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The data set has been downloaded using the following command:
The output of the messey dataset is as follows:
## religion <$10k $10-20k $20-30k $30-40k $40-50k $50-75k
## 1 Agnostic 27 34 60 81 76 137
## 2 Atheist 12 27 37 52 35 70
## 3 Buddhist 27 21 30 34 33 58
## 4 Catholic 418 617 732 670 638 1116
## 5 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused 15 14 15 11 10 35
## 6 Evangelical Prot 575 869 1064 982 881 1486
## 7 Hindu 1 9 7 9 11 34
## 8 Historically Black Prot 228 244 236 238 197 223
## 9 Jehovah's Witness 20 27 24 24 21 30
## 10 Jewish 19 19 25 25 30 95
## 11 Mainline Prot 289 495 619 655 651 1107
## 12 Mormon 29 40 48 51 56 112
## 13 Muslim 6 7 9 10 9 23
## 14 Orthodox 13 17 23 32 32 47
## 15 Other Christian 9 7 11 13 13 14
## 16 Other Faiths 20 33 40 46 49 63
## 17 Other World Religions 5 2 3 4 2 7
## 18 Unaffiliated 217 299 374 365 341 528
## $75-100k $100-150k >150k Don't know/refused
## 1 122 109 84 96
## 2 73 59 74 76
## 3 62 39 53 54
## 4 949 792 633 1489
## 5 21 17 18 116
## 6 949 723 414 1529
## 7 47 48 54 37
## 8 131 81 78 339
## 9 15 11 6 37
## 10 69 87 151 162
## 11 939 753 634 1328
## 12 85 49 42 69
## 13 16 8 6 22
## 14 38 42 46 73
## 15 18 14 12 18
## 16 46 40 41 71
## 17 3 4 4 8
## 18 407 321 258 597Coloumn values <$10k, $10-20k, $20-30k, $30-40k, $40-50k, $50-75k, $75-100k, $100-150k are actually varibles representing frequency of people in a religion having a certain income range.
The values in each coloumn represents the frequency in a income range associated with a religion. Hence we have <$10k, $10-20k, $20-30k, $30-40k, $40-50k, $50-75k, $75-100k, $100-150k as coloumn headers instead of variable names.
We use the gather() function to turn <$10k, $10-20k, $20-30k, $30-40k, $40-50k, $50-75k, $75-100k, $100-150k into key values
The output of the tidy dataset is as follows:
## religion income frequency
## 1 Agnostic <$10k 27
## 2 Atheist <$10k 12
## 3 Buddhist <$10k 27
## 4 Catholic <$10k 418
## 5 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused <$10k 15
## 6 Evangelical Prot <$10k 575
## 7 Hindu <$10k 1
## 8 Historically Black Prot <$10k 228
## 9 Jehovah's Witness <$10k 20
## 10 Jewish <$10k 19
## 11 Mainline Prot <$10k 289
## 12 Mormon <$10k 29
## 13 Muslim <$10k 6
## 14 Orthodox <$10k 13
## 15 Other Christian <$10k 9
## 16 Other Faiths <$10k 20
## 17 Other World Religions <$10k 5
## 18 Unaffiliated <$10k 217
## 19 Agnostic $10-20k 34
## 20 Atheist $10-20k 27
## 21 Buddhist $10-20k 21
## 22 Catholic $10-20k 617
## 23 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $10-20k 14
## 24 Evangelical Prot $10-20k 869
## 25 Hindu $10-20k 9
## 26 Historically Black Prot $10-20k 244
## 27 Jehovah's Witness $10-20k 27
## 28 Jewish $10-20k 19
## 29 Mainline Prot $10-20k 495
## 30 Mormon $10-20k 40
## 31 Muslim $10-20k 7
## 32 Orthodox $10-20k 17
## 33 Other Christian $10-20k 7
## 34 Other Faiths $10-20k 33
## 35 Other World Religions $10-20k 2
## 36 Unaffiliated $10-20k 299
## 37 Agnostic $20-30k 60
## 38 Atheist $20-30k 37
## 39 Buddhist $20-30k 30
## 40 Catholic $20-30k 732
## 41 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $20-30k 15
## 42 Evangelical Prot $20-30k 1064
## 43 Hindu $20-30k 7
## 44 Historically Black Prot $20-30k 236
## 45 Jehovah's Witness $20-30k 24
## 46 Jewish $20-30k 25
## 47 Mainline Prot $20-30k 619
## 48 Mormon $20-30k 48
## 49 Muslim $20-30k 9
## 50 Orthodox $20-30k 23
## 51 Other Christian $20-30k 11
## 52 Other Faiths $20-30k 40
## 53 Other World Religions $20-30k 3
## 54 Unaffiliated $20-30k 374
## 55 Agnostic $30-40k 81
## 56 Atheist $30-40k 52
## 57 Buddhist $30-40k 34
## 58 Catholic $30-40k 670
## 59 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $30-40k 11
## 60 Evangelical Prot $30-40k 982
## 61 Hindu $30-40k 9
## 62 Historically Black Prot $30-40k 238
## 63 Jehovah's Witness $30-40k 24
## 64 Jewish $30-40k 25
## 65 Mainline Prot $30-40k 655
## 66 Mormon $30-40k 51
## 67 Muslim $30-40k 10
## 68 Orthodox $30-40k 32
## 69 Other Christian $30-40k 13
## 70 Other Faiths $30-40k 46
## 71 Other World Religions $30-40k 4
## 72 Unaffiliated $30-40k 365
## 73 Agnostic $40-50k 76
## 74 Atheist $40-50k 35
## 75 Buddhist $40-50k 33
## 76 Catholic $40-50k 638
## 77 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $40-50k 10
## 78 Evangelical Prot $40-50k 881
## 79 Hindu $40-50k 11
## 80 Historically Black Prot $40-50k 197
## 81 Jehovah's Witness $40-50k 21
## 82 Jewish $40-50k 30
## 83 Mainline Prot $40-50k 651
## 84 Mormon $40-50k 56
## 85 Muslim $40-50k 9
## 86 Orthodox $40-50k 32
## 87 Other Christian $40-50k 13
## 88 Other Faiths $40-50k 49
## 89 Other World Religions $40-50k 2
## 90 Unaffiliated $40-50k 341
## 91 Agnostic $50-75k 137
## 92 Atheist $50-75k 70
## 93 Buddhist $50-75k 58
## 94 Catholic $50-75k 1116
## 95 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $50-75k 35
## 96 Evangelical Prot $50-75k 1486
## 97 Hindu $50-75k 34
## 98 Historically Black Prot $50-75k 223
## 99 Jehovah's Witness $50-75k 30
## 100 Jewish $50-75k 95
## 101 Mainline Prot $50-75k 1107
## 102 Mormon $50-75k 112
## 103 Muslim $50-75k 23
## 104 Orthodox $50-75k 47
## 105 Other Christian $50-75k 14
## 106 Other Faiths $50-75k 63
## 107 Other World Religions $50-75k 7
## 108 Unaffiliated $50-75k 528
## 109 Agnostic $75-100k 122
## 110 Atheist $75-100k 73
## 111 Buddhist $75-100k 62
## 112 Catholic $75-100k 949
## 113 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $75-100k 21
## 114 Evangelical Prot $75-100k 949
## 115 Hindu $75-100k 47
## 116 Historically Black Prot $75-100k 131
## 117 Jehovah's Witness $75-100k 15
## 118 Jewish $75-100k 69
## 119 Mainline Prot $75-100k 939
## 120 Mormon $75-100k 85
## 121 Muslim $75-100k 16
## 122 Orthodox $75-100k 38
## 123 Other Christian $75-100k 18
## 124 Other Faiths $75-100k 46
## 125 Other World Religions $75-100k 3
## 126 Unaffiliated $75-100k 407
## 127 Agnostic $100-150k 109
## 128 Atheist $100-150k 59
## 129 Buddhist $100-150k 39
## 130 Catholic $100-150k 792
## 131 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $100-150k 17
## 132 Evangelical Prot $100-150k 723
## 133 Hindu $100-150k 48
## 134 Historically Black Prot $100-150k 81
## 135 Jehovah's Witness $100-150k 11
## 136 Jewish $100-150k 87
## 137 Mainline Prot $100-150k 753
## 138 Mormon $100-150k 49
## 139 Muslim $100-150k 8
## 140 Orthodox $100-150k 42
## 141 Other Christian $100-150k 14
## 142 Other Faiths $100-150k 40
## 143 Other World Religions $100-150k 4
## 144 Unaffiliated $100-150k 321
## 145 Agnostic >150k 84
## 146 Atheist >150k 74
## 147 Buddhist >150k 53
## 148 Catholic >150k 633
## 149 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused >150k 18
## 150 Evangelical Prot >150k 414
## 151 Hindu >150k 54
## 152 Historically Black Prot >150k 78
## 153 Jehovah's Witness >150k 6
## 154 Jewish >150k 151
## 155 Mainline Prot >150k 634
## 156 Mormon >150k 42
## 157 Muslim >150k 6
## 158 Orthodox >150k 46
## 159 Other Christian >150k 12
## 160 Other Faiths >150k 41
## 161 Other World Religions >150k 4
## 162 Unaffiliated >150k 258
## 163 Agnostic Don't know/refused 96
## 164 Atheist Don't know/refused 76
## 165 Buddhist Don't know/refused 54
## 166 Catholic Don't know/refused 1489
## 167 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused Don't know/refused 116
## 168 Evangelical Prot Don't know/refused 1529
## 169 Hindu Don't know/refused 37
## 170 Historically Black Prot Don't know/refused 339
## 171 Jehovah's Witness Don't know/refused 37
## 172 Jewish Don't know/refused 162
## 173 Mainline Prot Don't know/refused 1328
## 174 Mormon Don't know/refused 69
## 175 Muslim Don't know/refused 22
## 176 Orthodox Don't know/refused 73
## 177 Other Christian Don't know/refused 18
## 178 Other Faiths Don't know/refused 71
## 179 Other World Religions Don't know/refused 8
## 180 Unaffiliated Don't know/refused 597
Alternatively we can perform as the code below:
## religion income frequency
## 1 Agnostic <$10k 27
## 2 Atheist <$10k 12
## 3 Buddhist <$10k 27
## 4 Catholic <$10k 418
## 5 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused <$10k 15
## 6 Evangelical Prot <$10k 575
## 7 Hindu <$10k 1
## 8 Historically Black Prot <$10k 228
## 9 Jehovah's Witness <$10k 20
## 10 Jewish <$10k 19
## 11 Mainline Prot <$10k 289
## 12 Mormon <$10k 29
## 13 Muslim <$10k 6
## 14 Orthodox <$10k 13
## 15 Other Christian <$10k 9
## 16 Other Faiths <$10k 20
## 17 Other World Religions <$10k 5
## 18 Unaffiliated <$10k 217
## 19 Agnostic $10-20k 34
## 20 Atheist $10-20k 27
## 21 Buddhist $10-20k 21
## 22 Catholic $10-20k 617
## 23 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $10-20k 14
## 24 Evangelical Prot $10-20k 869
## 25 Hindu $10-20k 9
## 26 Historically Black Prot $10-20k 244
## 27 Jehovah's Witness $10-20k 27
## 28 Jewish $10-20k 19
## 29 Mainline Prot $10-20k 495
## 30 Mormon $10-20k 40
## 31 Muslim $10-20k 7
## 32 Orthodox $10-20k 17
## 33 Other Christian $10-20k 7
## 34 Other Faiths $10-20k 33
## 35 Other World Religions $10-20k 2
## 36 Unaffiliated $10-20k 299
## 37 Agnostic $20-30k 60
## 38 Atheist $20-30k 37
## 39 Buddhist $20-30k 30
## 40 Catholic $20-30k 732
## 41 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $20-30k 15
## 42 Evangelical Prot $20-30k 1064
## 43 Hindu $20-30k 7
## 44 Historically Black Prot $20-30k 236
## 45 Jehovah's Witness $20-30k 24
## 46 Jewish $20-30k 25
## 47 Mainline Prot $20-30k 619
## 48 Mormon $20-30k 48
## 49 Muslim $20-30k 9
## 50 Orthodox $20-30k 23
## 51 Other Christian $20-30k 11
## 52 Other Faiths $20-30k 40
## 53 Other World Religions $20-30k 3
## 54 Unaffiliated $20-30k 374
## 55 Agnostic $30-40k 81
## 56 Atheist $30-40k 52
## 57 Buddhist $30-40k 34
## 58 Catholic $30-40k 670
## 59 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $30-40k 11
## 60 Evangelical Prot $30-40k 982
## 61 Hindu $30-40k 9
## 62 Historically Black Prot $30-40k 238
## 63 Jehovah's Witness $30-40k 24
## 64 Jewish $30-40k 25
## 65 Mainline Prot $30-40k 655
## 66 Mormon $30-40k 51
## 67 Muslim $30-40k 10
## 68 Orthodox $30-40k 32
## 69 Other Christian $30-40k 13
## 70 Other Faiths $30-40k 46
## 71 Other World Religions $30-40k 4
## 72 Unaffiliated $30-40k 365
## 73 Agnostic $40-50k 76
## 74 Atheist $40-50k 35
## 75 Buddhist $40-50k 33
## 76 Catholic $40-50k 638
## 77 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $40-50k 10
## 78 Evangelical Prot $40-50k 881
## 79 Hindu $40-50k 11
## 80 Historically Black Prot $40-50k 197
## 81 Jehovah's Witness $40-50k 21
## 82 Jewish $40-50k 30
## 83 Mainline Prot $40-50k 651
## 84 Mormon $40-50k 56
## 85 Muslim $40-50k 9
## 86 Orthodox $40-50k 32
## 87 Other Christian $40-50k 13
## 88 Other Faiths $40-50k 49
## 89 Other World Religions $40-50k 2
## 90 Unaffiliated $40-50k 341
## 91 Agnostic $50-75k 137
## 92 Atheist $50-75k 70
## 93 Buddhist $50-75k 58
## 94 Catholic $50-75k 1116
## 95 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $50-75k 35
## 96 Evangelical Prot $50-75k 1486
## 97 Hindu $50-75k 34
## 98 Historically Black Prot $50-75k 223
## 99 Jehovah's Witness $50-75k 30
## 100 Jewish $50-75k 95
## 101 Mainline Prot $50-75k 1107
## 102 Mormon $50-75k 112
## 103 Muslim $50-75k 23
## 104 Orthodox $50-75k 47
## 105 Other Christian $50-75k 14
## 106 Other Faiths $50-75k 63
## 107 Other World Religions $50-75k 7
## 108 Unaffiliated $50-75k 528
## 109 Agnostic $75-100k 122
## 110 Atheist $75-100k 73
## 111 Buddhist $75-100k 62
## 112 Catholic $75-100k 949
## 113 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $75-100k 21
## 114 Evangelical Prot $75-100k 949
## 115 Hindu $75-100k 47
## 116 Historically Black Prot $75-100k 131
## 117 Jehovah's Witness $75-100k 15
## 118 Jewish $75-100k 69
## 119 Mainline Prot $75-100k 939
## 120 Mormon $75-100k 85
## 121 Muslim $75-100k 16
## 122 Orthodox $75-100k 38
## 123 Other Christian $75-100k 18
## 124 Other Faiths $75-100k 46
## 125 Other World Religions $75-100k 3
## 126 Unaffiliated $75-100k 407
## 127 Agnostic $100-150k 109
## 128 Atheist $100-150k 59
## 129 Buddhist $100-150k 39
## 130 Catholic $100-150k 792
## 131 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused $100-150k 17
## 132 Evangelical Prot $100-150k 723
## 133 Hindu $100-150k 48
## 134 Historically Black Prot $100-150k 81
## 135 Jehovah's Witness $100-150k 11
## 136 Jewish $100-150k 87
## 137 Mainline Prot $100-150k 753
## 138 Mormon $100-150k 49
## 139 Muslim $100-150k 8
## 140 Orthodox $100-150k 42
## 141 Other Christian $100-150k 14
## 142 Other Faiths $100-150k 40
## 143 Other World Religions $100-150k 4
## 144 Unaffiliated $100-150k 321
## 145 Agnostic >150k 84
## 146 Atheist >150k 74
## 147 Buddhist >150k 53
## 148 Catholic >150k 633
## 149 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused >150k 18
## 150 Evangelical Prot >150k 414
## 151 Hindu >150k 54
## 152 Historically Black Prot >150k 78
## 153 Jehovah's Witness >150k 6
## 154 Jewish >150k 151
## 155 Mainline Prot >150k 634
## 156 Mormon >150k 42
## 157 Muslim >150k 6
## 158 Orthodox >150k 46
## 159 Other Christian >150k 12
## 160 Other Faiths >150k 41
## 161 Other World Religions >150k 4
## 162 Unaffiliated >150k 258
## 163 Agnostic Don't know/refused 96
## 164 Atheist Don't know/refused 76
## 165 Buddhist Don't know/refused 54
## 166 Catholic Don't know/refused 1489
## 167 Donâ<U+0080><U+0099>t know/refused Don't know/refused 116
## 168 Evangelical Prot Don't know/refused 1529
## 169 Hindu Don't know/refused 37
## 170 Historically Black Prot Don't know/refused 339
## 171 Jehovah's Witness Don't know/refused 37
## 172 Jewish Don't know/refused 162
## 173 Mainline Prot Don't know/refused 1328
## 174 Mormon Don't know/refused 69
## 175 Muslim Don't know/refused 22
## 176 Orthodox Don't know/refused 73
## 177 Other Christian Don't know/refused 18
## 178 Other Faiths Don't know/refused 71
## 179 Other World Religions Don't know/refused 8
## 180 Unaffiliated Don't know/refused 597