Analysis of Income Mobility

using data from the The Equality of Opportunity Project

EE Holmes

The data

I used parent and alumni wealth data from the The Equality of Opportunity Project. They have graciously posted all their data and allow one to download it for analysis. The data were downloaded from here: http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/data/.

My “tiers” (Ivy, Elite and Highly Selective) were based largely on those used by the Equality of Opportunity Project with some changes. I moved the technical schools (MIT, CalTech, Harvey Mudd, GIT, etc) into their own category. I also moved some schools into/out of the ‘Elite’ and ‘Highly selective’ tiers. ‘Elite’ in my analysis means average 75% SAT > 2100 and average 75% ACT > 31. The schools in each tier group are listed on the last slides.

Within a “tier”, the upper 75% SAT scores are similar, i.e. the SAT score where the upper quartile starts. That is how the ‘tier’ is defined. Not by admit rates or wealth of the students, but by the upper 75% SAT scores of the incoming students. So an elite public university in this analysis has a similar upper 75% SAT score as an elite private university because that is how ‘elite’ is defined.

Only data on males were used since women’s salaries are much less than men’s.

The SAT, ACT, and admit rate data come mainly from http://www.acceptancerate.com and http://collegedata.com.

Some things to keep in mind with the data

This means that one should be cautious about interpreting these results as showing an effect of a ‘school’ or an effect of quality of student (as measured by SAT scores). Are Stanford students on average wealthier as adults because of Stanford, or because, on average, the average Stanford student comes from a wealthy family?

The average upper 75% SAT score and admit rates are correlated

Schools with low admit rates tend to have high upper 75% SAT scores. However, there is high variability in admit rates within tiers (different colored dots in the plot). Recall that average upper 75% SAT score is similar across schools (public, private, private LAC) within a tier (e.g. blue dots). This is driven largely by location of the school.

Within a tier, public schools have slighly lower admit rates.

On average, public schools of the same tier (elite, highly selective, selective) have slighly lower admit rates than private schools.

There are large differences in the average income of parents in the tiers.

The average parent income in the Ivies+ tier is ca $460,000, with Yale ($587,815) and Stanford ($548,096) on the high end and Cornell ($276,129) and University of Chicago ($325,515) on the low end. On average, students at private schools come from families with about $100,000 more in household income.

There are correlations between upper 75% SAT scores and average parent income

but there is also a lot of noise.

The mean parent wealth seems to be driven by the fraction of parents in the upper 1 percent

In some private schools, 20% of students come from families in the upper 1% of household income. This group is primarily the Ivy+ tier plus a number of private LACs with a handful of other private schools thrown in.

The mean income of students at age 34 is highly correlated with the mean income of their parents

In this plot, I have left of Liberal Arts College

Most of the schools fall on the same parent-child wealth correlation line. The wealthier the average parents are, the wealthier the average (male) student is.

However students from 4 schools have higher income than you’d expect

Univ of Penn, Stanford, Harvard and Princeton are above that average parent-student income line. Students from these schools have more income at age 34 than you’d expect given the average parent income at these schools.

While students from some schools have lower income

There is a parallel line that is about $40,000 below the main line. These are a group of highly selective private schools where the students have lower income than you would expect given the average parent income. This is the line defined by Elon Univ, Pepperdine, Vanderbilt, etc on the plot. This may have something to do with degree offerings, as this line is the same the parent-child wealth line for Liberal Arts colleges.

Students from LACs have lower income on average

The parent-child wealth correlation is much noisier for Liberal Arts colleges. However on average students from LACs make on average $15,000 less than students from the same tier school at a non-LAC. See the legend where the means are shown. However, this seems to be driven by more schools falling on the parallel line that is $40,000 below the main line. LACs do not have engineering (generally) and engineering is associated with higher alum incomes.

Students from a few LACs have much lower income than you would expect

Some are known for having ‘unconventional’ students that perhaps pursue arts or medieval literature. Some are known for sending very high fractions to graduate school (Reed) and many of these students would still be in training at age 34. This group is: Pitzer College, Oberlin College, Reed College, Connecticut College, Hampshire College, Sarah Lawrence College, Colorado College, Kenyon College, Colby College, Vassar College, Colgate University, Middlebury College, and Bard College.

Students from elite techical institutes have higher income on average

See the legend for the averages.

Students from other technical institutes also have higher income

The relationship between parent and child income is there for technical institutes, but the line is about $40,000 higher. A few schools (Rice, Carnegie Mellon, Cornell, Case Western) that are not technical institutes but are more STEM focused are also above average.

Fraction of alumni in upper quintile at age 34: NE elite schools

States are color-coded. Y-axis is the fraction of alumni who are in the upper 20% for individual wealth at age 34 (compared to other 34-year olds). Only schools in the ‘elite’ tier are shown: LAC, private, and public. They all have similar upper 75% SAT scores, but they vary in admit rates. Note, I included the Ivies for comparison. Their mean 75% SAT scores are higher than the elite schools.

Fraction of alumni in upper quintile: Liberal Arts colleges

The next 4 slides look at the fraction of alumni who are in the upper 20% for individual wealth at age 34 for Liberal Arts colleges only. Liberal Arts colleges in three different tiers are shown: elite, highly selective, and selective. The admit rates are shown on the x-axis.

The results are shown by region since mean salaries vary greatly by region and many of these colleges are regional. They draw from a regional pool and their alumni tend to settle in the same region. States are color-coded.

Fraction of alumni in upper quintile: NE elite Liberal Arts colleges

Among the elite and highly selective NE LACS (which have admit rates < 50%), there is not much difference in the fraction of alumni who end up in the upper quintile for wealth.

Fraction in upper quintile: Southern LACs

Alumni from Southern Liberal Arts colleges are less weathy on average than alumni from NE Liberal Arts colleges. This is likely due to the region they end up settling (S versus NE).

Fraction in upper quintile: Eastern Midwest LACs

Fraction in upper quintile: Western Midwest LACs

Fraction in upper quintile: Western LACs

Ivy Plus group

Ivy+ group with average 75% SAT and average 75% ACT. Cost of attendance and % need met.

##                        name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##            Brown University 2310  34  68106      100
##         Columbia University 2350  34  68431       34
##          Cornell University 2270  34  67613      100
##           Dartmouth College 2350  34  70487      100
##             Duke University 2330  34  69959      100
##          Harvard University 2400  35  72400      100
##        Princeton University 2390  35  64390      100
##         Stanford University 2350  34  67291      100
##       University Of Chicago 2370  35  71559      100
##  University Of Pennsylvania 2320  34  69340      100
##             Yale University 2390  35  68950      100

Elite private not Liberal Arts and not Technical

Elite private with average 75% SAT and average 75% ACT.

##                                name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##                      Boston College 2180  33  68064      100
##                 Brandeis University 2190  32  68428       97
##          Carnegie Mellon University 2280  34  68452       82
##     Case Western Reserve University 2190  33  63404       87
##                    Emory University 2190  32  65080      100
##               Georgetown University   NA  33  69923      100
##            Johns Hopkins University 2260  34  68852      100
##                   Lehigh University   NA  32  63075       95
##                 New York University 2190  32  71754       70
##             Northeastern University 2200  33  66055      100
##             Northwestern University 2320  34  70496      100
##                     Rice University 2320  34  60518      100
##                    Tufts University 2290  33  68200      100
##                   Tulane University 2120  32  67976       96
##                 University Of Miami 2110  32  64306       99
##            University Of Notre Dame   NA  34  67043      100
##             University Of Rochester 2150  32  67772       95
##   University Of Southern California 2230  33  69711      100
##               Vanderbilt University 2340  34  65154      100
##              Wake Forest University 2110  NA  66512      100
##  Washington University In St. Louis 2320  34  69754      100

Elite Liberal Arts Colleges

##                           name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##                Amherst College 2290  34  69586      100
##                Barnard College 2180  32  65992      100
##                  Bates College   NA  32  66550      100
##                Bowdoin College 2280  33  65590      100
##              Bryn Mawr College 2190  32  66610      100
##            Bucknell University 2090  32  67516       91
##               Carleton College 2270  33  66490      100
##      Claremont Mckenna College 2250  33  67885      100
##                  Colby College 2150  32  66277      100
##             Colgate University   NA  32  67290      100
##      College Of The Holy Cross 2080  31   <NA>      100
##               Colorado College 2130  32  66400      100
##               Davidson College 2150  33  64219      100
##    Franklin & Marshall College   NA  31   <NA>      100
##               Grinnell College   NA  32  63438      100
##               Hamilton College 2200  33  66250      100
##              Haverford College 2240  33  69152      100
##   Illinois Wesleyan University 2230  33  67527      100
##                 Kenyon College 2140  32  66690       95
##             Macalester College 2170  32  64595      100
##             Middlebury College 2230  33  66332      100
##                Oberlin College 2185  32  68620      100
##                 Pomona College 2320  34  65857      100
##                   Reed College 2190  33  67250      100
##                Scripps College 2203  32  68464      100
##             Swarthmore College 2300  34  66110      100
##                 Vassar College 2220  33  68280      100
##  Washington And Lee University 2190  33  63500      100
##              Wellesley College 2270  33  66966      100
##            Wesleyan University 2230  33  67527      100
##                Whitman College 2123  32  61172       93
##               Williams College 2340  34  68430      100

Elite Public

##                                        name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##                   College Of William & Mary 2180  32  35991       79
##          University Of California, Berkeley 2240  33  34972       78
##       University Of California, Los Angeles 2150  31  32390       82
##          University Of Michigan - Ann Arbor 2210  32  28776       86
##  University Of North Carolina - Chapel Hill 2100  32  24630      100
##                      University Of Virginia 2180  33  30490      100

Elite Technical, private and public

##                                   name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##     California Institute Of Technology 2390  35  64974      100
##                           Cooper Union 2220  33              NA
##                    Harvey Mudd College 2320  35  71917      100
##  Massachusetts Institute Of Technology 2350  35  65478      100

Highly selective private not Liberal Arts and not Technical

##                           name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##            American University 2030  30              NA
##              Baylor University 1970  29              NA
##              Boston University 2080  30  68060       93
##             Chapman University 1950  29  66638       77
##          College Of New Jersey 2010  30  33531       42
##                Elon University 1980  26  48099       60
##                Emerson College 1990  30              56
##             Fordham University 2030  30  69708       75
##   George Washington University 2090  31  68275       89
##             Gonzaga University   NA  29  55310       79
##      Loyola University Chicago 1890  29              NA
##     Loyola University Maryland   NA  29  62750       93
##  Loyola University New Orleans   NA  28              NA
##           Marquette University 1910  29  53218       77
##          Pepperdine University 2010  30              NA
##             Providence College 1900  28              NA
##          Quinnipiac University 1780  27              NA
##         Santa Clara University   NA  31  66036       75
##  Southern Methodist University 2070  31  70083       88
##            Syracuse University 1900  29              NA
##     Texas Christian University 1910  29              NA
##         University Of Richmond 2100  31  63040      100
##        University Of San Diego   NA  30  63410       73
##            University Of Tulsa   NA  32  57864       86
##           Villanova University 2090  31  65923       79

Highly selective private Liberal Arts

##                              name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##               Agnes Scott College   NA  29   <NA>       86
##              Augustana College-IL   NA  29   <NA>       84
##                    Austin College 1960  27  52047       95
##                      Bard College   NA  29   <NA>       92
##                    Beloit College   NA  30  57506       93
##                Bennington College   NA  NA   <NA>       NA
##        Centre College Of Kentucky 2020  31   <NA>       86
##                  Clark University 2010  NA   <NA>       95
##               Connecticut College 2100  31  65000      100
##                Denison University   NA  31  62480       97
##                 Dickinson College 2045  31  67679       99
##                 Furman University   NA  30  63018       80
##                Gettysburg College   NA  29  65500       90
##         Gustavus Adolphus College   NA  30   <NA>       92
##                 Hampshire College   NA  NA  65574       NA
##                   Hendrix College   NA  32  58120       84
##                 Kalamazoo College 2010  30   <NA>       95
##                      Knox College   NA  29   <NA>       91
##                 Lafayette College 2060  31   <NA>       99
##               Lawrence University   NA  32  57273       93
##             Mount Holyoke College   NA  32  61206      100
##                Muhlenberg College 2010  31  62480       93
##                Occidental College 2100  31  69442      100
##                    Pitzer College   NA  32  68192      100
##                    Rhodes College   NA  31   <NA>       93
##                   Rollins College 1940  29   <NA>       77
##                Saint Olaf College 2110  31  56610       99
##            Sarah Lawrence College   NA  31  66690       91
##                  Skidmore College 2040  30   <NA>      100
##                     Smith College   NA  32  66605      100
##           Southwestern University   NA  29   <NA>       NA
##                St. John's College   NA  NA   <NA>       NA
##           St. Lawrence University   NA  32  57273       93
##   Trinity College of Hartford, CT   NA  31   <NA>      100
##                Trinity University   NA  31   <NA>       99
##  Union College of Schenectady, NY 2090  31   <NA>      100
##         University Of Puget Sound 2000  30   <NA>       75
##           University Of The South 1990  30   <NA>       95
##                  Westmont College 1960  29   <NA>       NA
##     Wheaton College of Norton, MA   NA  30   <NA>       94
##    Wheaton College of Wheaton, IL   NA  30   <NA>       94
##                   Wofford College 1800  29  55573       89

Highly Selective Public

##                                     name  sat act COA.IS need.met
##                    Binghamton University 2055  30              NA
##                       Clemson University 1950  31              NA
##                    Ohio State University 2040  31  25539       74
##                       Rutgers University 1980  NA 31,733       51
##                  SUNY College At Geneseo   NA  29              NA
##                      SUNY At Stony Brook 2000  30              NA
##                     Texas A&M University 1900  29  27208       73
##         University Of California, Irvine   NA  NA   <NA>       NA
##      University Of California, San Diego 2080  31  30286       86
##  University Of California, Santa Barbara 2000  29              NA
##                University Of Connecticut   NA  30  30002       60
##                    University Of Florida 2040  31  21251       99
##                    University Of Georgia 2000  30  25186       78
##            University Of Illinois System 2120  31  31046       68
##            University Of Maryland System 2100  NA  25744       78
##           University Of Minnesota System 2100  30  26719       78
##          University Of Pittsburgh System 2000  30              NA
##            University Of Texas At Austin 2060  31  26626       68
##            University Of Texas At Dallas   NA  31              NA
##           University Of Wisconsin System 2070  30  25294       76

Selective private schools

Selective private

##   [1] "Abilene Christian University"                    
##   [2] "Adelphi University"                              
##   [3] "Adrian College"                                  
##   [4] "Albertus Magnus College"                         
##   [5] "Alderson Broaddus University"                    
##   [6] "Alfred University"                               
##   [7] "Alvernia University"                             
##   [8] "Alverno College"                                 
##   [9] "American International College"                  
##  [10] "Anderson University of Anderson, IN"             
##  [11] "Andrews University"                              
##  [12] "Anna Maria College"                              
##  [13] "Aquinas College"                                 
##  [14] "Arcadia University"                              
##  [15] "Asbury College"                                  
##  [16] "Ashland University"                              
##  [17] "Assumption College"                              
##  [18] "Augsburg College"                                
##  [19] "Augustana College of Sioux Falls, SD"            
##  [20] "Aurora University"                               
##  [21] "Averett University"                              
##  [22] "Avila University"                                
##  [23] "Baker University"                                
##  [24] "Baldwin Wallace University"                      
##  [25] "Barry University"                                
##  [26] "Barton College"                                  
##  [27] "Bay Path College"                                
##  [28] "Becker College"                                  
##  [29] "Belhaven University"                             
##  [30] "Bellarmine University"                           
##  [31] "Bellevue University"                             
##  [32] "Belmont Abbey College"                           
##  [33] "Belmont University"                              
##  [34] "Benedict College"                                
##  [35] "Benedictine College"                             
##  [36] "Benedictine University"                          
##  [37] "Bennett College"                                 
##  [38] "Bethany College of Bethany, WV"                  
##  [39] "Bethany College of Lindsborg, KS"                
##  [40] "Bethel College"                                  
##  [41] "Bethel University of McKenzie, TN"               
##  [42] "Bethel University of Saint Paul, MN"             
##  [43] "Bethune Cookman University"                      
##  [44] "Biola University"                                
##  [45] "Blackburn University"                            
##  [46] "Bloomfield College"                              
##  [47] "Bluffton University"                             
##  [48] "Boricua College"                                 
##  [49] "Bradley University"                              
##  [50] "Brenau University"                               
##  [51] "Brewton Parker College"                          
##  [52] "Briar Cliff University"                          
##  [53] "Bridgewater College"                             
##  [54] "Brigham Young University"                        
##  [55] "Brigham Young University - Hawaii"               
##  [56] "Bryan College"                                   
##  [57] "Bryant University"                               
##  [58] "Buena Vista University"                          
##  [59] "Butler University"                               
##  [60] "Cabrini College"                                 
##  [61] "Cairn University"                                
##  [62] "Caldwell College"                                
##  [63] "California Baptist University"                   
##  [64] "California Lutheran University"                  
##  [65] "Campbell University"                             
##  [66] "Campbellsville University"                       
##  [67] "Capital University"                              
##  [68] "Cardinal Stritch University"                     
##  [69] "Carlow University"                               
##  [70] "Carroll University"                              
##  [71] "Carson - Newman University"                      
##  [72] "Catawba College"                                 
##  [73] "Catholic University Of America"                  
##  [74] "Cazenovia College"                               
##  [75] "Cedarville University"                           
##  [76] "Centenary College"                               
##  [77] "Central Methodist University"                    
##  [78] "Chaminade University Of Honolulu"                
##  [79] "Champlain College"                               
##  [80] "Charleston Southern University"                  
##  [81] "Chatham University"                              
##  [82] "Chestnut Hill College"                           
##  [83] "Christian Brothers University"                   
##  [84] "Claflin University"                              
##  [85] "Clark Atlanta University"                        
##  [86] "Clarke University"                               
##  [87] "Clarkson University"                             
##  [88] "Clearwater Christian College"                    
##  [89] "Coker College"                                   
##  [90] "Colby-Sawyer College"                            
##  [91] "College Of Mount Saint Joseph"                   
##  [92] "College Of New Rochelle"                         
##  [93] "College Of Our Lady Of The Elms"                 
##  [94] "College Of Saint Elizabeth"                      
##  [95] "College Of Saint Rose"                           
##  [96] "College Of The Ozarks"                           
##  [97] "Colorado Christian University"                   
##  [98] "Columbia College of Chicago, IL"                 
##  [99] "Columbia College of Columbia, MO"                
## [100] "Columbia College of Columbia, SC"                
## [101] "Concordia College - Moorhead"                    
## [102] "Concordia University - Saint Paul"               
## [103] "Concordia University - Wisconsin"                
## [104] "Concordia University Texas"                      
## [105] "Concordia University of Irvine, CA"              
## [106] "Concordia University of Portland, OR"            
## [107] "Concordia University of River Forest, IL"        
## [108] "Concordia University of Seward, NE"              
## [109] "Converse College"                                
## [110] "Corban University"                               
## [111] "Cornerstone University"                          
## [112] "Covenant College"                                
## [113] "Creighton University"                            
## [114] "Culver-Stockton College"                         
## [115] "Cumberland University"                           
## [116] "Curry College"                                   
## [117] "D'Youville College"                              
## [118] "Daemen College"                                  
## [119] "Dallas Baptist University"                       
## [120] "Davenport University"                            
## [121] "Davis & Elkins College"                          
## [122] "DeSales University"                              
## [123] "Defiance College"                                
## [124] "Delaware Valley College Of Science & Agriculture"
## [125] "Depaul University"                               
## [126] "Dillard University"                              
## [127] "Doane College"                                   
## [128] "Dominican College Of Blauvelt"                   
## [129] "Dominican University"                            
## [130] "Dominican University Of California"              
## [131] "Dowling College"                                 
## [132] "Drake University"                                
## [133] "Drury University"                                
## [134] "Duquesne University Of The Holy Spirit"          
## [135] "East Texas Baptist University"                   
## [136] "East West University"                            
## [137] "Eastern Mennonite University"                    
## [138] "Eastern Nazarene College"                        
## [139] "Eastern University"                              
## [140] "Edgewood College"                                
## [141] "Edward Waters College"                           
## [142] "Elmhurst College"                                
## [143] "Elmira College"                                  
## [144] "Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University"            
## [145] "Emmanuel College of Boston, MA"                  
## [146] "Emory & Henry College"                           
## [147] "Endicott College"                                
## [148] "Eureka College"                                  
## [149] "Evangel University"                              
## [150] "Fairfield University"                            
## [151] "Fairleigh Dickinson University"                  
## [152] "Faulkner University"                             
## [153] "Felician College"                                
## [154] "Ferrum College"                                  
## [155] "Fisk University"                                 
## [156] "Flagler College"                                 
## [157] "Florida Institute Of Technology"                 
## [158] "Florida Memorial University"                     
## [159] "Fontbonne University"                            
## [160] "Franciscan University Of Steubenville"           
## [161] "Franklin College Of Indiana"                     
## [162] "Franklin Pierce University"                      
## [163] "Freed Hardeman University"                       
## [164] "Friends University"                              
## [165] "Gannon University"                               
## [166] "Gardner - Webb University"                       
## [167] "George Fox University"                           
## [168] "Georgetown College"                              
## [169] "Georgian Court University"                       
## [170] "Goldey-Beacom College"                           
## [171] "Grace College And Theological Seminary"          
## [172] "Graceland University"                            
## [173] "Grand View University"                           
## [174] "Green Mountain College"                          
## [175] "Greensboro College"                              
## [176] "Greenville College"                              
## [177] "Gwynedd Mercy University"                        
## [178] "Hamline University"                              
## [179] "Hampden Sydney College"                          
## [180] "Hampton University"                              
## [181] "Hannibal - Lagrange University"                  
## [182] "Hardin-Simmons University"                       
## [183] "Harding University"                              
## [184] "Hastings College"                                
## [185] "Heidelberg University"                           
## [186] "High Point University"                           
## [187] "Hilbert College"                                 
## [188] "Hofstra University"                              
## [189] "Hollins University"                              
## [190] "Holy Family University"                          
## [191] "Houston Baptist University"                      
## [192] "Howard Payne University"                         
## [193] "Howard University"                               
## [194] "Huntingdon College"                              
## [195] "Huntington University"                           
## [196] "Husson University"                               
## [197] "Huston - Tillotson University"                   
## [198] "Illinois College"                                
## [199] "Immaculata University"                           
## [200] "Indiana Institute Of Technology"                 
## [201] "Iona College"                                    
## [202] "Ithaca College"                                  
## [203] "Jacksonville University"                         
## [204] "Jamestown College"                               
## [205] "Jarvis Christian College"                        
## [206] "John Brown University"                           
## [207] "John Carroll University"                         
## [208] "Johnson & Wales University"                      
## [209] "Johnson C Smith University"                      
## [210] "Judson University"                               
## [211] "Kentucky Christian University"                   
## [212] "Kentucky Wesleyan College"                       
## [213] "Keuka College"                                   
## [214] "Keystone College"                                
## [215] "King University"                                 
## [216] "King's College of Wilkes-Barre, PA"              
## [217] "La Roche College"                                
## [218] "La Salle University"                             
## [219] "La Sierra University"                            
## [220] "Lagrange College"                                
## [221] "Lake Erie College"                               
## [222] "Lakeland College"                                
## [223] "Lane College"                                    
## [224] "Lasell College"                                  
## [225] "Lawrence Technological University"               
## [226] "Lee University"                                  
## [227] "Lees-Mcrae College"                              
## [228] "Lemoyne - Owen College"                          
## [229] "Lenoir-Rhyne University"                         
## [230] "Lesley University"                               
## [231] "Letourneau University"                           
## [232] "Lewis University"                                
## [233] "Liberty University"                              
## [234] "Limestone College"                               
## [235] "Lincoln Memorial University"                     
## [236] "Lindenwood University"                           
## [237] "Lindsey Wilson College"                          
## [238] "Lipscomb University"                             
## [239] "Livingstone College"                             
## [240] "Long Island University System"                   
## [241] "Louisiana College"                               
## [242] "Lourdes University"                              
## [243] "Loyola Marymount University"                     
## [244] "Lubbock Christian University"                    
## [245] "Lynchburg College"                               
## [246] "Lynn University"                                 
## [247] "MCP Hahnemann And Drexel Universities"           
## [248] "MacMurray College"                               
## [249] "Madonna University"                              
## [250] "Malone University"                               
## [251] "Manchester University"                           
## [252] "Manhattanville College"                          
## [253] "Marian University of Fond Du Lac, WI"            
## [254] "Marian University of Indianapolis, IN"           
## [255] "Marietta College"                                
## [256] "Marist College"                                  
## [257] "Mars Hill University"                            
## [258] "Mary Baldwin College"                            
## [259] "Marymount University"                            
## [260] "Maryville College"                               
## [261] "Maryville University Of Saint Louis"             
## [262] "Marywood University"                             
## [263] "Master's College & Seminary"                     
## [264] "McKendree University"                            
## [265] "McMurry University"                              
## [266] "McPherson College"                               
## [267] "Medaille College"                                
## [268] "Mercer University"                               
## [269] "Mercy College"                                   
## [270] "Mercyhurst University"                           
## [271] "Meredith College"                                
## [272] "Merrimack College"                               
## [273] "Methodist University"                            
## [274] "Midamerica Nazarene University"                  
## [275] "Midland University"                              
## [276] "Miles College"                                   
## [277] "Milligan College"                                
## [278] "Millikin University"                             
## [279] "Misericordia  University"                        
## [280] "Missouri Baptist University"                     
## [281] "Missouri Valley College"                         
## [282] "Mitchell College"                                
## [283] "Molloy College"                                  
## [284] "Monmouth College"                                
## [285] "Monmouth University"                             
## [286] "Morningside College"                             
## [287] "Morris College"                                  
## [288] "Mount Aloysius College"                          
## [289] "Mount Ida College"                               
## [290] "Mount Marty College"                             
## [291] "Mount Mary University"                           
## [292] "Mount Mercy University"                          
## [293] "Mount Saint Mary College"                        
## [294] "Mount Saint Mary's University"                   
## [295] "Mount St. Mary's College"                        
## [296] "Mount Vernon Nazarene University"                
## [297] "Muskingum University"                            
## [298] "Neumann University"                              
## [299] "New England College"                             
## [300] "New York Institute Of Technology"                
## [301] "Newbury College"                                 
## [302] "Newman University"                               
## [303] "Niagara University"                              
## [304] "Nichols College"                                 
## [305] "North Carolina Wesleyan College"                 
## [306] "North Central University"                        
## [307] "North Park University"                           
## [308] "Northwest Nazarene University"                   
## [309] "Northwest University"                            
## [310] "Northwestern College of Orange City, IA"         
## [311] "Northwood University"                            
## [312] "Norwich University"                              
## [313] "Notre Dame College Of Ohio"                      
## [314] "Notre Dame Of Maryland University"               
## [315] "Nova Southeastern University"                    
## [316] "Nyack College"                                   
## [317] "Oakland City University"                         
## [318] "Oakwood University"                              
## [319] "Oglethorpe University"                           
## [320] "Ohio Dominican University"                       
## [321] "Ohio Northern University"                        
## [322] "Oklahoma Baptist University"                     
## [323] "Oklahoma Christian University"                   
## [324] "Oklahoma City University"                        
## [325] "Olivet College"                                  
## [326] "Olivet Nazarene University"                      
## [327] "Oral Roberts University"                         
## [328] "Otterbein University"                            
## [329] "Ouachita Baptist University"                     
## [330] "Our Lady Of Holy Cross College"                  
## [331] "Our Lady Of The Lake University"                 
## [332] "Pace University"                                 
## [333] "Pacific Lutheran University"                     
## [334] "Paine College"                                   
## [335] "Palm Beach Atlantic University"                  
## [336] "Park University"                                 
## [337] "Pfeiffer University"                             
## [338] "Philadelphia University"                         
## [339] "Piedmont College"                                
## [340] "Point Loma Nazarene University"                  
## [341] "Point Park University"                           
## [342] "Queens University Of Charlotte"                  
## [343] "Quincy University"                               
## [344] "Randolph - Macon College"                        
## [345] "Randolph College"                                
## [346] "Regis College"                                   
## [347] "Regis University"                                
## [348] "Reinhardt University"                            
## [349] "Rider University"                                
## [350] "Rivier University"                               
## [351] "Robert Morris University"                        
## [352] "Roberts Wesleyan College"                        
## [353] "Rochester Institute Of Technology"               
## [354] "Rockford University"                             
## [355] "Rockhurst University"                            
## [356] "Rocky Mountain College"                          
## [357] "Roger Williams University"                       
## [358] "Roosevelt University"                            
## [359] "Rust College"                                    
## [360] "Sacred Heart University"                         
## [361] "Sage Colleges"                                   
## [362] "Saint Ambrose University"                        
## [363] "Saint Augustine's University"                    
## [364] "Saint Francis College"                           
## [365] "Saint Francis University"                        
## [366] "Saint John's University of Collegeville, MN"     
## [367] "Saint John's University of Queens, NY"           
## [368] "Saint Joseph's College of Brooklyn, NY"          
## [369] "Saint Joseph's College of Rensselaer, IN"        
## [370] "Saint Joseph's College of Standish, ME"          
## [371] "Saint Joseph's University"                       
## [372] "Saint Leo University"                            
## [373] "Saint Louis University"                          
## [374] "Saint Martin's University"                       
## [375] "Saint Mary's College"                            
## [376] "Saint Mary's College Of California"              
## [377] "Saint Mary's University"                         
## [378] "Saint Mary's University Of Minnesota"            
## [379] "Saint Peter's University"                        
## [380] "Saint Thomas Aquinas College"                    
## [381] "Saint Thomas University"                         
## [382] "Saint Xavier University"                         
## [383] "Salem College"                                   
## [384] "Salve Regina University"                         
## [385] "Samford University"                              
## [386] "Schreiner University"                            
## [387] "Seattle University"                              
## [388] "Seton Hall University"                           
## [389] "Seton Hill University"                           
## [390] "Shaw University"                                 
## [391] "Shenandoah University"                           
## [392] "Shorter University"                              
## [393] "Siena Heights University"                        
## [394] "Simpson College"                                 
## [395] "Simpson University"                              
## [396] "Southeastern University"                         
## [397] "Southern Adventist University"                   
## [398] "Southern Nazarene University"                    
## [399] "Southern New Hampshire University"               
## [400] "Southwest Baptist University"                    
## [401] "Southwestern Adventist University"               
## [402] "Southwestern College"                            
## [403] "Spring Arbor University"                         
## [404] "Spring Hill College"                             
## [405] "St. Bonaventure University"                      
## [406] "St. Catherine University"                        
## [407] "St. Edward's University"                         
## [408] "Stephens College"                                
## [409] "Sterling College"                                
## [410] "Stetson University"                              
## [411] "Stevenson University"                            
## [412] "Stillman College"                                
## [413] "Suffolk University"                              
## [414] "Susquehanna University"                          
## [415] "Sweet Briar College"                             
## [416] "Tabor College"                                   
## [417] "Talladega College"                               
## [418] "Taylor University"                               
## [419] "Tennessee Wesleyan College"                      
## [420] "Texas Lutheran University"                       
## [421] "Thiel College"                                   
## [422] "Thomas College"                                  
## [423] "Thomas More College"                             
## [424] "Tiffin University"                               
## [425] "Toccoa Falls College"                            
## [426] "Touro College"                                   
## [427] "Transylvania University"                         
## [428] "Trevecca Nazarene University"                    
## [429] "Trine University"                                
## [430] "Trinity Christian College"                       
## [431] "Trinity International University"                
## [432] "Tusculum College"                                
## [433] "Tuskegee University"                             
## [434] "Union University"                                
## [435] "Unity College"                                   
## [436] "University Of Bridgeport"                        
## [437] "University Of Charleston"                        
## [438] "University Of Dayton"                            
## [439] "University Of Denver"                            
## [440] "University Of Detroit Mercy"                     
## [441] "University Of Dubuque"                           
## [442] "University Of Evansville"                        
## [443] "University Of Findlay"                           
## [444] "University Of Hartford"                          
## [445] "University Of Indianapolis"                      
## [446] "University Of La Verne"                          
## [447] "University Of Mary"                              
## [448] "University Of Mary Hardin-Baylor"                
## [449] "University Of Mobile"                            
## [450] "University Of Mount Olive"                       
## [451] "University Of Mount Union"                       
## [452] "University Of New England"                       
## [453] "University Of New Haven"                         
## [454] "University Of Northwestern- St Paul"             
## [455] "University Of Pikeville"                         
## [456] "University Of Portland"                          
## [457] "University Of Redlands"                          
## [458] "University Of Rio Grande"                        
## [459] "University Of Saint Francis of Fort Wayne, IN"   
## [460] "University Of Saint Francis of Joliet, IL"       
## [461] "University Of Saint Joseph"                      
## [462] "University Of Saint Thomas of Houston, TX"       
## [463] "University Of Saint Thomas of Saint Paul, MN"    
## [464] "University Of San Francisco"                     
## [465] "University Of Scranton"                          
## [466] "University Of Sioux Falls"                       
## [467] "University Of Tampa"                             
## [468] "University Of The Cumberlands"                   
## [469] "University Of The Incarnate Word"                
## [470] "University Of The Ozarks"                        
## [471] "University Of The Pacific"                       
## [472] "University Of The Sciences In Philadelphia"      
## [473] "Upper Iowa University"                           
## [474] "Urbana University"                               
## [475] "Ursuline College"                                
## [476] "Utica College"                                   
## [477] "Valparaiso University"                           
## [478] "Vanguard University Of Southern California"      
## [479] "Virginia Union University"                       
## [480] "Virginia Wesleyan College"                       
## [481] "Viterbo University"                              
## [482] "Wagner College"                                  
## [483] "Walla Walla University"                          
## [484] "Walsh University"                                
## [485] "Warner University"                               
## [486] "Warren Wilson College"                           
## [487] "Washington Adventist University"                 
## [488] "Wayland Baptist University"                      
## [489] "Waynesburg University"                           
## [490] "Webber International University"                 
## [491] "Webster University"                              
## [492] "Wells College"                                   
## [493] "Wentworth Institute Of Technology"               
## [494] "Wesley College"                                  
## [495] "West Virginia Wesleyan College"                  
## [496] "Western New England University"                  
## [497] "Westminster College of Fulton, MO"               
## [498] "Westminster College of New Wilmington, PA"       
## [499] "Westminster College of Salt Lake City, UT"       
## [500] "Wheeling Jesuit University"                      
## [501] "Wheelock College"                                
## [502] "Whitworth University"                            
## [503] "Widener University"                              
## [504] "Wiley College"                                   
## [505] "Wilkes University"                               
## [506] "William Carey University"                        
## [507] "William Penn University"                         
## [508] "William Woods University"                        
## [509] "Williams Baptist College"                        
## [510] "Wilmington College"                              
## [511] "Wilmington University"                           
## [512] "Wingate University"                              
## [513] "Wisconsin Lutheran College"                      
## [514] "Wittenberg University"                           
## [515] "Woodbury University"                             
## [516] "Xavier University"                               
## [517] "Xavier University Of Louisiana"                  
## [518] "Yeshiva University"                              
## [519] "York College Of Pennsylvania"

Selective LAC

##   [1] "Albion College"                                      
##   [2] "Albright College"                                    
##   [3] "Allegheny College"                                   
##   [4] "Alma College"                                        
##   [5] "Azusa Pacific University"                            
##   [6] "Berry College"                                       
##   [7] "Birmingham Southern College"                         
##   [8] "Calvin College"                                      
##   [9] "Canisius College"                                    
##  [10] "Carroll College"                                     
##  [11] "Carthage College"                                    
##  [12] "Cedar Crest College"                                 
##  [13] "Centenary College Of Louisiana"                      
##  [14] "Central College"                                     
##  [15] "Coe College"                                         
##  [16] "College Of Idaho"                                    
##  [17] "College Of Mount Saint Vincent And Manhattan College"
##  [18] "College Of Saint Benedict"                           
##  [19] "College Of Saint Scholastica"                        
##  [20] "College Of Wooster"                                  
##  [21] "Cornell College"                                     
##  [22] "Dakota Wesleyan University"                          
##  [23] "DePauw University"                                   
##  [24] "Dordt College"                                       
##  [25] "Drew University"                                     
##  [26] "Earlham College"                                     
##  [27] "Eckerd College"                                      
##  [28] "Elizabethtown College"                               
##  [29] "Erskine College"                                     
##  [30] "Florida Southern College"                            
##  [31] "Fresno Pacific University"                           
##  [32] "Geneva College"                                      
##  [33] "Gordon College"                                      
##  [34] "Goshen College"                                      
##  [35] "Goucher College"                                     
##  [36] "Guilford College"                                    
##  [37] "Hanover College"                                     
##  [38] "Hartwick College"                                    
##  [39] "Hawaii Pacific University"                           
##  [40] "Hiram College"                                       
##  [41] "Hobart And William Smith Colleges"                   
##  [42] "Hood College"                                        
##  [43] "Hope College"                                        
##  [44] "Houghton College"                                    
##  [45] "Indiana Wesleyan University"                         
##  [46] "Juniata College"                                     
##  [47] "Kansas Wesleyan University"                          
##  [48] "Lake Forest College"                                 
##  [49] "Le Moyne College"                                    
##  [50] "Lebanon Valley College"                              
##  [51] "Lewis & Clark College"                               
##  [52] "Linfield College"                                    
##  [53] "Loras College"                                       
##  [54] "Luther College"                                      
##  [55] "Lycoming College"                                    
##  [56] "Marymount Manhattan College"                         
##  [57] "McDaniel College"                                    
##  [58] "Messiah College"                                     
##  [59] "Mills College"                                       
##  [60] "Millsaps College"                                    
##  [61] "Mississippi College"                                 
##  [62] "Moravian College"                                    
##  [63] "Morehouse College"                                   
##  [64] "Nazareth College Of Rochester"                       
##  [65] "Nebraska Wesleyan University"                        
##  [66] "Newberry College"                                    
##  [67] "North Central College"                               
##  [68] "Northland College"                                   
##  [69] "Ohio Wesleyan University"                            
##  [70] "Pacific Union College"                               
##  [71] "Pacific University"                                  
##  [72] "Philander Smith College"                             
##  [73] "Presbyterian College"                                
##  [74] "Ripon College"                                       
##  [75] "Roanoke College"                                     
##  [76] "Saint Anselm College"                                
##  [77] "Saint John Fisher College"                           
##  [78] "Saint Michael's College"                             
##  [79] "Saint Norbert College"                               
##  [80] "Saint Vincent College & Seminary"                    
##  [81] "Seattle Pacific University"                          
##  [82] "Siena College"                                       
##  [83] "Simmons College"                                     
##  [84] "Southern Wesleyan University"                        
##  [85] "Spelman College"                                     
##  [86] "Springfield College"                                 
##  [87] "Stonehill College"                                   
##  [88] "Texas Wesleyan University"                           
##  [89] "Tougaloo College"                                    
##  [90] "Trinity College of Washington, DC"                   
##  [91] "Union College of Barbourville, KY"                   
##  [92] "Union College of Lincoln, NE"                        
##  [93] "University Of Dallas"                                
##  [94] "Ursinus College"                                     
##  [95] "Wabash College"                                      
##  [96] "Wartburg College"                                    
##  [97] "Washington And Jefferson College"                    
##  [98] "Washington College"                                  
##  [99] "Whittier College"                                    
## [100] "Willamette University"                               
## [101] "William Jewell College"

Selective Technical

Selective public technical

## [1] "Colorado School Of Mines"                         
## [2] "Georgia Institute Of Technology"                  
## [3] "New Mexico Institute Of Mining & Technology"      
## [4] "Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University"

Selective private technical

## [1] "Babson College"                       
## [2] "Bentley University"                   
## [3] "Illinois Institute Of Technology"     
## [4] "Kettering University"                 
## [5] "Milwaukee School Of Engineering"      
## [6] "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute"     
## [7] "Rose - Hulman Institute Of Technology"
## [8] "Stevens Institute Of Technology"      
## [9] "Worcester Polytechnic Institute"