1.) Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information (data) to draw conclusions or answer questions. It also involves establishing a measure of confidence in conclusions drawn.
3.) An individual is a person or object that is a member of the population being studied.
5.) A statistic is a numerical summary of a sample.
7.) Parameter. The set of individuals referenced consists of all US governors that existed following the 2014 midterm election, rather than a sub-set of them. They therefore comprise a population, not a sample.
9.) Statistic. The set of individuals referenced consists of 1300 high school students, which is a sub-set of all high school students that existed at the time of the study. They therefore comprise a sample, not a population.
11.) Parameter. The data referenced consist of every swing in Ty Cobb’s career, not just some of his swings. They therefore comprise a population, not a sample.
13.) Statistic. The individuals referenced consist of 6,607 adults in the cities mentioned, which is a sub-set of residents of those cities, not all them. They therefore comprise a sample, not a population.
15.) Qualitative.
17.) Quantitative.
19.) Quantitative.
21.) Qualitative.
23.) Discrete.
25.) Continuous.
27.) Continuous.
29.) Discrete.
39.) Population = All teenagers between 13 and 17 years old living in the US at the time of the study. Sample = The 1028 teenagers surveyed for the study.
40.) Population = All Coca-Cola bottles filled by the filling machine on October 15th. Sample = The 50 bottles selected for assessment.
41.) Population = All soybeans in the farm’s crop. Sample = The soybeans taken from the 100 plants for weighing.
42.) Population = All households in the U.S. at the time of a given survey. Sample = The 50,000 households surveyed for a given year’s study.
13.) Observational.
14.) Experiment.
15.) Experiment.
16.) Observational.
17.)
a) This is a cohort study, because the 1,739 individuals are studied over a
period of 10 years. A cross-sectional study would have examined
information from a specific point in time instead of a 10-year range. A
case-control study would have been retrospective, asking individuals to
provide information about a 10-year period that had already passed, instead
of collecting information from participants over the course of an ongoing
10-year period.
b) Heart disease is the response variable, while level of happiness is the
explanatory variable, because researchers are attempting to determine
whether happiness level affects heart disease.
c) The researchers are stating that a factor like genetics could affect
both the explanatory variable (level of happiness) and the response
variable (heart disease); that is, one's genetics might predispose him
to be happier and at lower risk of heart disease. Because genetic data
were not collected as part of the study, genetics are a lurking variable.
Had genetic data been gathered as part of the study, genetics might have
been considered a confounding--rather than lurking--variable.