In this WPA, you will analyze data from a (again…fake) study on attraction. In the study, 1000 heterosexual University students viewed the Facebook profile of another student (the “target”) of the opposite sex. Based on a target’s profile, each participant made three judgments about the target - intelligence, attractiveness, and dateability. The primary judgement was a dateability rating indicating how dateable the person was on a scale of 0 to 100.

The data are located in a tab-delimited text file at http://nathanieldphillips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/facebook.txt. Here is how the first few rows of the data should look:

Datafile description

The data file has 1000 rows and 10 columns. Here are the columns

session: The experiment session in which the study was run. There were 50 total sessions.
sex: The sex of the target
age: The age of the target
haircolor: The haircolor of the target
university: The university that the target attended.
education: The highest level of education obtained by the target.
shirtless: Did the target have a shirtless profile picture? 1.No v 2.Yes
intelligence: How intelligent do you find this target? 1.Low, 2.Medium, 3.High
attractiveness: How physically attractive do you find this target? 1.Low, 2.Medium, 3.High
dateability: How dateable is this target? 0 to 100.

Data loading and preparation

Open your class R project. Open a new script and enter your name, date, and the wpa number at the top. Save the script in the R folder in your project working directory as wpa_9_LASTFIRST.R, where LAST and FIRST are your last and first names.
The data are stored in a tab–delimited text file located at http://nathanieldphillips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/facebook.txt. Using read.table() load this data into R as a new object called facebook

Understand the data

Look at the first few rows of the dataframe with the head() function to make sure it loaded correctly.
Using the str() function, look at the structure of the dataframe to make sure everything looks ok

Custom Functions

Write a function called feed.me() that takes a string food as an argument, and returns the sentence “I love to eat ___“. Try your function by running feed.me("apples").

feed.me <- function(___) {
  
  output <- paste0("I love to eat ", ___)
  
  print(___)
}

Write a function called my.mean() that takes a vector x as an argument, and returns the mean of the vector x. Don’t use the mean() function! Use sum() and length()!

my.mean <- function(___) {
  
  result <- sum(___) / length(___)
  
  return(result)
  
}

Try your my.mean() function to calculate the mean dateability rating of participants in the facebook dataset and compare the result to the built-in mean() function to make sure you get the same result!
Write a function called how.many.na() that takes a vector x as an argument, and returns the number of NA values found in the vector:

how.many.na <- function(x) {
  
  output <- sum(is.na(___))
  
  return(___)
}

Test your how.many.na() function on the age of participants in the facebook dataframe and then on the vector x = c(4, 7, 3, NA, NA, 1)
Create a function called my.plot() that takes arguments x and y and returns a customised scatterplot with gridlines and a regression line:

my.plot <- function(x, y) {
  
  plot(x = ___, 
       y = ___, 
       pch = ___,     # look at ?points to see the values of pch!
       col = ___)
  
  grid()   # Add gridlines
  
  # Add a regression line
  abline(lm(___ ~ ___), 
         col = ___)
}

Now test your my.plot() function on the age and dateability of participants in the facebook dataset

my.plot <- function(x, y) {
  
  plot(x = x, 
       y = y, 
       pch = 16,     # look at ?points to see the values of pch!
       col = "green")
  
  grid()   # Add gridlines
  
  # Add a regression line
  abline(lm(y ~ x), 
         col = "blue")
}

Loops

Create a loop that prints the squares of integers from 1 to 10:

for(i in ___) {
  
  square.i <- ___
  
  print(square.i)
  
}

Using the following template, create a loop that calculates (and prints) the mean dateability rating of students from each university in the facebook dataset

for(university.i in c("1.Basel", "2.Zurich", "3.Geneva")) {
  
  data.i <- facebook$dateability[facebook$university == ___]
  
  output <- paste0("The mean dateability of university ", ___, " is ", ___)
  
  print(___)
  
}

Now create a histogram of dateability ratings from each level of intelligence using the following structure

par(mfrow = c(1, 3)) # Set up 1 x 3 plotting grid

for(intelligence.i in c("1.low", "2.medium", "3.high")) {
  
  hist(facebook$dateability[facebook$intelligence == ___],
       main = ___,
       xlab = ___,
       col = ___
       )
  
}

par(mfrow = c(1, 1)) # Reset plotting grid

CHECKPOINT!

More functions!

Write a function called ttest.apa() that takes a vector x as an argument and returns an apa style conclusion from a one-sample test of x.

ttest.apa <- function(x, mu) {
  
   # Store the one-sample ttest in object a
  
  a <- t.test(x = ___, 
              mu = ___) 
  
  df <- a$parameter  # Get the degrees of freedom
  test.stat <- ___      # Get the test statistic
  p.value <- ___        # Get the p-value
  
  
  # If the test is significant...
  if(p.value <= ___) {
    
    output <- paste0("The test is significant! t(",
                     df, ") = ", test.stat, 
                   ", p = ", p.value, 
                   " (H0 = ", mu, ")")
  }
  
  # If the test is not significant...
    if(p.value > ___) {
    
    output <- ___
    
  }
  
  print(___)  
}

Test your ttest.apa() function on the the dateability of participants in the facebook study. Specifically, test if their mean dateability rating is different from 50

More loops!

The following dataframe survey contains results from a survey of 5 participants. Each participant was asked 5 questions on a 1-10 likert scale. As you can see, many of the responses are not valid integers from 1-10. Using a loop, create a new dataframe called survey.corrected that converts all invalid values to NA:

survey <- data.frame("p" = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
                     "q1" = c(5, 3, 6, 3, 5),
                     "q2" = c(-1, 4, 3, 6, 11),
                     "q3" = c(6, 22, 4, 6, -5),
                     "q4" = c(6, 3, 4, -2, 4),
                     "q5" = c(1, 1, 900, 1, 2))

survey.corrected <- survey   # COPY SURVEY

for(column.i in ____ ) {  # LOOP OVER COLUMNS
 
  x <- ____   # COPY THE ORIGINAL COLUMN as x
  x[x %in% ___ == FALSE] <- ___  # REPLACE
  
  survey.corrected[,___] <- ___ # ASSIGN x back to survey.correced
  
}

Simulation!

What is the probability of getting a significant p-value if the null hypothesis is true? Test this by conducting the following simulation:

Create a vector called p.values with 100 NA values.
Draw a sample of size 10 from a normal distribution with mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1.
Do a one-sample t-test testing if the mean of the distribution is different from 0. Save the p-value from this test in the 1st position of p.values.
Repeat these steps with a loop to fill p.values with 100 p-values.
Create a histogram of p.values and calculate the proportion of p-values that are significant at the .05 level.

p.values <- rep(NA, ___)

for(i in ___) {

x <- rnorm(n = ___, mean = ___, sd = ___)

result <- t.test(___)$___

p.values[___] <- ___

}

Create a function called psimulation with 4 arguments: sim: the number of simulations, samplesize: the sample size, mu.true: the true mean, and sd.true: the true standard deviation. Your function should repeat the simulation from the previous question with the given arguments. That is, it should calculate sim p-values testing whether samplesize samples from a normal distribution with mean = mu.true and standard deviation = sd.true is significantly different from 0. The function should return a vector of p-values.

Submit!

Save and email your wpa_9_LastFirst.R file to me at nathaniel.phillips@unibas.ch. Then, go to https://goo.gl/forms/UblvQ6dvA76veEWu1 to complete the WPA submission form.

WPA #9 – Loops and Functions