2016 Weather Data Exploratory Analysis - Part 7
NOAA Observation Station Analysis
Creating Station Indicators
Project Synopsis
According to a report published on January 18, 2017 by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):
…(the) Earth’s 2016 surface temperatures were the warmest since modern record keeping began in 1880.
Globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean. This makes 2016 the third year in a row to set a new record for global average surface temperatures.
Source: https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-data-show-2016-warmest-year-on-record-globally
The 2016 Weather Data Exploratory Analysis project was started to review the raw data from NOAA and identify areas of uncertainty and their potential impact on reaching a greater than 95% scientific certainty.
This is Part 7 of the 2016 Weather Data Exploratory Analysis.
This project is designed to add geographic indicators to the master station table in order to facilitate temperature data analysis in upcoming projects. In the previous project, Processing 1900-2016 Temperature Data, we found a relatively incomplete temperature record for all of the years anlyzed. That is, half of all years analyzed failed to reach a 90% complete observation rate and zero years were able to achieve a 95% completion rate.
In order to understand and quantify the impact of the missing data, it will be useful to summarize the findings by geographic means. In previous projects, we have reviewed station data by hemisphere, quadrant, temperature zone, and by global sector. As we begin to analyze the actual temperature data recorded, having these types of geographic indicators as part of the master station table will simplify the temperature analysis and speed the summarization of data.
The goals of the project are to update the master station data with the following geographic indicators:
- Hemisphere (Northern, Southern)
- Quadrant (Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast)
- Temperature Zone (Polar, Temperate, Tropical)
- Global Sector (Hansen-Lebedeff)
Libraries Required
library(dplyr) # Data manipulation
library(knitr) # Dynamic report generationsetwd("~/NOAA Projects/NOAA Station Analysis")Stations Data
The Stations Data to be used is the worldwide master list created in Part 1 of 2016 Weather Data Exploratory Analysis:
master_stations_ww.rds
Read Station Files
A brief review of the source data will follow the loading of the master station file.
Read Master Station Data
master_stations_ww <- readRDS("~/Temp Stations/master_stations_ww.rds")| ID | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation | Country | State | Location | FirstYear | LastYear |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACW00011604 | 17.1167 | -61.7833 | 33.14 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS COOLIDGE FLD | 1949 | 1949 |
| ACW00011647 | 17.1333 | -61.7833 | 62.99 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS | 1961 | 1961 |
| AE000041196 | 25.3330 | 55.5170 | 111.55 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | SHARJAH INTER. AIRP | 1944 | 2017 |
| AEM00041194 | 25.2550 | 55.3640 | 34.12 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | DUBAI INTL | 1983 | 2017 |
| AEM00041217 | 24.4330 | 54.6510 | 87.93 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | ABU DHABI INTL | 1983 | 2017 |
Data Processing
The processing of the master station data will occur in four steps and will match the processes from the previous projects. The results of the processing will be located in a new master stations table called master_stations_in in order to maintain continuity of data tables throughout the series of projects. The new table will be saved and used in the future projects.
Hemisphere Processing
- Northern Hemisphere consists of stations with latitude greater than 0 degrees
- Southern Hemisphere consists of stations with latitude less than 0 degrees
There are zero stations that have a latitude equal to 0.
Add Hemisphere Indicator
master_stations_in <- master_stations_ww %>%
mutate(Hemi = ifelse(Latitude > 0, "N", "S"))| ID | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation | Country | State | Location | FirstYear | LastYear | Hemi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACW00011604 | 17.1167 | -61.7833 | 33.14 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS COOLIDGE FLD | 1949 | 1949 | N |
| ACW00011647 | 17.1333 | -61.7833 | 62.99 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS | 1961 | 1961 | N |
| AE000041196 | 25.3330 | 55.5170 | 111.55 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | SHARJAH INTER. AIRP | 1944 | 2017 | N |
| AEM00041194 | 25.2550 | 55.3640 | 34.12 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | DUBAI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N |
| AEM00041217 | 24.4330 | 54.6510 | 87.93 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | ABU DHABI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N |
| AEM00041218 | 24.2620 | 55.6090 | 869.09 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | AL AIN INTL | 1994 | 2017 | N |
| AF000040930 | 35.3170 | 69.0170 | 11043.31 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | NORTH-SALANG | 1973 | 1992 | N |
| AFM00040938 | 34.2100 | 62.2280 | 3206.04 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | HERAT | 1973 | 1992 | N |
| AFM00040948 | 34.5660 | 69.2120 | 5876.97 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KABUL INTL | 1966 | 2004 | N |
| AFM00040990 | 31.5000 | 65.8500 | 3313.65 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KANDAHAR AIRPORT | 1973 | 2013 | N |
## [1] "Total Worldwide Stations: 34285"##
## N S
## 31715 2570Quadrant Processing
- Northwest Quadrant (positive latitude, negative longitude)
- Northeast Quadrant (positive latitude, positive longitude)
- Southwest Quadrant (negative latitude, negative longitude)
- Southeast Quadrant (negative latitude, positive longitude)
There are 4 stations with a longitude of 0. These stations will be considered part of the Eastern Quadrants.
Add Quadrant Indicator
master_stations_in <- master_stations_in %>%
mutate(Quad = case_when(.$Latitude > 0 & .$Longitude < 0 ~ "NW",
.$Latitude > 0 & .$Longitude >= 0 ~ "NE",
.$Latitude < 0 & .$Longitude < 0 ~ "SW",
.$Latitude < 0 & .$Longitude >= 0 ~ "SE"))| ID | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation | Country | State | Location | FirstYear | LastYear | Hemi | Quad |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACW00011604 | 17.1167 | -61.7833 | 33.14 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS COOLIDGE FLD | 1949 | 1949 | N | NW |
| ACW00011647 | 17.1333 | -61.7833 | 62.99 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS | 1961 | 1961 | N | NW |
| AE000041196 | 25.3330 | 55.5170 | 111.55 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | SHARJAH INTER. AIRP | 1944 | 2017 | N | NE |
| AEM00041194 | 25.2550 | 55.3640 | 34.12 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | DUBAI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N | NE |
| AEM00041217 | 24.4330 | 54.6510 | 87.93 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | ABU DHABI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N | NE |
| AEM00041218 | 24.2620 | 55.6090 | 869.09 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | AL AIN INTL | 1994 | 2017 | N | NE |
| AF000040930 | 35.3170 | 69.0170 | 11043.31 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | NORTH-SALANG | 1973 | 1992 | N | NE |
| AFM00040938 | 34.2100 | 62.2280 | 3206.04 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | HERAT | 1973 | 1992 | N | NE |
| AFM00040948 | 34.5660 | 69.2120 | 5876.97 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KABUL INTL | 1966 | 2004 | N | NE |
| AFM00040990 | 31.5000 | 65.8500 | 3313.65 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KANDAHAR AIRPORT | 1973 | 2013 | N | NE |
## [1] "Total Worldwide Stations: 34285"##
## NE NW SE SW
## 5102 26613 2091 479Temperature Zone Processing
- Polar Zone (latitude greater than 60 or latitude less than -60)
- Temperate Zone (latitude between 30 and 60 or between -30 and -60)
- Tropical Zone (latitude between 30 and -30)
Add Temperature Zone Indicator
master_stations_in <- master_stations_in %>%
mutate(Zone = case_when(.$Latitude > 60 ~ "PO",
.$Latitude < -60 ~ "PO",
.$Latitude > 30 & .$Latitude <= 60 ~ "TE",
.$Latitude < -30 & .$Latitude >= -60 ~ "TE",
.$Latitude <= 30 & .$Latitude >= -30 ~ "TR"))| ID | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation | Country | State | Location | FirstYear | LastYear | Hemi | Quad | Zone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACW00011604 | 17.1167 | -61.7833 | 33.14 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS COOLIDGE FLD | 1949 | 1949 | N | NW | TR |
| ACW00011647 | 17.1333 | -61.7833 | 62.99 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS | 1961 | 1961 | N | NW | TR |
| AE000041196 | 25.3330 | 55.5170 | 111.55 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | SHARJAH INTER. AIRP | 1944 | 2017 | N | NE | TR |
| AEM00041194 | 25.2550 | 55.3640 | 34.12 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | DUBAI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N | NE | TR |
| AEM00041217 | 24.4330 | 54.6510 | 87.93 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | ABU DHABI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N | NE | TR |
| AEM00041218 | 24.2620 | 55.6090 | 869.09 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | AL AIN INTL | 1994 | 2017 | N | NE | TR |
| AF000040930 | 35.3170 | 69.0170 | 11043.31 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | NORTH-SALANG | 1973 | 1992 | N | NE | TE |
| AFM00040938 | 34.2100 | 62.2280 | 3206.04 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | HERAT | 1973 | 1992 | N | NE | TE |
| AFM00040948 | 34.5660 | 69.2120 | 5876.97 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KABUL INTL | 1966 | 2004 | N | NE | TE |
| AFM00040990 | 31.5000 | 65.8500 | 3313.65 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KANDAHAR AIRPORT | 1973 | 2013 | N | NE | TE |
## [1] "Total Worldwide Stations: 34285"##
## PO TE TR
## 2280 28375 3630Global Sector
The global sector will range from 1 to 80 based on the Hansen-Lebedeff spatial map from the Aggregating Data project.
As a reminder, the Earth is divided into 8 latitudinal zones. Each of these zones is then sub-divided into 4 to 16 sectors depending on the latitude range. The reason for this is the eliptical shape of the Earth where the distance between longitudinal points is greater towards the equator and decreases as you move towards the poles. The result is 80 sectors with 2,500 square kilometers of surface area respectively.
Add Latitudinal Zones
master_stations_in <- master_stations_in %>%
mutate(Lzne = case_when(.$Latitude <= 90.0 & .$Latitude > 67.5 ~ "G1",
.$Latitude <= 67.5 & .$Latitude > 45.0 ~ "G2",
.$Latitude <= 45.0 & .$Latitude > 22.5 ~ "G3",
.$Latitude <= 22.5 & .$Latitude > 0.0 ~ "G4",
.$Latitude <= 0.0 & .$Latitude > -22.5 ~ "G5",
.$Latitude <= -22.5 & .$Latitude > -45.0 ~ "G6",
.$Latitude <= -45.0 & .$Latitude > -67.5 ~ "G7",
.$Latitude <= -67.5 & .$Latitude >= -90.0 ~ "G8"))Add Sectors
master_stations_in <- master_stations_in %>%
mutate(Sect = case_when(
.$Lzne == "G1" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S01",
.$Lzne == "G1" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S02",
.$Lzne == "G1" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S03",
.$Lzne == "G1" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S04",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -135.0 ~ "S05",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= -135.0 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S06",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < -45.0 ~ "S07",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= -45.0 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S08",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 45.0 ~ "S09",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= 45.0 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S10",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 135.0 ~ "S11",
.$Lzne == "G2" & .$Longitude >= 135.0 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S12",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -150.0 ~ "S13",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= -150.0 & .$Longitude < -120.0 ~ "S14",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= -120.0 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S15",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < -60.0 ~ "S16",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= -60.0 & .$Longitude < -30.0 ~ "S17",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= -30.0 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S18",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 30.0 ~ "S19",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= 30.0 & .$Longitude < 60.0 ~ "S20",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= 60.0 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S21",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 120.0 ~ "S22",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= 120.0 & .$Longitude < 150.0 ~ "S23",
.$Lzne == "G3" & .$Longitude >= 150.0 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S24",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -157.5 ~ "S25",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -157.5 & .$Longitude < -135.0 ~ "S26",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -135.0 & .$Longitude < -112.5 ~ "S27",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -112.5 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S28",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < -67.5 ~ "S29",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -67.5 & .$Longitude < -45.0 ~ "S30",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -45.0 & .$Longitude < -22.5 ~ "S31",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= -22.5 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S32",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 22.5 ~ "S33",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 22.5 & .$Longitude < 45.0 ~ "S34",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 45.0 & .$Longitude < 67.5 ~ "S35",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 67.5 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S36",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 112.5 ~ "S37",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 112.5 & .$Longitude < 135.0 ~ "S38",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 135.0 & .$Longitude < 157.5 ~ "S39",
.$Lzne == "G4" & .$Longitude >= 157.5 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S40",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -157.5 ~ "S41",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -157.5 & .$Longitude < -135.0 ~ "S42",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -135.0 & .$Longitude < -112.5 ~ "S43",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -112.5 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S44",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < -67.5 ~ "S45",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -67.5 & .$Longitude < -45.0 ~ "S46",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -45.0 & .$Longitude < -22.5 ~ "S47",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= -22.5 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S48",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 22.5 ~ "S49",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 22.5 & .$Longitude < 45.0 ~ "S50",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 45.0 & .$Longitude < 67.5 ~ "S51",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 67.5 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S52",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 112.5 ~ "S53",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 112.5 & .$Longitude < 135.0 ~ "S54",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 135.0 & .$Longitude < 157.5 ~ "S55",
.$Lzne == "G5" & .$Longitude >= 157.5 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S56",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -150.0 ~ "S57",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= -150.0 & .$Longitude < -120.0 ~ "S58",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= -120.0 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S59",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < -60.0 ~ "S60",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= -60.0 & .$Longitude < -30.0 ~ "S61",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= -30.0 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S62",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 30.0 ~ "S63",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= 30.0 & .$Longitude < 60.0 ~ "S64",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= 60.0 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S65",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 120.0 ~ "S66",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= 120.0 & .$Longitude < 150.0 ~ "S67",
.$Lzne == "G6" & .$Longitude >= 150.0 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S68",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -135.0 ~ "S69",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= -135.0 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S70",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < -45.0 ~ "S71",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= -45.0 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S72",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 45.0 ~ "S73",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= 45.0 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S74",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 135.0 ~ "S75",
.$Lzne == "G7" & .$Longitude >= 135.0 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S76",
.$Lzne == "G8" & .$Longitude >= -180.0 & .$Longitude < -90.0 ~ "S77",
.$Lzne == "G8" & .$Longitude >= -90.0 & .$Longitude < 0.0 ~ "S78",
.$Lzne == "G8" & .$Longitude >= 0.0 & .$Longitude < 90.0 ~ "S79",
.$Lzne == "G8" & .$Longitude >= 90.0 & .$Longitude < 180.0 ~ "S80"))Calculate Sum of Sectors
sect_cts <- master_stations_in %>%
group_by(Sect) %>%
summarize(Cts = n()) %>%
ungroup() %>%
select(Cts) %>%
summarize(Total = sum(.))Remove Latitudinal Zones
master_stations_in <- master_stations_in %>%
select(-Lzne)| ID | Latitude | Longitude | Elevation | Country | State | Location | FirstYear | LastYear | Hemi | Quad | Zone | Sect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACW00011604 | 17.1167 | -61.7833 | 33.14 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS COOLIDGE FLD | 1949 | 1949 | N | NW | TR | S30 |
| ACW00011647 | 17.1333 | -61.7833 | 62.99 | ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA | NA | ST JOHNS | 1961 | 1961 | N | NW | TR | S30 |
| AE000041196 | 25.3330 | 55.5170 | 111.55 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | SHARJAH INTER. AIRP | 1944 | 2017 | N | NE | TR | S20 |
| AEM00041194 | 25.2550 | 55.3640 | 34.12 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | DUBAI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N | NE | TR | S20 |
| AEM00041217 | 24.4330 | 54.6510 | 87.93 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | ABU DHABI INTL | 1983 | 2017 | N | NE | TR | S20 |
| AEM00041218 | 24.2620 | 55.6090 | 869.09 | UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | NA | AL AIN INTL | 1994 | 2017 | N | NE | TR | S20 |
| AF000040930 | 35.3170 | 69.0170 | 11043.31 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | NORTH-SALANG | 1973 | 1992 | N | NE | TE | S21 |
| AFM00040938 | 34.2100 | 62.2280 | 3206.04 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | HERAT | 1973 | 1992 | N | NE | TE | S21 |
| AFM00040948 | 34.5660 | 69.2120 | 5876.97 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KABUL INTL | 1966 | 2004 | N | NE | TE | S21 |
| AFM00040990 | 31.5000 | 65.8500 | 3313.65 | AFGHANISTAN | NA | KANDAHAR AIRPORT | 1973 | 2013 | N | NE | TE | S21 |
## [1] "Total Worldwide Stations: 34285"## [1] "Total Sector Count: 34285"Save Master Station Table with Indicators
saveRDS(master_stations_in, "~/Temp Stations/master_stations_in.rds")Next Steps
With the master station data updated with the geographic indicators required to fully analyize the impacts of missing data from the historical temperature data, the next projects will explore the following:
- Analysis of missing data by time of year
- Analysis of missing data by geographic indicators
sessionInfo()## R version 3.4.0 (2017-04-21)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
## Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 15063)
##
## Matrix products: default
##
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252
## [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252
## [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C
## [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] knitr_1.16 dplyr_0.5.0
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] Rcpp_0.12.11 digest_0.6.12 rprojroot_1.2 assertthat_0.2.0
## [5] R6_2.2.1 DBI_0.6-1 backports_1.1.0 magrittr_1.5
## [9] evaluate_0.10 highr_0.6 rlang_0.1.1 stringi_1.1.5
## [13] lazyeval_0.2.0 rmarkdown_1.5 tools_3.4.0 stringr_1.2.0
## [17] yaml_2.1.14 compiler_3.4.0 htmltools_0.3.6 tibble_1.3.3