  "873" 
##  [874] "874"  "875"  "876"  "877"  "878"  "879"  "880"  "881"  "882" 
##  [883] "883"  "884"  "885"  "886"  "887"  "888"  "889"  "890"  "891" 
##  [892] "892"  "893"  "894"  "895"  "896"  "897"  "898"  "899"  "900" 
##  [901] "901"  "902"  "903"  "904"  "905"  "906"  "907"  "908"  "909" 
##  [910] "910"  "911"  "912"  "913"  "914"  "915"  "916"  "917"  "918" 
##  [919] "919"  "920"  "921"  "922"  "923"  "924"  "925"  "926"  "927" 
##  [928] "928"  "929"  "930"  "931"  "932"  "933"  "934"  "935"  "936" 
##  [937] "937"  "938"  "939"  "940"  "941"  "942"  "943"  "944"  "945" 
##  [946] "946"  "947"  "948"  "949"  "950"  "951"  "952"  "953"  "954" 
##  [955] "955"  "956"  "957"  "958"  "959"  "960"  "961"  "962"  "963" 
##  [964] "964"  "965"  "966"  "967"  "968"  "969"  "970"  "971"  "972" 
##  [973] "973"  "974"  "975"  "976"  "977"  "978"  "979"  "980"  "981" 
##  [982] "982"  "983"  "984"  "985"  "986"  "987"  "988"  "989"  "990" 
##  [991] "991"  "992"  "993"  "994"  "995"  "996"  "997"  "998"  "999" 
## [1000] "1000" "1001" "1002" "1003" "1004" "1005" "1006" "1007" "1008"
## [1009] "1009" "1010" "1011" "1012" "1013" "1014" "1015" "1016" "1017"
## [1018] "1018" "1019" "1020" "1021" "1022" "1023" "1024" "1025" "1026"
## [1027] "1027" "1028" "1029" "1030" "1031" "1032" "1033" "1034" "1035"
## [1036] "1036" "1037" "1038" "1039" "1040" "1041" "1042" "1043" "1044"
## [1045] "1045" "1046" "1047" "1048" "1049" "1050" "1051" "1052" "1053"
## [1054] "1054" "1055" "1056" "1057" "1058" "1059" "1060" "1061" "1062"
## [1063] "1063" "1064" "1065" "1066" "1067" "1068" "1069" "1070" "1071"
## [1072] "1072" "1073" "1074" "1075" "1076" "1077" "1078" "1079" "1080"
## [1081] "1081" "1082" "1083" "1084" "1085" "1086" "1087" "1088" "1089"
## [1090] "1090" "1091" "1092" "1093" "1094" "1095" "1096" "1097" "1098"
## [1099] "1099" "1100" "1101" "1102" "1103" "1104" "1105" "1106" "1107"
## [1108] "1108" "1109" "1110" "1111" "1112" "1113" "1114" "1115" "1116"
## [1117] "1117" "1118" "1119" "1120" "1121" "1122" "1123" "1124" "1125"
## [1126] "1126" "1127" "1128" "1129" "1130" "1131" "1132" "1133" "1134"
## [1135] "1135" "1136" "1137" "1138" "1139" "1140" "1141" "1142" "1143"
## [1144] "1144" "1145" "1146" "1147" "1148" "1149" "1150" "1151" "1152"
## [1153] "1153" "1154" "1155" "1156" "1157" "1158" "1159" "1160" "1161"
## [1162] "1162" "1163" "1164" "1165" "1166" "1167" "1168" "1169" "1170"
## [1171] "1171" "1172" "1173" "1174" "1175" "1176" "1177" "1178" "1179"
## [1180] "1180" "1181" "1182" "1183" "1184" "1185" "1186" "1187" "1188"
## [1189] "1189" "1190" "1191" "1192" "1193" "1194" "1195" "1196" "1197"
## [1198] "1198" "1199" "1200" "1201" "1202" "1203" "1204" "1205" "1206"
## [1207] "1207" "1208" "1209" "1210" "1211" "1212" "1213" "1214" "1215"
## [1216] "1216" "1217" "1218" "1219" "1220" "1221" "1222" "1223" "1224"
## [1225] "1225" "1226" "1227" "1228" "1229" "1230" "1231" "1232" "1233"
## [1234] "1234" "1235" "1236" "1237" "1238" "1239" "1240" "1241" "1242"
## [1243] "1243" "1244" "1245" "1246" "1247" "1248" "1249" "1250" "1251"
## [1252] "1252" "1253" "1254" "1255" "1256" "1257" "1258" "1259" "1260"
## [1261] "1261" "1262" "1263" "1264" "1265" "1266" "1267" "1268" "1269"
## [1270] "1270" "1271" "1272" "1273" "1274" "1275" "1276" "1277" "1278"
## [1279] "1279" "1280" "1281" "1282" "1283" "1284" "1285" "1286" "1287"
## [1288] "1288" "1289" "1290" "1291" "1292" "1293" "1294" "1295" "1296"
## [1297] "1297" "1298" "1299" "1300" "1301" "1302" "1303" "1304" "1305"
## [1306] "1306" "1307" "1308" "1309" "1310" "1311" "1312" "1313" "1314"
## [1315] "1315" "1316" "1317" "1318" "1319" "1320" "1321" "1322" "1323"
## [1324] "1324" "1325" "1326" "1327" "1328" "1329" "1330" "1331" "1332"
## [1333] "1333" "1334" "1335" "1336" "1337" "1338" "1339" "1340" "1341"
## [1342] "1342" "1343" "1344" "1345" "1346" "1347" "1348" "1349" "1350"
## [1351] "1351" "1352" "1353" "1354" "1355" "1356" "1357" "1358" "1359"
## [1360] "1360" "1361" "1362" "1363" "1364" "1365" "1366" "1367" "1368"
## [1369] "1369" "1370" "1371" "1372" "1373" "1374" "1375" "1376" "1377"
## [1378] "1378" "1379" "1380" "1381" "1382" "1383" "1384" "1385" "1386"
## [1387] "1387" "1388" "1389" "1390" "1391" "1392" "1393" "1394" "1395"
## [1396] "1396" "1397" "1398" "1399" "1400" "1401" "1402" "1403" "1404"
## [1405] "1405" "1406" "1407" "1408" "1409" "1410" "1411" "1412" "1413"
## [1414] "1414" "1415" "1416" "1417" "1418" "1419" "1420" "1421" "1422"
## [1423] "1423" "1424" "1425" "1426" "1427" "1428" "1429" "1430" "1431"
## [1432] "1432" "1433" "1434" "1435" "1436" "1437" "1438" "1439" "1440"
## [1441] "1441" "1442" "1443" "1444" "1445" "1446" "1447" "1448" "1449"
## [1450] "1450" "1451" "1452" "1453" "1454" "1455" "1456" "1457" "1458"
## [1459] "1459" "1460" "1461" "1462" "1463" "1464" "1465" "1466" "1467"
## [1468] "1468" "1469" "1470" "1471" "1472" "1473" "1474" "1475" "1476"
## [1477] "1477" "1478" "1479" "1480" "1481" "1482" "1483" "1484" "1485"
## [1486] "1486" "1487" "1488" "1489" "1490" "1491" "1492" "1493" "1494"
## [1495] "1495" "1496" "1497" "1498" "1499" "1500" "1501" "1502" "1503"
## [1504] "1504" "1505" "1506" "1507" "1508" "1509" "1510" "1511" "1512"
## [1513] "1513" "1514" "1515" "1516" "1517" "1518" "1519" "1520" "1521"
## [1522] "1522" "1523" "1524" "1525" "1526" "1527" "1528" "1529" "1530"
## [1531] "1531" "1532" "1533" "1534" "1535" "1536" "1537" "1538" "1539"
## [1540] "1540" "1541" "1542" "1543" "1544" "1545" "1546" "1547" "1548"
## [1549] "1549" "1550" "1551" "1552" "1553" "1554" "1555" "1556" "1557"
## [1558] "1558" "1559" "1560" "1561" "1562" "1563" "1564" "1565" "1566"
## [1567] "1567" "1568" "1569" "1570" "1571" "1572" "1573" "1574" "1575"
## [1576] "1576" "1577" "1578" "1579" "1580" "1581" "1582" "1583" "1584"
## [1585] "1585" "1586" "1587" "1588" "1589" "1590" "1591" "1592" "1593"
## [1594] "1594" "1595" "1596" "1597" "1598" "1599" "1600" "1601" "1602"
## [1603] "1603" "1604" "1605" "1606" "1607" "1608" "1609" "1610" "1611"
## [1612] "1612" "1613" "1614" "1615" "1616" "1617" "1618" "1619" "1620"
## [1621] "1621" "1622" "1623" "1624" "1625" "1626" "1627" "1628" "1629"
## [1630] "1630" "1631" "1632" "1633" "1634" "1635" "1636" "1637" "1638"
## [1639] "1639" "1640" "1641" "1642" "1643" "1644" "1645" "1646" "1647"
## [1648] "1648" "1649" "1650" "1651" "1652" "1653" "1654" "1655" "1656"
## [1657] "1657" "1658" "1659" "1660" "1661" "1662" "1663" "1664" "1665"
## [1666] "1666" "1667" "1668" "1669" "1670" "1671" "1672" "1673" "1674"
## [1675] "1675" "1676" "1677" "1678" "1679" "1680" "1681" "1682" "1683"
## [1684] "1684" "1685" "1686" "1687" "1688" "1689" "1690" "1691" "1692"
## [1693] "1693" "1694" "1695" "1696" "1697" "1698" "1699" "1700" "1701"
## [1702] "1702" "1703" "1704" "1705" "1706" "1707" "1708" "1709" "1710"
## [1711] "1711" "1712" "1713" "1714" "1715" "1716" "1717" "1718" "1719"
## [1720] "1720" "1721" "1722" "1723" "1724" "1725" "1726" "1727" "1728"
## [1729] "1729" "1730" "1731" "1732" "1733" "1734" "1735" "1736" "1737"
## [1738] "1738" "1739" "1740" "1741" "1742" "1743" "1744" "1745" "1746"
## [1747] "1747" "1748" "1749" "1750" "1751" "1752" "1753" "1754" "1755"
## [1756] "1756" "1757" "1758" "1759" "1760" "1761" "1762" "1763" "1764"
## [1765] "1765" "1766" "1767" "1768" "1769" "1770" "1771" "1772" "1773"
## [1774] "1774" "1775" "1776" "1777" "1778" "1779" "1780" "1781" "1782"
## [1783] "1783" "1784" "1785" "1786" "1787" "1788" "1789" "1790" "1791"
## [1792] "1792" "1793" "1794" "1795" "1796" "1797" "1798" "1799" "1800"
## [1801] "1801" "1802" "1803" "1804" "1805" "1806" "1807" "1808" "1809"
## [1810] "1810" "1811" "1812" "1813" "1814" "1815" "1816" "1817" "1818"
## [1819] "1819" "1820" "1821" "1822" "1823" "1824" "1825" "1826" "1827"
## [1828] "1828" "1829" "1830" "1831" "1832" "1833" "1834" "1835" "1836"
## [1837] "1837" "1838" "1839" "1840" "1841" "1842" "1843" "1844" "1845"
## [1846] "1846" "1847" "1848" "1849" "1850" "1851" "1852" "1853" "1854"
## [1855] "1855" "1856" "1857" "1858" "1859" "1860" "1861" "1862" "1863"
## [1864] "1864" "1865" "1866" "1867" "1868" "1869" "1870" "1871" "1872"
## [1873] "1873" "1874" "1875" "1876" "1877" "1878" "1879" "1880" "1881"
## [1882] "1882" "1883" "1884" "1885" "1886" "1887" "1888" "1889" "1890"
## [1891] "1891" "1892" "1893" "1894" "1895" "1896" "1897" "1898" "1899"
## [1900] "1900" "1901" "1902" "1903" "1904" "1905" "1906" "1907" "1908"
## [1909] "1909" "1910" "1911" "1912" "1913" "1914" "1915" "1916" "1917"
## [1918] "1918" "1919" "1920" "1921" "1922" "1923" "1924" "1925" "1926"
## [1927] "1927" "1928" "1929" "1930" "1931" "1932" "1933" "1934" "1935"
## [1936] "1936" "1937" "1938" "1939" "1940" "1941" "1942" "1943" "1944"
## [1945] "1945" "1946" "1947" "1948" "1949" "1950" "1951" "1952" "1953"
## [1954] "1954" "1955" "1956" "1957" "1958" "1959" "1960" "1961" "1962"
## [1963] "1963" "1964" "1965" "1966" "1967" "1968" "1969" "1970" "1971"
## [1972] "1972" "1973" "1974" "1975" "1976" "1977" "1978" "1979" "1980"
## [1981] "1981" "1982" "1983" "1984" "1985" "1986" "1987" "1988" "1989"
## [1990] "1990" "1991" "1992" "1993" "1994" "1995" "1996" "1997" "1998"
## [1999] "1999" "2000" "2001" "2002" "2003" "2004" "2005" "2006" "2007"
## [2008] "2008" "2009" "2010" "2011" "2012" "2013" "2014" "2015" "2016"
## [2017] "2017" "2018" "2019" "2020" "2021" "2022" "2023" "2024" "2025"
## [2026] "2026" "2027" "2028" "2029" "2030" "2031" "2032" "2033" "2034"
## [2035] "2035" "2036" "2037" "2038" "2039" "2040" "2041" "2042" "2043"
## [2044] "2044" "2045" "2046" "2047" "2048" "2049" "2050" "2051" "2052"
## [2053] "2053" "2054" "2055" "2056" "2057" "2058" "2059" "2060" "2061"
## [2062] "2062" "2063" "2064" "2065" "2066" "2067" "2068" "2069" "2070"
## [2071] "2071" "2072" "2073" "2074" "2075" "2076" "2077" "2078" "2079"
## [2080] "2080" "2081" "2082" "2083" "2084" "2085" "2086" "2087" "2088"
## [2089] "2089" "2090" "2091" "2092" "2093" "2094" "2095" "2096" "2097"
## [2098] "2098" "2099" "2100" "2101" "2102" "2103" "2104" "2105" "2106"
## [2107] "2107" "2108" "2109" "2110" "2111" "2112" "2113" "2114" "2115"
## [2116] "2116" "2117" "2118" "2119" "2120" "2121" "2122" "2123" "2124"
## [2125] "2125" "2126" "2127" "2128" "2129" "2130" "2131" "2132" "2133"
## [2134] "2134" "2135" "2136" "2137" "2138" "2139" "2140" "2141" "2142"
## [2143] "2143" "2144" "2145" "2146" "2147" "2148" "2149" "2150" "2151"
## [2152] "2152" "2153" "2154" "2155" "2156" "2157" "2158" "2159" "2160"
## [2161] "2161" "2162" "2163" "2164" "2165" "2166" "2167" "2168" "2169"
## [2170] "2170" "2171" "2172" "2173" "2174" "2175" "2176" "2177" "2178"
## [2179] "2179" "2180" "2181" "2182" "2183" "2184" "2185" "2186" "2187"
## [2188] "2188" "2189" "2190" "2191" "2192" "2193" "2194" "2195" "2196"
## [2197] "2197" "2198" "2199" "2200" "2201" "2202" "2203" "2204" "2205"
## [2206] "2206" "2207" "2208" "2209" "2210" "2211" "2212" "2213" "2214"
## [2215] "2215" "2216" "2217" "2218" "2219" "2220" "2221" "2222" "2223"
## [2224] "2224" "2225" "2226" "2227" "2228" "2229" "2230" "2231" "2232"
## [2233] "2233" "2234" "2235" "2236" "2237" "2238" "2239" "2240" "2241"
## [2242] "2242" "2243" "2244" "2245" "2246" "2247" "2248" "2249" "2250"
## [2251] "2251" "2252" "2253" "2254" "2255" "2256" "2257" "2258" "2259"
## [2260] "2260" "2261" "2262" "2263" "2264" "2265" "2266" "2267" "2268"
## [2269] "2269" "2270" "2271" "2272" "2273" "2274" "2275" "2276" "2277"
## [2278] "2278" "2279" "2280" "2281" "2282" "2283" "2284" "2285" "2286"
## [2287] "2287" "2288" "2289" "2290" "2291" "2292" "2293" "2294" "2295"
## [2296] "2296" "2297" "2298" "2299" "2300" "2301" "2302" "2303" "2304"
## [2305] "2305" "2306" "2307" "2308" "2309" "2310" "2311" "2312" "2313"
## [2314] "2314" "2315" "2316" "2317" "2318" "2319" "2320" "2321" "2322"
## [2323] "2323" "2324" "2325" "2326" "2327" "2328" "2329" "2330" "2331"
## [2332] "2332" "2333" "2334" "2335" "2336" "2337" "2338" "2339" "2340"
## [2341] "2341" "2342" "2343" "2344" "2345" "2346" "2347" "2348" "2349"
## [2350] "2350" "2351" "2352" "2353" "2354" "2355" "2356" "2357" "2358"
## [2359] "2359" "2360" "2361" "2362" "2363" "2364" "2365" "2366" "2367"
## [2368] "2368" "2369" "2370" "2371" "2372" "2373" "2374" "2375" "2376"
## [2377] "2377" "2378" "2379" "2380" "2381" "2382" "2383" "2384" "2385"
## [2386] "2386" "2387" "2388" "2389" "2390" "2391" "2392" "2393" "2394"
## [2395] "2395" "2396" "2397" "2398" "2399" "2400" "2401" "2402" "2403"
## [2404] "2404" "2405" "2406" "2407" "2408" "2409" "2410" "2411" "2412"
## [2413] "2413" "2414" "2415" "2416" "2417" "2418" "2419" "2420" "2421"
## [2422] "2422" "2423" "2424" "2425" "2426" "2427" "2428" "2429" "2430"
## [2431] "2431" "2432" "2433" "2434" "2435" "2436" "2437" "2438" "2439"
## [2440] "2440" "2441" "2442" "2443" "2444" "2445" "2446" "2447" "2448"
## [2449] "2449" "2450" "2451" "2452" "2453" "2454" "2455" "2456" "2457"
## [2458] "2458" "2459" "2460" "2461" "2462" "2463" "2464" "2465" "2466"
## [2467] "2467" "2468" "2469" "2470" "2471" "2472" "2473" "2474" "2475"
## [2476] "2476" "2477" "2478" "2479" "2480" "2481" "2482" "2483" "2484"
## [2485] "2485" "2486" "2487" "2488" "2489" "2490" "2491" "2492" "2493"
## [2494] "2494" "2495" "2496" "2497" "2498" "2499" "2500" "2501" "2502"
## [2503] "2503" "2504" "2505" "2506" "2507" "2508" "2509" "2510" "2511"
## [2512] "2512" "2513" "2514" "2515" "2516" "2517" "2518" "2519" "2520"
## [2521] "2521" "2522" "2523" "2524" "2525" "2526" "2527" "2528" "2529"
## [2530] "2530" "2531" "2532" "2533" "2534" "2535" "2536" "2537" "2538"
## [2539] "2539" "2540" "2541" "2542" "2543" "2544" "2545" "2546" "2547"
## [2548] "2548" "2549" "2550" "2551" "2552" "2553" "2554" "2555" "2556"
## [2557] "2557" "2558" "2559" "2560" "2561" "2562" "2563" "2564" "2565"
## [2566] "2566" "2567" "2568" "2569" "2570" "2571" "2572" "2573" "2574"
## [2575] "2575" "2576" "2577" "2578" "2579" "2580" "2581" "2582" "2583"
## [2584] "2584" "2585" "2586" "2587" "2588" "2589" "2590" "2591" "2592"
## [2593] "2593" "2594" "2595" "2596" "2597" "2598" "2599" "2600" "2601"
## [2602] "2602" "2603" "2604" "2605" "2606" "2607" "2608" "2609" "2610"
## [2611] "2611" "2612" "2613" "2614" "2615" "2616" "2617" "2618" "2619"
## [2620] "2620" "2621" "2622" "2623" "2624" "2625" "2626" "2627" "2628"
## [2629] "2629" "2630" "2631" "2632" "2633" "2634" "2635" "2636" "2637"
## [2638] "2638" "2639" "2640" "2641" "2642" "2643" "2644" "2645" "2646"
## [2647] "2647" "2648" "2649" "2650" "2651" "2652" "2653" "2654" "2655"
## [2656] "2656" "2657" "2658" "2659" "2660" "2661" "2662" "2663" "2664"
## [2665] "2665" "2666" "2667" "2668" "2669" "2670" "2671" "2672" "2673"
## [2674] "2674" "2675" "2676" "2677" "2678" "2679" "2680" "2681" "2682"
## [2683] "2683" "2684" "2685" "2686" "2687" "2688" "2689" "2690" "2691"
## [2692] "2692" "2693" "2694" "2695" "2696" "2697" "2698" "2699" "2700"
## [2701] "2701" "2702" "2703" "2704" "2705" "2706" "2707" "2708" "2709"
## [2710] "2710" "2711" "2712" "2713" "2714" "2715" "2716" "2717" "2718"
## [2719] "2719" "2720" "2721" "2722" "2723" "2724" "2725" "2726" "2727"
## [2728] "2728" "2729" "2730" "2731" "2732" "2733" "2734" "2735" "2736"
## [2737] "2737" "2738" "2739" "2740" "2741" "2742" "2743" "2744" "2745"
## [2746] "2746" "2747" "2748" "2749" "2750" "2751" "2752" "2753" "2754"
## [2755] "2755" "2756" "2757" "2758" "2759" "2760" "2761" "2762" "2763"
## [2764] "2764" "2765" "2766" "2767" "2768" "2769" "2770" "2771" "2772"
## [2773] "2773" "2774" "2775" "2776" "2777" "2778" "2779" "2780" "2781"
## [2782] "2782" "2783" "2784" "2785" "2786" "2787" "2788" "2789" "2790"
## [2791] "2791" "2792" "2793" "2794" "2795" "2796" "2797" "2798" "2799"
## [2800] "2800" "2801" "2802" "2803" "2804" "2805" "2806" "2807" "2808"
## [2809] "2809" "2810" "2811" "2812" "2813" "2814" "2815" "2816" "2817"
## [2818] "2818" "2819" "2820" "2821" "2822" "2823" "2824" "2825" "2826"
## [2827] "2827" "2828" "2829" "2830" "2831" "2832" "2833" "2834" "2835"
## [2836] "2836" "2837" "2838" "2839" "2840" "2841" "2842" "2843" "2844"
## [2845] "2845" "2846" "2847" "2848" "2849" "2850" "2851" "2852" "2853"
## [2854] "2854" "2855" "2856" "2857" "2858" "2859" "2860" "2861" "2862"
## [2863] "2863" "2864" "2865" "2866" "2867" "2868" "2869" "2870" "2871"
## [2872] "2872" "2873" "2874" "2875" "2876" "2877" "2878" "2879" "2880"
## [2881] "2881" "2882" "2883" "2884" "2885" "2886" "2887" "2888" "2889"
## [2890] "2890" "2891" "2892" "2893" "2894" "2895" "2896" "2897" "2898"
## [2899] "2899" "2900" "2901" "2902" "2903" "2904" "2905" "2906" "2907"
## [2908] "2908" "2909" "2910" "2911" "2912" "2913" "2914" "2915" "2916"
## [2917] "2917" "2918" "2919" "2920" "2921" "2922" "2923" "2924" "2925"
## [2926] "2926" "2927" "2928" "2929" "2930" "2931" "2932" "2933" "2934"
## [2935] "2935" "2936" "2937" "2938" "2939" "2940" "2941" "2942" "2943"
## [2944] "2944" "2945" "2946" "2947" "2948" "2949" "2950" "2951" "2952"
## [2953] "2953" "2954" "2955" "2956" "2957" "2958" "2959" "2960" "2961"
## [2962] "2962" "2963" "2964" "2965" "2966" "2967" "2968" "2969" "2970"
## [2971] "2971" "2972" "2973" "2974" "2975" "2976" "2977" "2978" "2979"
## [2980] "2980" "2981" "2982" "2983" "2984" "2985" "2986" "2987" "2988"
## [2989] "2989" "2990" "2991" "2992" "2993" "2994" "2995" "2996" "2997"
## [2998] "2998" "2999" "3000" "3001" "3002" "3003" "3004" "3005" "3006"
## [3007] "3007" "3008" "3009" "3010" "3011" "3012" "3013" "3014" "3015"
## [3016] "3016" "3017" "3018" "3019" "3020" "3021" "3022" "3023" "3024"
## [3025] "3025" "3026" "3027" "3028" "3029" "3030" "3031" "3032" "3033"
## [3034] "3034" "3035" "3036" "3037" "3038" "3039" "3040" "3041" "3042"
## [3043] "3043" "3044" "3045" "3046" "3047" "3048" "3049" "3050" "3051"
## [3052] "3052" "3053" "3054" "3055" "3056" "3057" "3058" "3059" "3060"
## [3061] "3061" "3062" "3063" "3064" "3065" "3066" "3067" "3068" "3069"
## [3070] "3070" "3071" "3072" "3073" "3074" "3075" "3076" "3077" "3078"
## [3079] "3079" "3080" "3081" "3082" "3083" "3084" "3085" "3086" "3087"
## [3088] "3088" "3089" "3090" "3091" "3092" "3093" "3094" "3095" "3096"
## [3097] "3097" "3098" "3099" "3100" "3101" "3102" "3103" "3104" "3105"
## [3106] "3106" "3107" "3108" "3109" "3110" "3111" "3112" "3113" "3114"
## [3115] "3115" "3116" "3117" "3118" "3119" "3120" "3121" "3122" "3123"
## [3124] "3124" "3125" "3126" "3127" "3128" "3129" "3130" "3131" "3132"
## [3133] "3133" "3134" "3135" "3136" "3137" "3138" "3139" "3140" "3141"
## [3142] "3142" "3143" "3144" "3145" "3146" "3147" "3148" "3149" "3150"
## [3151] "3151" "3152" "3153" "3154" "3155" "3156" "3157" "3158" "3159"
## [3160] "3160" "3161" "3162" "3163" "3164" "3165" "3166" "3167" "3168"
## [3169] "3169" "3170" "3171" "3172" "3173" "3174" "3175" "3176" "3177"
## [3178] "3178" "3179" "3180" "3181" "3182" "3183" "3184" "3185" "3186"
## [3187] "3187" "3188" "3189" "3190" "3191" "3192" "3193" "3194" "3195"
## [3196] "3196" "3197" "3198" "3199" "3200" "3201" "3202" "3203" "3204"
## [3205] "3205" "3206" "3207" "3208" "3209" "3210" "3211" "3212" "3213"
## [3214] "3214" "3215" "3216" "3217" "3218" "3219" "3220" "3221" "3222"
## [3223] "3223" "3224" "3225" "3226" "3227" "3228" "3229" "3230" "3231"
## [3232] "3232" "3233" "3234" "3235" "3236" "3237" "3238" "3239" "3240"
## [3241] "3241" "3242" "3243" "3244" "3245" "3246" "3247" "3248" "3249"
## [3250] "3250" "3251" "3252" "3253" "3254" "3255" "3256" "3257" "3258"
## [3259] "3259" "3260" "3261" "3262" "3263" "3264" "3265" "3266" "3267"
## [3268] "3268" "3269" "3270" "3271" "3272" "3273" "3274" "3275" "3276"
## [3277] "3277" "3278" "3279" "3280" "3281" "3282" "3283" "3284" "3285"
## [3286] "3286" "3287" "3288" "3289" "3290" "3291" "3292" "3293" "3294"
## [3295] "3295" "3296" "3297" "3298" "3299" "3300" "3301" "3302" "3303"
## [3304] "3304" "3305" "3306" "3307" "3308" "3309" "3310" "3311" "3312"
## [3313] "3313" "3314" "3315" "3316" "3317" "3318" "3319" "3320" "3321"
## [3322] "3322" "3323" "3324" "3325" "3326" "3327" "3328" "3329" "3330"
## [3331] "3331" "3332" "3333" "3334" "3335" "3336" "3337" "3338" "3339"
## [3340] "3340" "3341" "3342" "3343" "3344" "3345" "3346" "3347" "3348"
## [3349] "3349" "3350" "3351" "3352" "3353" "3354" "3355" "3356" "3357"
## [3358] "3358" "3359" "3360" "3361" "3362" "3363" "3364" "3365" "3366"
## [3367] "3367" "3368" "3369" "3370" "3371" "3372" "3373" "3374" "3375"
## [3376] "3376" "3377" "3378" "3379" "3380" "3381" "3382" "3383" "3384"
## [3385] "3385" "3386" "3387" "3388" "3389" "3390" "3391" "3392" "3393"
## [3394] "3394" "3395" "3396" "3397" "3398" "3399" "3400" "3401" "3402"
## [3403] "3403" "3404" "3405" "3406" "3407" "3408" "3409" "3410" "3411"
## [3412] "3412" "3413" "3414" "3415" "3416" "3417" "3418" "3419" "3420"
## [3421] "3421" "3422" "3423" "3424" "3425" "3426" "3427" "3428" "3429"
## [3430] "3430" "3431" "3432" "3433" "3434" "3435" "3436" "3437" "3438"
## [3439] "3439" "3440" "3441" "3442" "3443" "3444" "3445" "3446" "3447"
## [3448] "3448" "3449" "3450" "3451" "3452" "3453" "3454" "3455" "3456"
## [3457] "3457" "3458" "3459" "3460" "3461" "3462" "3463" "3464" "3465"
## [3466] "3466" "3467" "3468" "3469" "3470" "3471" "3472" "3473" "3474"
## [3475] "3475" "3476" "3477" "3478" "3479" "3480" "3481" "3482" "3483"
## [3484] "3484" "3485" "3486" "3487" "3488" "3489" "3490" "3491" "3492"
## [3493] "3493" "3494" "3495" "3496" "3497" "3498" "3499" "3500" "3501"
## [3502] "3502" "3503" "3504" "3505" "3506" "3507" "3508" "3509" "3510"
## [3511] "3511" "3512" "3513" "3514" "3515" "3516" "3517" "3518" "3519"
## [3520] "3520" "3521" "3522" "3523" "3524" "3525" "3526" "3527" "3528"
## [3529] "3529" "3530" "3531" "3532" "3533" "3534" "3535" "3536" "3537"
## [3538] "3538" "3539" "3540" "3541" "3542" "3543" "3544" "3545" "3546"
## [3547] "3547" "3548" "3549" "3550" "3551" "3552" "3553" "3554" "3555"
## [3556] "3556" "3557" "3558" "3559" "3560" "3561" "3562" "3563" "3564"
## [3565] "3565" "3566" "3567" "3568" "3569" "3570" "3571" "3572" "3573"
## [3574] "3574" "3575" "3576" "3577" "3578" "3579" "3580" "3581" "3582"
## [3583] "3583" "3584" "3585" "3586" "3587" "3588" "3589" "3590" "3591"
## [3592] "3592" "3593" "3594" "3595" "3596" "3597" "3598" "3599" "3600"
## [3601] "3601" "3602" "3603" "3604" "3605" "3606" "3607" "3608" "3609"
## [3610] "3610" "3611" "3612" "3613" "3614" "3615" "3616" "3617" "3618"
## [3619] "3619" "3620" "3621" "3622" "3623" "3624" "3625" "3626" "3627"
## [3628] "3628" "3629" "3630" "3631" "3632" "3633" "3634" "3635" "3636"
## [3637] "3637" "3638" "3639" "3640" "3641" "3642" "3643" "3644" "3645"
## [3646] "3646" "3647" "3648" "3649" "3650" "3651" "3652" "3653"
summary(rainfall)
##       Year           DOY             Rain        
##  Min.   :1996   Min.   :  1.0   Min.   :  0.000  
##  1st Qu.:1998   1st Qu.: 92.0   1st Qu.:  0.000  
##  Median :2000   Median :183.0   Median :  0.000  
##  Mean   :2000   Mean   :183.2   Mean   :  2.052  
##  3rd Qu.:2003   3rd Qu.:274.0   3rd Qu.:  0.600  
##  Max.   :2005   Max.   :366.0   Max.   :112.900
#Take a subset of the rainfall data where rain is larger than 20.
#What is the mean rainfall for days where the rainfall was at least 4?
#Subset the vector where it is either exactly zero, or exactly 0.6.

rainfall2 <- subset(rainfall, Rain > 20)
summary(rainfall2)
##       Year           DOY             Rain       
##  Min.   :1996   Min.   :  3.0   Min.   : 20.10  
##  1st Qu.:1998   1st Qu.: 51.5   1st Qu.: 22.95  
##  Median :2000   Median :133.0   Median : 26.50  
##  Mean   :2000   Mean   :163.0   Mean   : 32.51  
##  3rd Qu.:2003   3rd Qu.:282.0   3rd Qu.: 37.30  
##  Max.   :2005   Max.   :362.0   Max.   :112.90
rainfall4 <- subset(rainfall, Rain > 4)
mean(rainfall4$Rain)
## [1] 14.91302
head(rainfall4)
##    Year DOY Rain
## 3  1996   3 33.8
## 5  1996   5  9.6
## 6  1996   6  4.3
## 7  1996   7 33.7
## 20 1996  20 39.6
## 22 1996  22  4.3
rainfall3 <- subset(rainfall, Rain %in% c(0,0.6))
rainfall3
##      Year DOY Rain
## 2    1996   2  0.6
## 9    1996   9  0.0
## 12   1996  12  0.0
## 13   1996  13  0.0
## 14   1996  14  0.0
## 15   1996  15  0.0
## 18   1996  18  0.0
## 19   1996  19  0.0
## 26   1996  26  0.0
## 27   1996  27  0.0
## 28   1996  28  0.0
## 29   1996  29  0.0
## 31   1996  31  0.0
## 33   1996  33  0.0
## 37   1996  37  0.0
## 39   1996  39  0.0
## 41   1996  41  0.0
## 43   1996  43  0.0
## 45   1996  45  0.0
## 46   1996  46  0.0
## 48   1996  48  0.0
## 49   1996  49  0.0
## 50   1996  50  0.0
## 51   1996  51  0.0
## 53   1996  53  0.0
## 54   1996  54  0.0
## 57   1996  57  0.0
## 58   1996  58  0.0
## 61   1996  61  0.0
## 62   1996  62  0.0
## 66   1996  66  0.0
## 67   1996  67  0.0
## 74   1996  74  0.0
## 75   1996  75  0.6
## 76   1996  76  0.0
## 77   1996  77  0.0
## 78   1996  78  0.0
## 79   1996  79  0.0
## 80   1996  80  0.0
## 81   1996  81  0.0
## 82   1996  82  0.0
## 83   1996  83  0.0
## 84   1996  84  0.0
## 85   1996  85  0.0
## 86   1996  86  0.0
## 87   1996  87  0.0
## 88   1996  88  0.0
## 89   1996  89  0.0
## 90   1996  90  0.0
## 91   1996  91  0.0
## 92   1996  92  0.0
## 93   1996  93  0.0
## 94   1996  94  0.0
## 95   1996  95  0.0
## 96   1996  96  0.0
## 97   1996  97  0.0
## 98   1996  98  0.0
## 100  1996 100  0.0
## 104  1996 104  0.0
## 105  1996 105  0.0
## 106  1996 106  0.0
## 107  1996 107  0.0
## 108  1996 108  0.0
## 109  1996 109  0.0
## 110  1996 110  0.0
## 111  1996 111  0.0
## 112  1996 112  0.0
## 113  1996 113  0.0
## 114  1996 114  0.0
## 115  1996 115  0.0
## 116  1996 116  0.0
## 117  1996 117  0.0
## 118  1996 118  0.0
## 119  1996 119  0.0
## 120  1996 120  0.0
## 121  1996 121  0.0
## 128  1996 128  0.0
## 130  1996 130  0.0
## 131  1996 131  0.0
## 132  1996 132  0.0
## 133  1996 133  0.0
## 134  1996 134  0.0
## 136  1996 136  0.0
## 137  1996 137  0.0
## 139  1996 139  0.0
## 142  1996 142  0.0
## 144  1996 144  0.0
## 145  1996 145  0.0
## 146  1996 146  0.0
## 147  1996 147  0.0
## 151  1996 151  0.0
## 152  1996 152  0.0
## 154  1996 154  0.0
## 161  1996 161  0.0
## 162  1996 162  0.0
## 170  1996 170  0.6
## 177  1996 177  0.0
## 178  1996 178  0.6
## 180  1996 180  0.0
## 181  1996 181  0.0
## 182  1996 182  0.0
## 183  1996 183  0.0
## 184  1996 184  0.0
## 185  1996 185  0.0
## 187  1996 187  0.0
## 189  1996 189  0.0
## 190  1996 190  0.0
## 191  1996 191  0.0
## 193  1996 193  0.0
## 194  1996 194  0.0
## 195  1996 195  0.0
## 196  1996 196  0.0
## 197  1996 197  0.0
## 198  1996 198  0.0
## 199  1996 199  0.0
## 200  1996 200  0.0
## 201  1996 201  0.0
## 203  1996 203  0.0
## 205  1996 205  0.0
## 206  1996 206  0.0
## 207  1996 207  0.0
## 214  1996 214  0.0
## 215  1996 215  0.0
## 216  1996 216  0.0
## 217  1996 217  0.0
## 218  1996 218  0.0
## 219  1996 219  0.0
## 220  1996 220  0.0
## 221  1996 221  0.0
## 222  1996 222  0.0
## 223  1996 223  0.0
## 224  1996 224  0.0
## 225  1996 225  0.0
## 226  1996 226  0.0
## 227  1996 227  0.0
## 228  1996 228  0.0
## 229  1996 229  0.0
## 230  1996 230  0.0
## 231  1996 231  0.0
## 234  1996 234  0.0
## 235  1996 235  0.0
## 237  1996 237  0.0
## 238  1996 238  0.0
## 239  1996 239  0.0
## 242  1996 242  0.0
## 246  1996 246  0.0
## 247  1996 247  0.0
## 248  1996 248  0.0
## 249  1996 249  0.0
## 250  1996 250  0.0
## 251  1996 251  0.0
## 252  1996 252  0.0
## 253  1996 253  0.0
## 254  1996 254  0.0
## 255  1996 255  0.0
## 256  1996 256  0.6
## 258  1996 258  0.0
## 259  1996 259  0.0
## 260  1996 260  0.0
## 261  1996 261  0.0
## 262  1996 262  0.0
## 266  1996 266  0.0
## 267  1996 267  0.0
## 268  1996 268  0.0
## 269  1996 269  0.0
## 270  1996 270  0.0
## 271  1996 271  0.0
## 272  1996 272  0.0
## 276  1996 276  0.0
## 277  1996 277  0.0
## 278  1996 278  0.0
## 279  1996 279  0.0
## 280  1996 280  0.0
## 282  1996 282  0.0
## 283  1996 283  0.0
## 284  1996 284  0.0
## 285  1996 285  0.0
## 286  1996 286  0.0
## 287  1996 287  0.0
## 288  1996 288  0.0
## 289  1996 289  0.0
## 290  1996 290  0.0
## 296  1996 296  0.0
## 297  1996 297  0.0
## 298  1996 298  0.0
## 299  1996 299  0.0
## 300  1996 300  0.0
## 303  1996 303  0.0
## 304  1996 304  0.0
## 306  1996 306  0.0
## 307  1996 307  0.0
## 308  1996 308  0.0
## 314  1996 314  0.0
## 315  1996 315  0.0
## 316  1996 316  0.0
## 317  1996 317  0.0
## 318  1996 318  0.0
## 319  1996 319  0.0
## 320  1996 320  0.0
## 321  1996 321  0.0
## 325  1996 325  0.0
## 330  1996 330  0.0
## 332  1996 332  0.0
## 333  1996 333  0.0
## 335  1996 335  0.0
## 336  1996 336  0.0
## 337  1996 337  0.0
## 338  1996 338  0.0
## 339  1996 339  0.0
## 344  1996 344  0.0
## 345  1996 345  0.0
## 346  1996 346  0.0
## 348  1996 348  0.0
## 349  1996 349  0.0
## 350  1996 350  0.0
## 351  1996 351  0.0
## 354  1996 354  0.0
## 355  1996 355  0.0
## 356  1996 356  0.0
## 357  1996 357  0.0
## 358  1996 358  0.0
## 359  1996 359  0.0
## 361  1996 361  0.0
## 362  1996 362  0.6
## 363  1996 363  0.0
## 368  1997   2  0.0
## 369  1997   3  0.0
## 370  1997   4  0.0
## 372  1997   6  0.0
## 375  1997   9  0.0
## 376  1997  10  0.0
## 378  1997  12  0.0
## 379  1997  13  0.0
## 380  1997  14  0.0
## 384  1997  18  0.0
## 385  1997  19  0.0
## 386  1997  20  0.0
## 388  1997  22  0.0
## 389  1997  23  0.0
## 398  1997  32  0.0
## 399  1997  33  0.0
## 402  1997  36  0.0
## 403  1997  37  0.0
## 404  1997  38  0.0
## 405  1997  39  0.0
## 406  1997  40  0.0
## 413  1997  47  0.0
## 417  1997  51  0.0
## 418  1997  52  0.0
## 419  1997  53  0.0
## 420  1997  54  0.0
## 426  1997  60  0.0
## 427  1997  61  0.0
## 433  1997  67  0.0
## 437  1997  71  0.0
## 438  1997  72  0.0
## 439  1997  73  0.0
## 440  1997  74  0.0
## 441  1997  75  0.0
## 443  1997  77  0.0
## 444  1997  78  0.0
## 445  1997  79  0.0
## 446  1997  80  0.0
## 447  1997  81  0.0
## 448  1997  82  0.0
## 450  1997  84  0.0
## 451  1997  85  0.0
## 452  1997  86  0.0
## 453  1997  87  0.0
## 454  1997  88  0.0
## 456  1997  90  0.6
## 458  1997  92  0.0
## 459  1997  93  0.0
## 460  1997  94  0.0
## 461  1997  95  0.0
## 462  1997  96  0.0
## 463  1997  97  0.0
## 464  1997  98  0.0
## 465  1997  99  0.0
## 466  1997 100  0.0
## 468  1997 102  0.0
## 469  1997 103  0.0
## 470  1997 104  0.0
## 472  1997 106  0.0
## 473  1997 107  0.0
## 474  1997 108  0.0
## 475  1997 109  0.0
## 476  1997 110  0.0
## 477  1997 111  0.0
## 478  1997 112  0.0
## 480  1997 114  0.0
## 483  1997 117  0.0
## 485  1997 119  0.0
## 487  1997 121  0.0
## 488  1997 122  0.0
## 489  1997 123  0.0
## 493  1997 127  0.0
## 496  1997 130  0.0
## 498  1997 132  0.0
## 499  1997 133  0.0
## 501  1997 135  0.0
## 502  1997 136  0.0
## 509  1997 143  0.6
## 511  1997 145  0.0
## 516  1997 150  0.0
## 517  1997 151  0.0
## 518  1997 152  0.0
## 519  1997 153  0.0
## 520  1997 154  0.0
## 521  1997 155  0.0
## 525  1997 159  0.0
## 526  1997 160  0.0
## 527  1997 161  0.0
## 528  1997 162  0.0
## 530  1997 164  0.0
## 531  1997 165  0.0
## 532  1997 166  0.0
## 533  1997 167  0.0
## 534  1997 168  0.0
## 535  1997 169  0.0
## 537  1997 171  0.0
## 538  1997 172  0.0
## 541  1997 175  0.0
## 542  1997 176  0.0
## 551  1997 185  0.0
## 554  1997 188  0.0
## 556  1997 190  0.0
## 557  1997 191  0.0
## 558  1997 192  0.0
## 559  1997 193  0.0
## 560  1997 194  0.0
## 563  1997 197  0.0
## 564  1997 198  0.0
## 565  1997 199  0.0
## 566  1997 200  0.0
## 567  1997 201  0.0
## 569  1997 203  0.0
## 570  1997 204  0.0
## 573  1997 207  0.0
## 575  1997 209  0.0
## 576  1997 210  0.0
## 577  1997 211  0.0
## 578  1997 212  0.0
## 579  1997 213  0.0
## 580  1997 214  0.0
## 581  1997 215  0.0
## 582  1997 216  0.0
## 586  1997 220  0.0
## 587  1997 221  0.0
## 588  1997 222  0.0
## 589  1997 223  0.0
## 590  1997 224  0.0
## 591  1997 225  0.0
## 592  1997 226  0.0
## 593  1997 227  0.0
## 594  1997 228  0.0
## 595  1997 229  0.0
## 596  1997 230  0.0
## 597  1997 231  0.0
## 598  1997 232  0.0
## 600  1997 234  0.0
## 601  1997 235  0.0
## 602  1997 236  0.0
## 603  1997 237  0.0
## 604  1997 238  0.0
## 605  1997 239  0.0
## 606  1997 240  0.0
## 607  1997 241  0.0
## 608  1997 242  0.0
## 609  1997 243  0.0
## 613  1997 247  0.0
## 615  1997 249  0.0
## 616  1997 250  0.0
## 617  1997 251  0.0
## 618  1997 252  0.0
## 619  1997 253  0.0
## 620  1997 254  0.0
## 621  1997 255  0.0
## 622  1997 256  0.0
## 623  1997 257  0.0
## 624  1997 258  0.0
## 625  1997 259  0.0
## 627  1997 261  0.0
## 637  1997 271  0.0
## 639  1997 273  0.0
## 640  1997 274  0.0
## 641  1997 275  0.0
## 643  1997 277  0.0
## 644  1997 278  0.0
## 645  1997 279  0.0
## 648  1997 282  0.0
## 649  1997 283  0.0
## 650  1997 284  0.0
## 651  1997 285  0.0
## 652  1997 286  0.0
## 653  1997 287  0.0
## 654  1997 288  0.0
## 655  1997 289  0.0
## 656  1997 290  0.0
## 657  1997 291  0.0
## 658  1997 292  0.0
## 659  1997 293  0.0
## 660  1997 294  0.0
## 661  1997 295  0.0
## 662  1997 296  0.0
## 663  1997 297  0.0
## 664  1997 298  0.0
## 665  1997 299  0.0
## 667  1997 301  0.0
## 668  1997 302  0.0
## 670  1997 304  0.0
## 672  1997 306  0.0
## 673  1997 307  0.0
## 674  1997 308  0.0
## 676  1997 310  0.0
## 677  1997 311  0.0
## 680  1997 314  0.0
## 682  1997 316  0.0
## 683  1997 317  0.0
## 687  1997 321  0.0
## 688  1997 322  0.0
## 689  1997 323  0.0
## 690  1997 324  0.0
## 692  1997 326  0.0
## 693  1997 327  0.0
## 694  1997 328  0.0
## 695  1997 329  0.0
## 696  1997 330  0.0
## 697  1997 331  0.0
## 698  1997 332  0.0
## 702  1997 336  0.0
## 703  1997 337  0.0
## 704  1997 338  0.0
## 705  1997 339  0.0
## 706  1997 340  0.0
## 712  1997 346  0.0
## 713  1997 347  0.0
## 714  1997 348  0.0
## 716  1997 350  0.0
## 717  1997 351  0.0
## 718  1997 352  0.0
## 721  1997 355  0.0
## 722  1997 356  0.0
## 723  1997 357  0.0
## 724  1997 358  0.0
## 726  1997 360  0.0
## 729  1997 363  0.0
## 730  1997 364  0.0
## 731  1997 365  0.0
## 732  1998   1  0.0
## 734  1998   3  0.0
## 743  1998  12  0.0
## 744  1998  13  0.0
## 745  1998  14  0.0
## 748  1998  17  0.0
## 749  1998  18  0.0
## 753  1998  22  0.0
## 754  1998  23  0.0
## 755  1998  24  0.0
## 758  1998  27  0.0
## 759  1998  28  0.0
## 760  1998  29  0.0
## 761  1998  30  0.0
## 762  1998  31  0.0
## 763  1998  32  0.0
## 764  1998  33  0.0
## 765  1998  34  0.0
## 766  1998  35  0.0
## 774  1998  43  0.0
## 775  1998  44  0.0
## 776  1998  45  0.0
## 777  1998  46  0.0
## 779  1998  48  0.0
## 780  1998  49  0.0
## 781  1998  50  0.0
## 782  1998  51  0.0
## 783  1998  52  0.0
## 784  1998  53  0.0
## 785  1998  54  0.0
## 786  1998  55  0.0
## 787  1998  56  0.0
## 788  1998  57  0.0
## 789  1998  58  0.0
## 793  1998  62  0.0
## 794  1998  63  0.0
## 797  1998  66  0.0
## 798  1998  67  0.0
## 799  1998  68  0.0
## 800  1998  69  0.0
## 801  1998  70  0.0
## 802  1998  71  0.0
## 803  1998  72  0.0
## 804  1998  73  0.0
## 809  1998  78  0.0
## 811  1998  80  0.0
## 812  1998  81  0.0
## 813  1998  82  0.0
## 814  1998  83  0.0
## 819  1998  88  0.0
## 821  1998  90  0.0
## 822  1998  91  0.0
## 824  1998  93  0.0
## 825  1998  94  0.0
## 826  1998  95  0.0
## 827  1998  96  0.0
## 828  1998  97  0.0
## 834  1998 103  0.6
## 835  1998 104  0.0
## 838  1998 107  0.6
## 840  1998 109  0.0
## 846  1998 115  0.0
## 847  1998 116  0.0
## 848  1998 117  0.0
## 849  1998 118  0.0
## 850  1998 119  0.0
## 851  1998 120  0.0
## 852  1998 121  0.0
## 858  1998 127  0.0
## 859  1998 128  0.0
## 860  1998 129  0.0
## 861  1998 130  0.0
## 862  1998 131  0.0
## 874  1998 143  0.0
## 875  1998 144  0.0
## 876  1998 145  0.0
## 877  1998 146  0.0
## 878  1998 147  0.0
## 881  1998 150  0.0
## 882  1998 151  0.0
## 888  1998 157  0.0
## 891  1998 160  0.0
## 892  1998 161  0.0
## 893  1998 162  0.0
## 895  1998 164  0.0
## 896  1998 165  0.0
## 897  1998 166  0.0
## 898  1998 167  0.0
## 899  1998 168  0.0
## 900  1998 169  0.0
## 901  1998 170  0.0
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## 3627 2005 339  0.0
## 3628 2005 340  0.0
## 3630 2005 342  0.0
## 3631 2005 343  0.0
## 3632 2005 344  0.0
## 3633 2005 345  0.0
## 3634 2005 346  0.0
## 3637 2005 349  0.0
## 3640 2005 352  0.0
## 3641 2005 353  0.0
## 3642 2005 354  0.0
## 3643 2005 355  0.0
## 3644 2005 356  0.0
## 3645 2005 357  0.0
## 3646 2005 358  0.0
## 3647 2005 359  0.0
## 3648 2005 360  0.0
## 3649 2005 361  0.0
## 3650 2005 362  0.0
## 3651 2005 363  0.0
## 3652 2005 364  0.0
## 3653 2005 365  0.0
tail(rainfall3)
##      Year DOY Rain
## 3648 2005 360    0
## 3649 2005 361    0
## 3650 2005 362    0
## 3651 2005 363    0
## 3652 2005 364    0
## 3653 2005 365    0

The 26 letters of the Roman alphabet are conveniently accessible in R via letters and LETTERS. These are not functions, but vectors that are always loaded. What is the 18th letter of the alphabet? What is the last letter of the alphabet (don’t guess, write code)? Use ?sample to figure out how to sample with replacement. Generate a random subset of fifteen letters. Are any letters in the subset duplicated? Hint: use the any and duplicated functions. Which letters?

letters[18]
## [1] "r"
letters[26]
## [1] "z"
set.seed(123)
lettersample <- sample(letters,15, replace = TRUE)
lettersample
##  [1] "h" "u" "k" "w" "y" "b" "n" "x" "o" "l" "y" "l" "r" "o" "c"
duplicated(lettersample)
##  [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE
## [12]  TRUE FALSE  TRUE FALSE
anyDuplicated(lettersample)
## [1] 11
cereal <- read.csv("cereals.csv")
head(cereal)
##                 Cereal.name Manufacturer Cold.or.Hot calories protein fat
## 1                 100%_Bran            N           C       70       4   1
## 2         100%_Natural_Bran            Q           C      120       3   5
## 3                  All-Bran            K           C       70       4   1
## 4 All-Bran_with_Extra_Fiber            K           C       50       4   0
## 5            Almond_Delight            R           C      110       2   2
## 6   Apple_Cinnamon_Cheerios            G           C      110       2   2
##   sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins   rating
## 1    130  10.0   5.0      6    280       25 68.40297
## 2     15   2.0   8.0      8    135        0 33.98368
## 3    260   9.0   7.0      5    320       25 59.42551
## 4    140  14.0   8.0      0    330       25 93.70491
## 5    200   1.0  14.0      8     NA       25 34.38484
## 6    180   1.5  10.5     10     70       25 29.50954
summary(cereal)
##                     Cereal.name Manufacturer Cold.or.Hot    calories    
##  100%_Bran                : 1   A: 1         C:74        Min.   : 50.0  
##  100%_Natural_Bran        : 1   G:22         H: 3        1st Qu.:100.0  
##  All-Bran                 : 1   K:23                     Median :110.0  
##  All-Bran_with_Extra_Fiber: 1   N: 6                     Mean   :106.9  
##  Almond_Delight           : 1   P: 9                     3rd Qu.:110.0  
##  Apple_Cinnamon_Cheerios  : 1   Q: 8                     Max.   :160.0  
##  (Other)                  :71   R: 8                                    
##     protein           fat            sodium          fiber       
##  Min.   :1.000   Min.   :0.000   Min.   :  0.0   Min.   : 0.000  
##  1st Qu.:2.000   1st Qu.:0.000   1st Qu.:130.0   1st Qu.: 1.000  
##  Median :3.000   Median :1.000   Median :180.0   Median : 2.000  
##  Mean   :2.545   Mean   :1.013   Mean   :159.7   Mean   : 2.152  
##  3rd Qu.:3.000   3rd Qu.:2.000   3rd Qu.:210.0   3rd Qu.: 3.000  
##  Max.   :6.000   Max.   :5.000   Max.   :320.0   Max.   :14.000  
##                                                                  
##      carbo          sugars           potass          vitamins     
##  Min.   : 5.0   Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 15.00   Min.   :  0.00  
##  1st Qu.:12.0   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 42.50   1st Qu.: 25.00  
##  Median :14.5   Median : 7.000   Median : 90.00   Median : 25.00  
##  Mean   :14.8   Mean   : 7.026   Mean   : 98.67   Mean   : 28.25  
##  3rd Qu.:17.0   3rd Qu.:11.000   3rd Qu.:120.00   3rd Qu.: 25.00  
##  Max.   :23.0   Max.   :15.000   Max.   :330.00   Max.   :100.00  
##  NA's   :1      NA's   :1        NA's   :2                        
##      rating     
##  Min.   :18.04  
##  1st Qu.:33.17  
##  Median :40.40  
##  Mean   :42.67  
##  3rd Qu.:50.83  
##  Max.   :93.70  
## 
str(cereal)
## 'data.frame':    77 obs. of  13 variables:
##  $ Cereal.name : Factor w/ 77 levels "100%_Bran","100%_Natural_Bran",..: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ Manufacturer: Factor w/ 7 levels "A","G","K","N",..: 4 6 3 3 7 2 3 2 7 5 ...
##  $ Cold.or.Hot : Factor w/ 2 levels "C","H": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ calories    : int  70 120 70 50 110 110 110 130 90 90 ...
##  $ protein     : int  4 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 2 3 ...
##  $ fat         : int  1 5 1 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 ...
##  $ sodium      : int  130 15 260 140 200 180 125 210 200 210 ...
##  $ fiber       : num  10 2 9 14 1 1.5 1 2 4 5 ...
##  $ carbo       : num  5 8 7 8 14 10.5 11 18 15 13 ...
##  $ sugars      : int  6 8 5 0 8 10 14 8 6 5 ...
##  $ potass      : int  280 135 320 330 NA 70 30 100 125 190 ...
##  $ vitamins    : int  25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 ...
##  $ rating      : num  68.4 34 59.4 93.7 34.4 ...
#Add a new variable to the dataset called 'totalcarb', which is the sum of 'carbo' and 'sugars'
cereal$totalcarb <- with(cereal, carbo + sugars)
#How many cereals in the dataframe are 'hot' cereals? Hint: take an appropriate subset of the data,
#and then count the number of observations in the subset.
hot <- subset(cereal, Cold.or.Hot == "H")
nrow(hot)
## [1] 3
#How many unique manufacturers are included in the dataset?
table(cereal$Manufacturer)
## 
##  A  G  K  N  P  Q  R 
##  1 22 23  6  9  8  8
#Take a subset of the dataframe with only the Manufacturer 'K' (Kellogg's).
cerealk <- subset(cereal, Manufacturer == "K")
#Take a subset of the dataframe of all cereals that have less than 80 calories, AND have more than 20
#units of vitamins.
cereal2 <- subset(cereal, calories < 80 & vitamins > 20)
#Take a subset of the dataframe containing cereals that contain at least 1 unit of sugar, and keep only
#the variables 'Cereal.name', 'calories' and 'vitamins'. Then inspect the 1rst few rows of the dataframe
#with head.
cereal3 <- subset(cereal, sugars > 1, select=c(Cereal.name,calories,vitamins))
head(cereal3)
##               Cereal.name calories vitamins
## 1               100%_Bran       70       25
## 2       100%_Natural_Bran      120        0
## 3                All-Bran       70       25
## 5          Almond_Delight      110       25
## 6 Apple_Cinnamon_Cheerios      110       25
## 7             Apple_Jacks      110       25
#For one of the above subsets, write a new CSV 1le to disk using write.csv
write.csv(cereal3,"cereal3.csv", row.names=FALSE)
#Rename the column 'Manufacturer' to 'Producer'
names(cereal)[2] <- "Producer"
head(cereal)
##                 Cereal.name Producer Cold.or.Hot calories protein fat
## 1                 100%_Bran        N           C       70       4   1
## 2         100%_Natural_Bran        Q           C      120       3   5
## 3                  All-Bran        K           C       70       4   1
## 4 All-Bran_with_Extra_Fiber        K           C       50       4   0
## 5            Almond_Delight        R           C      110       2   2
## 6   Apple_Cinnamon_Cheerios        G           C      110       2   2
##   sodium fiber carbo sugars potass vitamins   rating totalcarb
## 1    130  10.0   5.0      6    280       25 68.40297      11.0
## 2     15   2.0   8.0      8    135        0 33.98368      16.0
## 3    260   9.0   7.0      5    320       25 59.42551      12.0
## 4    140  14.0   8.0      0    330       25 93.70491       8.0
## 5    200   1.0  14.0      8     NA       25 34.38484      22.0
## 6    180   1.5  10.5     10     70       25 29.50954      20.5

Read the following data into R (number of honeyeaters seen at the EucFACE site seen in a week). Give the resulting dataframe a reasonable name.

df <-read.table(header=TRUE, text="
day nr
sun 3
mon 2
tue 5
wed 0
thu 8
fri 1
sat 2
")

#Add a day number to the dataset you read in above (sunday=1, saturday=7). Recall the seq function
df$daynumber <- seq(from=1,to=7,by=1)
#Delete the 'Day' variable (to only keep the daynumber that you added above).
df$day <- NULL
#On which daynumber did you observe the most honeyeaters? Hint: use which.max, in combination
#with indexing.
df$daynumber[which.max(df$nr)]
## [1] 5
#Sort the dataset by number of birds seen. Hint: use the order function to find the order of the
#number of birds, then use this vector to index the dataframe.
df <- df[order(df$nr),] 
titanic <- read.table("titanic.txt", header=TRUE)
str(titanic)
## 'data.frame':    1313 obs. of  5 variables:
##  $ Name    : Factor w/ 1310 levels "Abbing, Mr Anthony",..: 22 25 26 27 24 31 45 46 50 54 ...
##  $ PClass  : Factor w/ 3 levels "1st","2nd","3rd": 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ Age     : num  29 2 30 25 0.92 47 63 39 58 71 ...
##  $ Sex     : Factor w/ 2 levels "female","male": 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 ...
##  $ Survived: int  1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 ...
summary(titanic)
##                            Name      PClass         Age       
##  Carlsson, Mr Frans Olof     :   2   1st:322   Min.   : 0.17  
##  Connolly, Miss Kate         :   2   2nd:280   1st Qu.:21.00  
##  Kelly, Mr James             :   2   3rd:711   Median :28.00  
##  Abbing, Mr Anthony          :   1             Mean   :30.40  
##  Abbott, Master Eugene Joseph:   1             3rd Qu.:39.00  
##  Abbott, Mr Rossmore Edward  :   1             Max.   :71.00  
##  (Other)                     :1304             NA's   :557    
##      Sex         Survived     
##  female:462   Min.   :0.0000  
##  male  :851   1st Qu.:0.0000  
##               Median :0.0000  
##               Mean   :0.3427  
##               3rd Qu.:1.0000  
##               Max.   :1.0000  
## 
#Make two new dataframes : a subset of male survivors, and a subset of female survivors.
titanicfemale <- subset(titanic, Sex == "female")
titanicmale <- subset(titanic, Sex == "male")

#Based on the previous question, what was the name of the oldest surviving male? In what class was
#the youngest surviving female?
which.max(titanicmale$Age)
## [1] 5
titanicmale$Name[5]
## [1] Artagaveytia, Mr Ramon
## 1310 Levels: Abbing, Mr Anthony ... Zimmerman, Leo
which.min(titanicfemale$Age)
## [1] 299
titanicfemale$PClass[299]
## [1] 3rd
## Levels: 1st 2nd 3rd
#Take 15 random names of passengers from the Titanic, and sort them alphabetically
# sample without replacement
mysample <- titanic[sample(1:nrow(titanic), 15, replace=FALSE),]
orderedsample <- mysample[order(mysample$Name),]