| TABLE 1. Characteristics of studies addressing the prevalence of H. pylori infection in Japanese | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| StudyID | Reference | Location | Urban or rural | Data collection period | Study design | Participants | Setting | Adults or Children | Sampling method | N | Sex | Mean Age [range] | Response rate | Specimen type | Measurement kit | Antigen derived from domestic or foreign strains | Tested (n) | Positive (n) | Prevalence % |
| 1 | Fukao et al. 1993 | Akita, Iwate, Miyagi, Okinawa | NA | NA | Cross-sectional | Healthy blood donors | Community | Children&adult | NOT random sampling | 1815 | M/F | [16-64] | NA | Serum | ELISA kit (QUIDEL Corp., San Diego) | Foreign | 1815 | 949 | 53.3 |
| 2 | Replogle et al. 1996 | Tokyo | Urban | 1980-1993 | Cross-sectional | Patients screened for Hepatitis B virus at Tokyo University Hospital | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Children&adult | NOT random sampling | 1494 | M/F | [0-94] | NA | Serum | NA | NA | 1207 | 470 | 38.9 |
| 3 | Kumagai et al. 1998 | South Kiso | Rural | 19861994 | Cross-sectional survey within a cohort study | Participants of a cohort study | General population | Children&adult | NOT random sampling | 641549 | M/F | [6-80] | NA | Serum | GAP-IgG test (Biomerica, Newport Beach, CA) | Foreign | 641 549 |
510 370 |
79.6 67.4 |
| 4 | Youn et al. 1998 | Fukuoka | Urban | 1993 | Cross-sectional | Patients without gastrointestinal symptoms | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Children&adult | NOT random sampling | 580 | M/F | [2-6][7-19][20-] | NA | Serum | Immunoblot assay | NA | 100 260 100 |
20 108 NA |
20 40 >75 |
| 5 | Kikuchi et al, 1998 | Honshu | Urban/rural | 1996 | Cross-sectional | Public service workers | Community | Adults | NOT random sampling | 5000 | M/F | NA [19-69] | 87.2% | Serum | Pilika Plate G HelicobacterII (Biomerica Ltd., Newport Beach, CA) | Foreign | 4361 | 1330 | 30.5 |
| 6 | Fujisawa et al, 1999 | Seven prefectures (Nagano, Niigata, Gunma,Toyama, Shizuoka, Mie, and Miyagi) in the central part of Japan. | Urban/rural | 197419841994 | Cross-sectional | Participants in a health screening program | Community | Children&adult | Random sampling from serum reference bank | 1015 | M/F | Median 35.6 [0-89] | NA | Serum | GAP-IgG test (Biomerica, Newport Beach, CA) | Foreign | 1015 | 426 | 42.0 |
| 7 | Yang et al. 1999 | NA | NA | 1996 | Cross-sectional | Employees of a manufacturing plant | Community | Adult | NOT random sampling | 598 | M/F | [20-59] | NA | Serum | GAP-IgG test (Biomerica, Newport Beach, CA) | Foreign | 545 | 216 | 39.6 |
| 8 | Shibata et al. 2000 | Farm village in Kyushu | Rural | 1997 | Cross-sectional | Residents | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 1207 | M/F | [30-64] | 71% | Serum | GAP-IgG, Biomerica, USA | Foreign | 636 | 310 | 48.7 |
| 9 | Ogihara et al, 2000 | Tokyo | Urban | 1989-1990 | Cross-sectional | Employees of small and medium-sized textile companies | Community | Adults | NOT random sampling | 9500 | M/F | NA[39-65+] | 70% | Serum | Pilika Plate G HelicobacterII (Biomerica Ltd, Newport, USA) | Foreign | 8837 | 4268 | 48.3 |
| 10 | Yamagata et al, 2000 | Hisayama, Kyusyu | Rural | 1988 | Cohort study | Participants of a cohort study | General population | Adults | NOT random sampling | 2742 | M/F | 57 in men59 in women [40-80+] | NA | Serum | HM-CAP (Enteric Products Inc, Westbury, NY) | Foreign | 2602 | 1721 | 66.1 |
| 11 | Kurosawa et al, 2000 | Komoro, Nagano | Rural | 1995-1996 | Cross-sectional | Elementary/junior high School students | Community | Children | NOT random sampling | 610 | M/F | 6 and 14 years | NA | Saliva | HELISAI kit | Foreign | 610 | 83 | 13.6 |
| 12 | Yamaji et al. 2001 | Kamogawa, Chiba | Urban | 1996-1997 | Cross-sectional | Individuals attending a health screening program | Community | Adult | NOT random sampling | 6489 | M/F | 48.1 [NA] | NA | Serum | GAP-IgG test (Biomerica, Newport Beach, CA) | Foreign | 5732 | 2695 | 47.0 |
| 13 | Yamashita et al. 2001 | Kyusyu | Urban/rural | 1995-1996 | Cross-sectional | Healthy Children in an out-patient clinic | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Children | NOT random sampling | 336 | M/F | NA [0-19] | NA | Serum | HEL-p-test; AMRAD,Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | Foreign | 336 | 59 | 17.5 |
| 14 | Shibata et al. 2002 | Fukuoka | Rural | 1993 | Cross-sectional | Residents attending a health screening program | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 2347 | M/F | NA [30-79] | 45% | Serum | HM-CAP, EPI Inc., USA | Foreign | 954 | 703 | 73.7 |
| 15 | Kinjo et al. 2002 | Osaka | Urban | 1999-2000 | Case-control study | Control subjects (representative of general population) | General population | Adults | NOT random sampling | 967 | M/F | 58.9 | NA | Serum | HM-CAP,Kyowa Medex, Tokyo, Japan | Foreign | 967 | 409 | 42.3 |
| 16 | Fukuda et al. 2003 | NA | NA | 2003 | Cross-sectional | Asymptomatic children | General population | Children | NOT random sampling | 300 | M/F | 8.0 | NA | Serum | HEL-p-test; AMRAD,Melbourne, Victoria, Australia | Foreign | 300 | 37 | 12.3 |
| 17 | Matsuhisa et al. 2003 | Tokyo | Urban | 1994-2000 | Cross-sectional | Patients with present or past abdominal complaints | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Adult | NOT random sampling | 175 | M/F | 47.3 [NA] | NA | Biopsy | Hematoxylin-cosin staining, improved Toluidine-blue staining and H. pylor-specific antibody immune staining (Dako, Denmark) | NA | 175 | 120 | 68.6 |
| 18 | Kato et al. 2003 | Hachinohe, Sendai, Ohmiya, Wakayama, Kurume | Urban | NA | Cross-sectional | Healthy Children | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Children | NOT random sampling | 454 | M/F | 6.1[0-15] | NA | Serum | HM-CAP and PP-CAP, En-teric Products, New York, NY, USA | Foreign | 454 | 55 | 12.2 |
| 19 | Kato et al. 2004 | 21 centers across Japan | Urban/rural | NA | Cross-sectional | Individuals with uppergastrointestinal symptoms | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Adults | NOT random sampling | 6578 | M/F | [21-71+] | NA | Serum | HM-CAP, Enteric ProductsIncorporated, Stony Brook, NY, USA or a GAP lgG kit (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA). | Foreign | 6578 | 3300 | 50.2 |
| 20 | Nobuta et al. 2004 | Niigata, Okinawa | NA | 1995-1996 | Cross-sectional | Asymptomatic individuals attending a health screening program | Community | Adult | NOT random sampling | 250209 | M/F | 40.7 in Niigata39.1 in Okinawa | NA | Serum | HM-CAP | NA | 250 209 |
125 88 |
50.0 41.1 |
| 21 | Kikuchi et al, 2005 | 45 areas across Japan | Urban/rural | 1988-1990 | Cross-sectional within a cohort study | Residents in various areas | General population | Adults | NOT random sampling | 635 | M/F | [40-79] | NA | Serum | J-HM-CAP, Kyowa Medex Co. Ltd., Tokyo | Domestic | 633 | 443 | 70.0 |
| 22 | Kawade et al. 2005 | NA | NA | 1999-2001 | Cross-sectional | Patients with dyspepsia | Clinical- or Hospital-based | Adults | NOT random sampling | 644 | M/F | 82.7 [65-107] | NA | Serum | NA | NA | 644 | 337 | 52.3 |
| 23 | Shimatani et al. 2005 | 33 of 47 prefectures | NA | 1997-2003 | Cross-sectional | University students attending a health check-up program | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 530 | M/F | 23.7 [NA] | NA | Biopsy specimens& serum | Rapid urease test (CLO test, Ballard Medical Products, Utah, USA), and HM-CAP Enteric Products, Westbury, NY, USA) | Foreign | 530 | 87 | 16.4 |
| 24 | Sasazuki et al. 2006 | 9 Public Health Center areas Across Japan | Urban/rural | 1990-1992 | Cross-sectional within a cohort study | Participants of a cohort study | General population | Adults | NOT random sampling | 511 | M/F | 57.4 | NA | Serum | E Plate "Eiken" H. pyloriAntibody, Eiken Kagaku Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan | Domestic | 511 | 383 | 74.9 |
| 25 | Fujimoto et al. 2007 | Ishigaki city, Kasuya town, Honshino village | Urban/rural | 1993, 2002 | Cross-sectional | Residents attending a health screening program | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 3819 | M/F | [20-70+] | NA | Serum | ELISA (JHM-CAP, Kyowa Medix Co.,Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 3819 | 2116 | 55.4 |
| 26 | Shiotani et al. 2008 | Wakayama | NA | 2005-2006 | Cross-sectional | University students | Community | Adult | Random sampling | 777 | M/F | 19.5 [18-25] | NA | Serum | E Plate test (Eiken Kagaku) | Domestic | 777 | 114 | 14.7 |
| 27 | Naito et al. 2008 | Tokyo | Urban | 2002-2003 | Cross-sectional | Children from kindergarten or elementary school attending a health screening program | Community | Children | NOT random sampling | 452 | M/F | 4 years old 7 years old 10 years old |
NA | Urine | URINELISA H.pylori kit (Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo) | Domestic | 150 150 149 149 153 153 |
8 10 7 6 6 7 |
5.3 6.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 4.6 |
| 28 | Mizuno et al. 2010 | Kyoto | Rural | 1987 | Cross-sectional within a cohort study | Residents | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 2589 | M/F | [35-75+] | NA | Serum | Pilika Plate G HelicobacterII (Biomerica Ltd., Newport Beach, CA) | Foreign | 2859 | 2147 | 75.1 |
| 29 | Nakajima et al. 2010 | Shiga | Urban/rural | 1998, 2005 | Cross-sectional | Individuals attending a health screening program | Community | Adults | NOT random sampling | 384 | M/F | [20-79] | NA | Serum | E-plate (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 384 | 192 | 50.0 |
| 30 | Kawai et al. 2010 | Tokyo | Urban | 2003-2004 | Cross-sectional | Patients undergoing routine health check-up | Clinic- or Hospital-based | Adult | NOT random sampling | 418 | M/F | 39.2 [22-58] | NA | Serum | E-plate (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 418 | 141 | 33.7 |
| 31 | Nakao et al. 2011 | Aichi | Urban | 2001-2005 | Case-control study | All first-visit outpatients at Aichi Cancer Center | Clinic- or Hospital-based | Adult | NOT random sampling | 1465 | M/F | [20-79] | NA | Serum | E-plate (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 1406 | 798 | 56.8 |
| 32 | Toyoda et al. 2012 | Kyusyu and Okinawa | Rural | 2004-2007 | Cross-sectional | Residents | General population | Adults | NOT random sampling | 1728 | M/F | 57.8 [30-89] | NA | Serum | JHM-CAP, KyowaMedex Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan | Domestic | 1540 | 923 | 59.9 |
| 33 | Tamura et al. 2012 | Aichi | Urban | 2008-2010 | Cross-sectional within a cohort study | Participants of a cohort study | General population | Adults | NOT random sampling | 5167 | M/F | [35-69] | NA | Urine | Rapiran (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 5167 | 1881 | 36.4 |
| 34 | Shimoyama et al. 2012 | Hirosaki | Urban | 2005 | Cross-sectional | Healthy adults attending a health screening program | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 1048 | M/F | [25-85] | NA | Serum | E-plate (Eiken Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 1048 | 638 | 60.9 |
| 35 | Urita et al. 2013 | Aomori | Rural | 1999-2004 | Cross-sectional | Children attending a clinic | Clinic- or Hospital-based | Children | NOT random sampling | 838 | M/F | 12.4 [1-18] | NA | Serum | NA | NA | 828 | 101 | 12.1 |
| 36 | Ueda et al. 2014 | Hokkaido, Tokyo and 9 other prefectures | Urban/rural | 1997-2013 | Cross-sectional | Individuals attending a health screening program | Community | Adult | NOT random sampling | 14716 | M/F | NA [20- ] | NA | Serum/urine/stool | E-plate Eiken H.pylori antibody | Domestic | 14716 | 5879 | 39.9 |
| 37 | Hirayama et al. 2014 | Hokkaido, Tohoku, Kanto, Chubu, Kinki, Chugoku, Kyushu | Urban/rural | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Employees of a large company | Community | Adult | NOT random sampling | 21144 | M/F | NA [35-79] | NA | Serum | E-plate Eiken Chemical Co.Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 21144 | 5822 | 27.5 |
| 38 | Okuda et al. 2014 | Sasayama | Rural | 2010-2011 | Cross-sectional | Participants of a population-based survey | General population | Children | NOT random sampling | 1299 1909 | M/F | NA [0-8] NA [0-11] | 53% 44% |
Stool | TestMate Pylori Antigen EIA (Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) | Domestic | 688 835 |
13 15 |
1.9 1.8 |
| 39 | Shimoyama et al. 2014 | Hirosaki | Urban | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Healthy adults attending a health survey | General population | Adult | NOT random sampling | 810 | M/F | [40-80] | NA | SerumStool | E-plate (Eiken Chemical Co.jLtd, Tokyo, Japan; Testmate EIA (Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Kyowa Medex) | Domestic | 505 | 224 | 44.4 |
| 40 | Watanabe et al. 2015 | Aichi | Urban | 2005-2013 | Cross-sectional | All first-visit outpatients at Aichi Cancer Center | Clinic- or Hospital-based | Adult | NOT random sampling | 4698 | M/F | 60.5 [20-79] | NA | Serum | E-plate Eiken H.pylori antibody | Domestic | 4285 | 1607 | 37.5 |
| 41 | Kamada et al. 2015 | Hiroshima and Kawasaki | NA | 1975-19781991-19942010-2013 | Cross-sectional | Patients undergoing endoscopy for dyspepsia or gastric cancer screening | Clinic- or Hospital-based | Adult | NOT random sampling | 1381 | M/F | [18-70+] | NA | Biopsy specimens | Giemsa or Gimenez staining | NA | 289 787 305 |
216 417 107 |
74.7 53.0 35.1 |
| 42 | Akamatsu et al. 2015 | Nagano | Rural | 2007-2013 | Cross-sectional | High school students | General population | Children | NOT random sampling | 3251 | M/F | [16-17] | 99.6% | Serum | RAPIRAN, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co, Tokyo, Japan | Domestic | 3251 | 136 | 4.2 |
| 43 | Nakayama et al. 2016 | Nagano | Urban/rural | 2011-2013 | Cross-sectional | Junior high school students | General population | Children | NOT random sampling | 681 | M/F | NA [12-15] | 79% | Serum | E-plate (Eiken Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 454 | 14 | 3.1 |
| 44 | Charvat, 2016 JPHC Cohort II | 6 Public Health Center areas (Ibaraki, Niigata, Kochi, Nagasaki, Okinawa, Osaka) | Urban/rural | 1993-1994 | Cohort study | Residents in various areas | General population | Adult | Random sampling | 21682 | M/F | [30-79] | NA | Serum | E-plate (Eiken Chemicals, Tokyo, Japan) | Domestic | 21682 | 14809 | 68.3 |
| Abbreviation: NA, not available. | |||||||||||||||||||
| Information on JPHC next cohort (Study ID=45) is unpublished, details available upon request. | |||||||||||||||||||