Nested Anova

# Load the workspace with the imported and prepared data
# data have been summarised previously, checked for normality, and if needed transformed

load("~/AgFace/Plant_Production/Environment_comparison/CO2_TOS_Irrigation_Cultivar_nested/Nested_design.RData")

Setting up a split-split-plot design for each of the physical experimental designs in 2007 and 2008/2009 * Rings are split for TOS in 2007 * Rings are split for irrigation in 2008/2009

# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++===
# Nested AOV model
# 2007   aov(trans_value ~ CO2 * Irrigation * TOS * Cultivar + 
#           Error(RingID / TOS)
# 2008/9 aov(trans_value ~ CO2 * Irrigation * TOS * Cultivar + 
#           Error(RingID / Irrigation)
# ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++===

# The dataframe "yj.homogeneous" has the homogeneous data for yitpi and janz
# The vector "trans_value" holds the measured data, or in case the measured dta mere not normally distributed, it holds the transformed data. (Box-Cox transformation not shown)
# Create a small test data frame
# only yield data, for the year 2009
small.testdf <- yj.homogeneous[yj.homogeneous$Year == 2009 &
                               yj.homogeneous$TrialID == "Horsham" &
                               yj.homogeneous$Stage == "DC90" &
                               yj.homogeneous$variable == "Yield..g.m2.", ]

# show the data
small.testdf
##       TrialID Year RingID  CO2 Irrigation  TOS Cultivar Stage     variable
## 45519 Horsham 2009      1 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45534 Horsham 2009      1 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45567 Horsham 2009      1 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45591 Horsham 2009      1 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45630 Horsham 2009      2 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45663 Horsham 2009      2 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45693 Horsham 2009      2 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45708 Horsham 2009      2 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45735 Horsham 2009      3 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45750 Horsham 2009      3 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45801 Horsham 2009      3 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45807 Horsham 2009      3 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45846 Horsham 2009      4 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45855 Horsham 2009      4 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45912 Horsham 2009      4 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45924 Horsham 2009      4 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45939 Horsham 2009      5 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45942 Horsham 2009      5 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45945 Horsham 2009      5 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45948 Horsham 2009      5 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45951 Horsham 2009      6 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45954 Horsham 2009      6 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45957 Horsham 2009      6 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45960 Horsham 2009      6 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45963 Horsham 2009      7 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45966 Horsham 2009      7 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45969 Horsham 2009      7 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45972 Horsham 2009      7 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45975 Horsham 2009      8 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45978 Horsham 2009      8 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45981 Horsham 2009      8 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45984 Horsham 2009      8 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45987 Horsham 2009      9 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45990 Horsham 2009      9 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45993 Horsham 2009      9 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45996 Horsham 2009      9 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45999 Horsham 2009     10 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46002 Horsham 2009     10 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46005 Horsham 2009     10 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46008 Horsham 2009     10 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46011 Horsham 2009     11 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46014 Horsham 2009     11 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46017 Horsham 2009     11 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46020 Horsham 2009     11 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46023 Horsham 2009     12 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46026 Horsham 2009     12 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46029 Horsham 2009     12 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46032 Horsham 2009     12 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46035 Horsham 2009     13 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46038 Horsham 2009     13 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46041 Horsham 2009     13 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46044 Horsham 2009     13 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46047 Horsham 2009     14 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46050 Horsham 2009     14 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46053 Horsham 2009     14 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46056 Horsham 2009     14 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46059 Horsham 2009     15 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46062 Horsham 2009     15 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46065 Horsham 2009     15 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46068 Horsham 2009     15 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46071 Horsham 2009     16 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46074 Horsham 2009     16 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46077 Horsham 2009     16 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 46080 Horsham 2009     16 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
##        value trans_value
## 45519 140.90      140.90
## 45534 185.04      185.04
## 45567 114.72      114.72
## 45591 173.01      173.01
## 45630 222.41      222.41
## 45663 247.95      247.95
## 45693 378.00      378.00
## 45708 363.94      363.94
## 45735 283.65      283.65
## 45750 398.44      398.44
## 45801 200.90      200.90
## 45807 233.26      233.26
## 45846 264.00      264.00
## 45855 299.54      299.54
## 45912 278.81      278.81
## 45924 330.06      330.06
## 45939 102.05      102.05
## 45942 281.23      281.23
## 45945  92.51       92.51
## 45948 153.00      153.00
## 45951 326.10      326.10
## 45954 261.86      261.86
## 45957 542.45      542.45
## 45960 398.23      398.23
## 45963 328.36      328.36
## 45966 219.32      219.32
## 45969 317.44      317.44
## 45972 340.86      340.86
## 45975  75.88       75.88
## 45978 110.05      110.05
## 45981 114.72      114.72
## 45984 164.65      164.65
## 45987 213.04      213.04
## 45990 301.60      301.60
## 45993 444.21      444.21
## 45996 360.42      360.42
## 45999 137.63      137.63
## 46002  88.64       88.64
## 46005 305.29      305.29
## 46008 257.05      257.05
## 46011 124.97      124.97
## 46014 118.38      118.38
## 46017 181.05      181.05
## 46020 194.87      194.87
## 46023 209.28      209.28
## 46026 202.54      202.54
## 46029 258.59      258.59
## 46032 205.15      205.15
## 46035 226.36      226.36
## 46038 180.59      180.59
## 46041 178.59      178.59
## 46044 205.78      205.78
## 46047 271.36      271.36
## 46050 277.76      277.76
## 46053 277.92      277.92
## 46056 204.15      204.15
## 46059 377.44      377.44
## 46062 436.55      436.55
## 46065 381.60      381.60
## 46068 283.54      283.54
## 46071 137.59      137.59
## 46074 101.91      101.91
## 46077 145.96      145.96
## 46080 183.04      183.04
# set up the anova
nested.aov.2009 <- aov(trans_value ~ CO2 * TOS * Irrigation * Cultivar + 
                       Error(RingID / Irrigation),
                       data = small.testdf,
                       na.action = na.omit)
summary(nested.aov.2009)
## 
## Error: RingID
##           Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value  Pr(>F)    
## CO2        1  83551   83551    10.7  0.0067 ** 
## TOS        1 255105  255105    32.7 9.6e-05 ***
## CO2:TOS    1      0       0     0.0  0.9957    
## Residuals 12  93634    7803                    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Error: RingID:Irrigation
##                    Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)  
## Irrigation          1  30884   30884    4.56  0.054 .
## CO2:Irrigation      1  23154   23154    3.42  0.089 .
## TOS:Irrigation      1   3592    3592    0.53  0.480  
## CO2:TOS:Irrigation  1     15      15    0.00  0.964  
## Residuals          12  81248    6771                 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Error: Within
##                             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)   
## Cultivar                     1  18476   18476    8.59 0.0073 **
## CO2:Cultivar                 1    382     382    0.18 0.6771   
## TOS:Cultivar                 1    168     168    0.08 0.7822   
## Irrigation:Cultivar          1   1147    1147    0.53 0.4723   
## CO2:TOS:Cultivar             1    110     110    0.05 0.8226   
## CO2:Irrigation:Cultivar      1     72      72    0.03 0.8566   
## TOS:Irrigation:Cultivar      1    345     345    0.16 0.6922   
## CO2:TOS:Irrigation:Cultivar  1   1621    1621    0.75 0.3940   
## Residuals                   24  51627    2151                  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
# For 2007:
small.testdf <- yj.homogeneous[yj.homogeneous$Year == 2007 &
                               yj.homogeneous$TrialID == "Horsham" &
                               yj.homogeneous$Stage == "DC90" &
                               yj.homogeneous$variable == "Yield..g.m2.", ]

# show the data
small.testdf
##       TrialID Year RingID  CO2 Irrigation  TOS Cultivar Stage     variable
## 45507 Horsham 2007      1 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45513 Horsham 2007      1 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45525 Horsham 2007      1 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45531 Horsham 2007      1 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45540 Horsham 2007      2 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45546 Horsham 2007      2 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45549 Horsham 2007      2 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45555 Horsham 2007      2 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45564 Horsham 2007      3 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45573 Horsham 2007      3 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45579 Horsham 2007      3 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45582 Horsham 2007      3 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45594 Horsham 2007      4 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45597 Horsham 2007      4 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45606 Horsham 2007      4 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45612 Horsham 2007      4 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45615 Horsham 2007      5 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45621 Horsham 2007      5 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45627 Horsham 2007      5 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45636 Horsham 2007      5 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45642 Horsham 2007      6 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45648 Horsham 2007      6 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45657 Horsham 2007      6 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45666 Horsham 2007      6 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45669 Horsham 2007      7 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45675 Horsham 2007      7 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45684 Horsham 2007      7 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45687 Horsham 2007      7 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45696 Horsham 2007      8 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45702 Horsham 2007      8 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45711 Horsham 2007      8 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45717 Horsham 2007      8 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45726 Horsham 2007      9 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45732 Horsham 2007      9 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45738 Horsham 2007      9 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45744 Horsham 2007      9 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45756 Horsham 2007     10 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45759 Horsham 2007     10 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45768 Horsham 2007     10 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45774 Horsham 2007     10 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45780 Horsham 2007     11 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45786 Horsham 2007     11 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45792 Horsham 2007     11 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45798 Horsham 2007     11 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45810 Horsham 2007     12 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45816 Horsham 2007     12 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45819 Horsham 2007     12 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45828 Horsham 2007     12 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45834 Horsham 2007     13 aCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45840 Horsham 2007     13 aCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45843 Horsham 2007     13 aCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45849 Horsham 2007     13 aCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45864 Horsham 2007     14 aCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45870 Horsham 2007     14 aCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45873 Horsham 2007     14 aCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45879 Horsham 2007     14 aCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45885 Horsham 2007     15 eCO2       Rain TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45891 Horsham 2007     15 eCO2       Rain TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45900 Horsham 2007     15 eCO2       Rain TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45903 Horsham 2007     15 eCO2       Rain TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45915 Horsham 2007     16 eCO2        Sup TOS1     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45921 Horsham 2007     16 eCO2        Sup TOS1    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45927 Horsham 2007     16 eCO2        Sup TOS2    Yitpi  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
## 45933 Horsham 2007     16 eCO2        Sup TOS2     Janz  DC90 Yield..g.m2.
##        value trans_value
## 45507 327.88      327.88
## 45513 299.07      299.07
## 45525 256.90      256.90
## 45531 235.09      235.09
## 45540 245.02      245.02
## 45546 315.51      315.51
## 45549 359.81      359.81
## 45555 279.60      279.60
## 45564 303.22      303.22
## 45573 396.94      396.94
## 45579 471.18      471.18
## 45582 406.54      406.54
## 45594 303.74      303.74
## 45597 329.44      329.44
## 45606 238.89      238.89
## 45612 341.86      341.86
## 45615 173.78      173.78
## 45621 217.73      217.73
## 45627 253.12      253.12
## 45636 300.62      300.62
## 45642 499.22      499.22
## 45648 381.62      381.62
## 45657 271.63      271.63
## 45666 269.46      269.46
## 45669 280.78      280.78
## 45675 257.15      257.15
## 45684 398.75      398.75
## 45687 397.98      397.98
## 45696 309.19      309.19
## 45702 302.18      302.18
## 45711 264.11      264.11
## 45717 212.48      212.48
## 45726 336.29      336.29
## 45732 267.69      267.69
## 45738 323.21      323.21
## 45744 527.26      527.26
## 45756 258.40      258.40
## 45759 119.14      119.14
## 45768 338.79      338.79
## 45774 228.97      228.97
## 45780     NA          NA
## 45786 310.75      310.75
## 45792  97.76       97.76
## 45798 127.13      127.13
## 45810 342.68      342.68
## 45816 344.24      344.24
## 45819  90.16       90.16
## 45828 180.35      180.35
## 45834 197.68      197.68
## 45840 156.13      156.13
## 45843 154.98      154.98
## 45849 233.64      233.64
## 45864 225.55      225.55
## 45870 295.27      295.27
## 45873 353.58      353.58
## 45879 360.59      360.59
## 45885 292.83      292.83
## 45891 306.85      306.85
## 45900 120.33      120.33
## 45903 227.56      227.56
## 45915 445.48      445.48
## 45921 306.07      306.07
## 45927 294.09      294.09
## 45933 324.00      324.00
# set up teh anova for the different nesting in 2007
nested.aov.2007 <- aov(trans_value ~ CO2 *  TOS * Irrigation * Cultivar + 
                        Error(RingID / TOS),
                        data = small.testdf,
                        na.action = na.omit)
summary(nested.aov.2007)
## 
## Error: RingID
##                Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)   
## CO2             1  30100   30100    4.91  0.049 * 
## TOS             1  24769   24769    4.04  0.070 . 
## Irrigation      1  88311   88311   14.40  0.003 **
## CO2:Irrigation  1  19618   19618    3.20  0.101   
## Residuals      11  67472    6134                  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Error: RingID:TOS
##                    Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value  Pr(>F)    
## TOS                 1 150430  150430   70.17 4.2e-06 ***
## Cultivar            1   7007    7007    3.27   0.098 .  
## CO2:TOS             1    221     221    0.10   0.754    
## TOS:Irrigation      1  11227   11227    5.24   0.043 *  
## CO2:TOS:Irrigation  1   2687    2687    1.25   0.287    
## Residuals          11  23583    2144                    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Error: Within
##                             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## Cultivar                     1   1928    1928    0.53   0.48
## CO2:Cultivar                 1    878     878    0.24   0.63
## TOS:Cultivar                 1    172     172    0.05   0.83
## Irrigation:Cultivar          1   4308    4308    1.17   0.29
## CO2:TOS:Cultivar             1    303     303    0.08   0.78
## CO2:Irrigation:Cultivar      1   1305    1305    0.36   0.56
## TOS:Irrigation:Cultivar      1   1480    1480    0.40   0.53
## CO2:TOS:Irrigation:Cultivar  1    114     114    0.03   0.86
## Residuals                   23  84451    3672
# the resulting tables don't have the same structure as for 2009.
# TOS shows up in the "Error RingID" table.
# this is caused by an imbalance in the data.
# there is one missing value in the yield data
# if this gap is filled, the structure of the results table follows the same logic as in 2009
# however, gap-filling is not a good idea for a such a small data set

# replacing the missing value with the value of "300" - just for this example
small.testdf$trans_value[is.na(small.testdf$trans_value)] <- 300

nested.aov.2007 <- aov(trans_value ~ CO2 *  TOS * Irrigation * Cultivar + 
                        Error(RingID / TOS),
                        data = small.testdf,
                        na.action = na.omit)
summary(nested.aov.2007)
## 
## Error: RingID
##                Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)   
## CO2             1  29070   29070    4.77 0.0496 * 
## Irrigation      1 101751  101751   16.69 0.0015 **
## CO2:Irrigation  1  15370   15370    2.52 0.1384   
## Residuals      12  73180    6098                  
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Error: RingID:TOS
##                    Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value  Pr(>F)    
## TOS                 1 159180  159180   46.82 1.8e-05 ***
## CO2:TOS             1    110     110    0.03    0.86    
## TOS:Irrigation      1   5810    5810    1.71    0.22    
## CO2:TOS:Irrigation  1    258     258    0.08    0.79    
## Residuals          12  40800    3400                    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Error: Within
##                             Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
## Cultivar                     1   1753    1753    0.49   0.49
## CO2:Cultivar                 1    697     697    0.19   0.66
## TOS:Cultivar                 1     84      84    0.02   0.88
## Irrigation:Cultivar          1   3641    3641    1.02   0.32
## CO2:TOS:Cultivar             1    113     113    0.03   0.86
## CO2:Irrigation:Cultivar      1   1809    1809    0.51   0.48
## TOS:Irrigation:Cultivar      1   1023    1023    0.29   0.60
## CO2:TOS:Irrigation:Cultivar  1     11      11    0.00   0.96
## Residuals                   24  85863    3578