# Importing the SPSS dataset to R and making a R dataframe
# Filename: WJS Norway Estonia Finland.R
##These libraries need to be installed, write install("foreign", "FactoMineR"... etc) if needed
library(foreign)
library(FactoMineR)
#library(Rcmdr)
library(RcmdrMisc)## Loading required package: car## Loading required package: sandwichsetwd("/Users/janfredrikhovden/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJS")
wjsn<-read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav", to.data.frame=TRUE)## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 14 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 17 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 18 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 21 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 22 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 24 encountered in system file## Warning in `levels<-`(`*tmp*`, value = if (nl == nL) as.character(labels)
## else paste0(labels, : duplicated levels in factors are deprecated# Recoding
## Making a simplified country variable only including the relevant country data
wjsn <- within(wjsn, {nordic <- Recode(COUNTRY, '"Norway"="NOR"; "Finland"="FIN"; "Estonia"="EST"; else=NA; ; ;', as.factor.result=TRUE)})
# Distribution of main variables in dataset, by country
#Which of the following categories best describes your current position in your newsroom?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C1+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C1 EST FIN NOR
## Editor in chief 14.6 3.3 4.5
## Managing editor 7.3 0.8 4.2
## Desk head or assignment editor 0.0 6.8 3.0
## Department head 4.0 3.3 1.6
## Senior editor 10.2 3.0 0.5
## Producer 2.9 5.8 0.0
## Reporter 22.3 14.5 66.5
## News writer 35.4 57.5 0.0
## Trainee 0.4 0.3 1.4
## Other 2.9 4.7 18.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 274.0 365.0 642.0#Which of the following categories best describes your current employment: full-time, part-time, freelancer, or other?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C2+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C2 EST FIN NOR
## Full-time employment 93.4 78.1 72.6
## Part-time employment 4.8 3.6 4.7
## Freelancer 1.5 17.5 18.8
## Other 0.4 0.8 3.9
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 366.0 643.0#For how many newsrooms do you work at present? Different news outlets produced by the same newsroom count as one.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C3+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C3 EST FIN NOR
## 1 58.5 83.0 88.1
## 2 19.6 4.4 4.8
## 3 11.5 1.4 3.4
## 4 2.6 1.6 1.1
## 5 4.8 3.8 1.1
## 6 1.1 0.3 0.5
## 7 1.1 0.8 0.3
## 8 0.4 1.1 0.2
## 9 0.0 0.3 0.0
## 10 0.4 2.2 0.6
## 12 0.0 0.3 0.0
## 13 0.0 0.3 0.0
## 15 0.0 0.5 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 270.0 364.0 649.0#Besides working as a journalist, do you engage in any other paid activities?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C4+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C4 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 18 13.2 25.9
## No 82 86.8 74.1
## Total 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 272 365.0 652.0#Do you belong to any organizations or associations that are primarily for people in journalism or the communications field??#
colPercents(xtabs(~C5+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C5 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 24.3 91.3 100
## No 75.7 8.7 0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 272.0 366.0 656#Do you usually work on or supervise a specific beat or subject area (such as politics, economy or sports), or do you usually work on or supervise various types of stories?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C6+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C6 EST FIN NOR
## Work on a specific beat 24.1 47.9 37
## Work on various topic and subjects 75.9 52.1 63
## Total 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 270.0 365.0 652#Which beat or area do you primarily supervise or work on? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C7+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C7 EST FIN NOR
## News/current affairs 3.4 23.4 3.2
## Politics 5.1 9.7 6.3
## Foreign politics 1.7 1.7 9.0
## Domestic politics 1.7 0.6 2.7
## Economy 22.0 6.9 7.2
## Crime & law 0.0 1.7 1.8
## Culture 15.3 10.3 26.1
## Sports 8.5 5.7 10.4
## Health 5.1 4.0 12.2
## Entertainment 5.1 1.7 5.4
## Other 32.2 34.3 15.8
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1
## Count 59.0 175.0 222.0#Thinking of your work overall, how much freedom do you personally have in selecting news stories you work on? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C9+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C9 EST FIN NOR
## no freedom at all 1.1 0.0 2.2
## little freedom 0.4 2.5 6.8
## some freedom 14.8 23.1 30.4
## a great deal of freedom 49.4 63.2 49.6
## complete freedom 34.3 11.3 10.9
## Total 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 271.0 364.0 631.0#How much freedom do you personally have in deciding which aspects of a story should be emphasized? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C10+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C10 EST FIN NOR
## no freedom at all 0.0 0.0 0.6
## little freedom 0.4 1.4 2.8
## some freedom 6.6 18.7 21.3
## a great deal of freedom 46.2 65.1 61.5
## complete freedom 46.9 14.8 13.7
## Total 100.1 100.0 99.9
## Count 273.0 364.0 634.0#How often do you participate in editorial and newsroom coordination, such as attending editorial meetings or assigning reporters? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C11+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C11 EST FIN NOR
## almost never 5.1 8.5 10.1
## rarely 7.3 6.3 7.5
## sometimes 13.9 11.2 16.8
## very often 23.1 39.6 36.3
## always 50.5 34.4 29.3
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 366.0 642.0#Please tell me how important each of these things is in your work.#
#Be a detached observer.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12A EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 0.0 0.5 4.5
## little important 1.5 1.4 9.0
## somewhat important 7.3 6.6 23.7
## very important 36.5 29.2 43.5
## extremely important 54.7 62.3 19.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 274.0 366.0 620.0#Report things as they are.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12B EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 0.0 0.3 3.4
## little important 0.7 1.9 1.1
## somewhat important 4.4 6.3 7.7
## very important 19.0 26.0 41.8
## extremely important 75.9 65.6 46.1
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1
## Count 274.0 366.0 625.0#Provide analysis of current affairs.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12C EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 1.1 0.5 7.4
## little important 2.9 1.9 18.2
## somewhat important 22.6 11.7 26.6
## very important 35.8 39.1 33.0
## extremely important 37.6 46.7 14.8
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 274.0 366.0 609.0#Monitor and scrutinize political leaders.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12D+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12D EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 9.9 9.3 16.0
## little important 12.4 9.3 22.2
## somewhat important 24.5 17.5 23.2
## very important 31.8 27.1 26.7
## extremely important 21.5 36.7 11.9
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 274.0 365.0 599.0#Monitor and scrutinize business.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12E+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12E EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 8.0 7.4 16.5
## little important 16.4 14.0 26.2
## somewhat important 27.7 22.8 23.2
## very important 26.6 28.0 23.3
## extremely important 21.2 27.7 10.8
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 274.0 364.0 600.0#Set the political agenda.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12F+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12F EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 12.8 24.9 13.9
## little important 16.5 30.3 23.0
## somewhat important 27.1 29.7 26.2
## very important 29.7 12.5 27.7
## extremely important 13.9 2.5 9.2
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 273.0 353.0 599.0#Influence public opinion.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12G+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12G EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 4.4 4.2 13.7
## little important 6.6 22.2 25.9
## somewhat important 33.6 39.6 32.3
## very important 35.4 26.0 21.7
## extremely important 20.1 8.0 6.4
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 361.0 591.0#Advocate for social change.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12H+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12H EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 4.4 8.3 11.8
## little important 12.1 23.7 22.5
## somewhat important 28.6 37.2 32.8
## very important 36.3 24.0 24.0
## extremely important 18.7 6.9 9.0
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.1
## Count 273.0 363.0 592.0#Be an adversary of the government.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12J+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12J EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 25.5 38.0 22.9
## little important 25.8 30.5 27.3
## somewhat important 33.2 20.5 26.4
## very important 9.2 7.5 17.8
## extremely important 6.3 3.5 5.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 271.0 347.0 594.0#Support national development.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12K+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12K EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 10.3 8.1 21.2
## little important 12.9 24.0 23.8
## somewhat important 25.0 40.4 30.8
## very important 28.7 20.9 19.0
## extremely important 23.2 6.7 5.1
## Total 100.1 100.1 99.9
## Count 272.0 359.0 584.0#Convey a positive image of political leadership.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12L+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12L EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 60.7 79.9 58.6
## little important 26.1 16.5 29.8
## somewhat important 11.0 2.5 9.2
## very important 2.2 1.1 1.7
## extremely important 0.0 0.0 0.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 272.0 364.0 587.0#Support government policy.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12M+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12M EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 50.6 82.1 71.7
## little important 25.8 15.7 25.6
## somewhat important 20.3 2.2 2.4
## very important 3.0 0.0 0.3
## extremely important 0.4 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 271.0 357.0 586.0#Provide entertainment and relaxation.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12O+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12O EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 12.5 9.3 16.4
## little important 14.3 20.1 20.2
## somewhat important 28.7 42.3 31.4
## very important 27.6 19.0 23.8
## extremely important 16.9 9.3 8.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 272.0 364.0 525.0#Provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12P+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12P EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 1.1 2.7 11.5
## little important 3.7 17.2 17.9
## somewhat important 14.7 37.4 40.5
## very important 31.9 28.4 23.3
## extremely important 48.7 14.2 6.9
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.1
## Count 273.0 366.0 610.0#Provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12R+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12R EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 6.2 4.6 16.7
## little important 11.4 17.8 25.5
## somewhat important 26.4 39.6 35.3
## very important 33.7 26.8 17.1
## extremely important 22.3 11.2 5.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 273.0 366.0 604.0#Provide information people need to make political decisions.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12S+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12S EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 11.0 10.7 16.7
## little important 15.8 6.9 13.9
## somewhat important 25.3 20.1 26.5
## very important 29.3 35.3 28.2
## extremely important 18.7 27.0 14.7
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 363.0 599.0#Motivate people to participate in political activity.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12T+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12T EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 15.8 21.4 19.8
## little important 19.0 27.1 22.5
## somewhat important 31.1 30.7 26.6
## very important 24.2 14.8 22.7
## extremely important 9.9 6.0 8.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 365.0 595.0#Let people express their views.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12U+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C12U EST FIN NOR
## unimportant 2.2 3.0 7.4
## little important 6.2 6.8 5.9
## somewhat important 12.1 21.0 24.7
## very important 42.5 41.0 37.0
## extremely important 37.0 28.1 25.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 273.0 366.0 608.0#The following statements describe different approaches to journalism. For each of them, please tell me how strongly you agree or disagree.#
#Journalists should always adhere to codes of professional ethics, regardless of situation and context.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C13A EST FIN NOR
## strongly disagree 0.4 0.5 0.5
## somewhat disagree 2.6 0.5 1.0
## undecided 4.0 1.1 2.1
## somewhat agree 34.3 29.0 22.8
## strongly agree 58.8 68.9 73.7
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1
## Count 274.0 366.0 631.0#What is ethical inn journalism depends on the specific situation#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C13B EST FIN NOR
## strongly disagree 13.1 30.1 14.5
## somewhat disagree 19.0 22.7 22.8
## undecided 15.7 11.0 9.2
## somewhat agree 36.1 29.0 38.1
## strongly agree 16.1 7.1 15.3
## Total 100.0 99.9 99.9
## Count 274.0 365.0 619.0#What is ethical in journalism is a matter of personal judgment#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C13C EST FIN NOR
## strongly disagree 34.8 29.6 18.3
## somewhat disagree 27.0 31.0 28.0
## undecided 20.0 13.7 11.3
## somewhat agree 12.2 21.4 34.1
## strongly agree 5.9 4.4 8.3
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 270.0 365.0 618.0#Given an important story, which of the following, if any, do you think may be justified on occasion and which would you not approve of under any circumstances?#
#Paying people for confidential information#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14A EST FIN NOR
## always justified 7.9 1.1 0.9
## justified on occasion 47.9 40.3 25.9
## not approve under any circumstances 44.2 58.5 73.2
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 267.0 357.0 559.0#Using confidential business or government documents without authorization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14B EST FIN NOR
## always justified 10.8 11.1 7.8
## justified on occasion 57.5 73.0 82.3
## not approve under any circumstances 31.7 15.9 9.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 268.0 352.0 586.0#Claiming to be somebody else#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14C EST FIN NOR
## always justified 11.4 2.5 0.2
## justified on occasion 51.3 62.1 67.4
## not approve under any circumstances 37.3 35.4 32.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 271.0 356.0 579.0#Exerting pressure on unwilling informants to get a story#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14D+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14D EST FIN NOR
## always justified 12.8 10.1 3
## justified on occasion 53.8 55.1 62
## not approve under any circumstances 33.3 34.8 35
## Total 99.9 100.0 100
## Count 273.0 356.0 560#Making use of personal documents such as letters and pictures without permission#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14E+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14E EST FIN NOR
## always justified 3.0 0.8 0.4
## justified on occasion 22.5 29.9 51.0
## not approve under any circumstances 74.5 69.3 48.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 271.0 355.0 553.0#Getting employed in a firm or organization to gain inside information#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14F+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14F EST FIN NOR
## always justified 9.4 9.6 1.5
## justified on occasion 47.6 67.7 69.6
## not approve under any circumstances 43.1 22.8 28.9
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.0
## Count 267.0 356.0 543.0#Using hidden microphones or cameras#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14G+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14G EST FIN NOR
## always justified 10.7 3.3 1.0
## justified on occasion 53.1 66.9 92.7
## not approve under any circumstances 36.2 29.8 6.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 271.0 362.0 590.0#Using re-creations or dramatizations of news by actors#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14H+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14H EST FIN NOR
## always justified 26.2 17.7 3.8
## justified on occasion 51.3 61.9 47.1
## not approve under any circumstances 22.4 20.4 49.1
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 263.0 333.0 497.0#Publishing stories with unverified content#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14J+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14J EST FIN NOR
## always justified 2.6 2.2 0.2
## justified on occasion 10.6 43.8 27.3
## not approve under any circumstances 86.8 54.0 72.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 363.0 568.0#Accepting money from sources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14K+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C14K EST FIN NOR
## always justified 6.6 0.5 0.0
## justified on occasion 5.5 0.0 0.3
## not approve under any circumstances 87.9 99.5 99.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 272.0 365.0 598.0#Here is a list of potential sources of influence. Please tell me how much influence each of the following has on your work#
#Your personal values and beliefs#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15A EST FIN NOR
## not influential 2.2 2.8 2.1
## little influential 4.4 12.7 5.7
## somewhat influential 20.8 42.1 48.3
## very influential 40.9 28.9 34.6
## extremely influential 31.8 13.5 9.3
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 363.0 561.0#Your peers on the staff#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15B EST FIN NOR
## not influential 2.6 6.0 2.0
## little influential 20.1 23.1 9.4
## somewhat influential 40.7 49.1 59.9
## very influential 28.6 18.3 27.4
## extremely influential 8.1 3.4 1.3
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 273.0 350.0 544.0#Your editorial supervisors and higher editors#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15C EST FIN NOR
## not influential 4.8 0.8 1.9
## little influential 14.5 10.8 9.6
## somewhat influential 40.2 41.0 51.1
## very influential 30.5 38.8 33.5
## extremely influential 10.0 8.6 3.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 249.0 361.0 534.0#The managers of your news organization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15D+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15D EST FIN NOR
## not influential 17.6 33.3 41.5
## little influential 24.7 37.5 39.6
## somewhat influential 32.2 21.5 15.9
## very influential 18.8 6.2 2.8
## extremely influential 6.7 1.5 0.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 255.0 339.0 508.0#The owners of your news organization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15E+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15E EST FIN NOR
## not influential 42.8 46.7 57.5
## little influential 18.9 32.2 28.8
## somewhat influential 22.2 13.6 10.0
## very influential 10.7 5.9 3.5
## extremely influential 5.3 1.5 0.2
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 243.0 338.0 489.0#Editorial policy#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15F+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15F EST FIN NOR
## not influential 10.1 1.4 1.5
## little influential 10.9 7.7 8.1
## somewhat influential 30.7 24.8 35.2
## very influential 34.1 43.8 48.0
## extremely influential 14.2 22.3 7.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 267.0 363.0 546.0#Advertising considerations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15G+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15G EST FIN NOR
## not influential 43.0 56.7 63.9
## little influential 20.5 30.5 21.5
## somewhat influential 19.0 11.3 10.7
## very influential 14.1 0.9 2.6
## extremely influential 3.4 0.6 1.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 263.0 328.0 466.0#Profit expectations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15H+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15H EST FIN NOR
## not influential 43.2 41.0 45.7
## little influential 18.5 25.9 24.0
## somewhat influential 19.7 23.2 20.9
## very influential 12.0 8.1 7.7
## extremely influential 6.6 1.8 1.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 259.0 332.0 479.0#Audience research and data#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15J+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15J EST FIN NOR
## not influential 9.3 4.5 26.1
## little influential 13.8 18.5 24.2
## somewhat influential 32.8 52.1 38.0
## very influential 35.1 20.4 9.5
## extremely influential 9.0 4.5 2.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 268.0 357.0 505.0#Availability of news-gathering resources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15K+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15K EST FIN NOR
## not influential 3.3 0.8 9.9
## little influential 4.1 5.9 21.1
## somewhat influential 25.2 24.7 44.7
## very influential 39.6 42.1 20.9
## extremely influential 27.8 26.4 3.4
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 270.0 356.0 474.0#Time limits#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15L+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15L EST FIN NOR
## not influential 6.2 0.5 2.0
## little influential 6.2 5.2 6.0
## somewhat influential 23.7 25.1 40.3
## very influential 40.5 45.9 38.7
## extremely influential 23.4 23.2 13.1
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 274.0 366.0 551.0#Journalism ethics#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15M+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C15M EST FIN NOR
## not influential 1.1 0.3 1.1
## little influential 5.1 1.4 3.3
## somewhat influential 6.9 9.6 18.1
## very influential 38.3 41.8 57.3
## extremely influential 48.5 47.0 20.3
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.1
## Count 274.0 366.0 548.0#Here is another list. Again, please tell me on a scale of 5 to 1 how influential each of the following is in your work.#
#Your friends, acquaintances and family#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16A EST FIN NOR
## not influential 26.4 15.5 13.7
## little influential 26.0 36.7 58.8
## somewhat influential 31.9 36.7 22.2
## very influential 14.3 8.3 4.2
## extremely influential 1.5 2.8 1.1
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 362.0 554.0#Colleagues in other media#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16B EST FIN NOR
## not influential 28.1 19.1 14.7
## little influential 32.8 38.8 58.5
## somewhat influential 31.0 36.9 23.4
## very influential 6.2 5.2 2.5
## extremely influential 1.8 0.0 0.9
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 366.0 552.0#Feedback from the audience#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16C EST FIN NOR
## not influential 2.9 5.7 2.5
## little influential 10.2 25.1 35.4
## somewhat influential 32.5 48.1 49.8
## very influential 39.8 16.9 10.6
## extremely influential 14.6 4.1 1.6
## Total 100.0 99.9 99.9
## Count 274.0 366.0 554.0#Competing news organizations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16D+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16D EST FIN NOR
## not influential 18.6 4.9 7.1
## little influential 19.0 22.1 36.9
## somewhat influential 28.1 53.8 42.8
## very influential 25.5 16.7 12.4
## extremely influential 8.8 2.5 0.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 274.0 366.0 547.0#Media laws and regulation#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16E+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16E EST FIN NOR
## not influential 16.7 1.4 1.5
## little influential 19.3 9.3 8.2
## somewhat influential 28.6 13.4 31.8
## very influential 23.8 40.3 42.7
## extremely influential 11.5 35.6 15.9
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 269.0 365.0 548.0#Information access#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16F+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16F EST FIN NOR
## not influential 2.2 14.1 1.3
## little influential 4.7 16.1 4.4
## somewhat influential 12.4 29.1 31.9
## very influential 40.9 29.1 51.1
## extremely influential 39.8 11.6 11.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 361.0 542.0#Censorship#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16G+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16G EST FIN NOR
## not influential 70.8 75.1 57.8
## little influential 16.1 18.5 33.0
## somewhat influential 7.1 3.9 6.0
## very influential 4.5 1.1 2.1
## extremely influential 1.5 1.4 1.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 267.0 357.0 521.0#Government officials#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16H+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16H EST FIN NOR
## not influential 48.4 30.5 38.5
## little influential 32.2 32.7 43.7
## somewhat influential 12.8 22.2 13.7
## very influential 5.9 11.6 3.7
## extremely influential 0.7 3.0 0.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 361.0 540.0#Politicians#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16J+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16J EST FIN NOR
## not influential 54.9 41.8 33.9
## little influential 30.8 29.4 44.7
## somewhat influential 10.3 20.5 16.1
## very influential 3.3 7.5 4.9
## extremely influential 0.7 0.8 0.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 273.0 361.0 546.0#Pressure groups#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16K+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16K EST FIN NOR
## not influential 50.2 43.0 35.4
## little influential 27.8 30.9 49.4
## somewhat influential 14.7 22.3 13.4
## very influential 6.2 3.3 1.5
## extremely influential 1.1 0.6 0.4
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1
## Count 273.0 363.0 539.0#Business people#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16L+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16L EST FIN NOR
## not influential 54.6 42.0 45.6
## little influential 29.2 37.9 44.7
## somewhat influential 11.8 16.2 7.4
## very influential 3.3 3.6 2.0
## extremely influential 1.1 0.3 0.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 271.0 364.0 539.0#Public relations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16M+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16M EST FIN NOR
## not influential 27.7 26.2 33.6
## little influential 33.2 47.1 48.9
## somewhat influential 26.3 21.7 14.7
## very influential 11.3 3.9 2.2
## extremely influential 1.5 1.1 0.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 359.0 538.0#Relationships with news sources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16N+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C16N EST FIN NOR
## not influential 6.2 6.8 12.6
## little influential 6.6 22.2 28.6
## somewhat influential 27.1 37.5 40.9
## very influential 39.6 25.2 14.9
## extremely influential 20.5 8.2 3.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 273.0 365.0 531.0#How many years have you been working in journalism? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C17+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C17 EST FIN NOR
## 0 0.4 0.0 0.9
## 1 3.3 1.1 3.3
## 2 4.7 1.9 4.2
## 3 6.6 2.2 4.9
## 4 5.1 2.2 1.6
## 5 5.8 1.6 3.1
## 6 6.2 7.1 5.6
## 7 3.6 3.0 3.3
## 8 4.7 2.7 3.3
## 9 0.7 2.7 1.4
## 10 5.5 8.2 5.3
## 11 1.8 2.7 1.6
## 12 1.5 2.7 2.8
## 13 1.8 3.8 2.0
## 14 2.2 2.2 2.4
## 15 6.9 6.6 6.7
## 16 2.6 2.5 2.2
## 17 1.8 1.1 2.0
## 18 4.4 2.5 2.4
## 19 3.6 1.6 1.3
## 20 5.8 7.4 5.0
## 21 0.7 0.5 1.6
## 22 1.8 1.4 1.9
## 23 1.5 2.2 2.4
## 24 1.1 1.6 1.3
## 25 4.4 6.3 3.6
## 26 0.7 1.9 3.1
## 27 0.4 1.6 1.9
## 28 1.5 2.2 1.4
## 29 0.4 1.9 1.1
## 30 5.1 6.0 3.6
## 31 0.0 0.8 0.8
## 32 0.4 0.5 2.4
## 33 0.4 1.1 0.9
## 34 0.4 0.5 0.8
## 35 1.1 2.2 1.6
## 36 0.0 0.3 1.6
## 37 0.4 0.8 0.9
## 38 0.0 0.3 0.3
## 39 0.0 0.3 0.6
## 40 0.0 0.5 1.9
## 41 0.0 0.3 0.3
## 42 0.7 0.3 0.0
## 43 0.0 0.0 0.2
## 44 0.0 0.0 0.2
## 45 0.0 0.0 0.2
## 46 0.0 0.3 0.0
## 47 0.0 0.3 0.2
## 50 0.0 0.0 0.2
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.3
## Count 274.0 366.0 638.0aggregate(C17~nordic, wjsn, mean)## nordic C17
## 1 EST 13.54015
## 2 FIN 17.27322
## 3 NOR 16.69279#The importance of some influences on journalism may have changed over time. Please tell me to what extent these influences have become stronger or weaker during the past five years in [add country]#
#Journalism education#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18A EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 11.2 1.7 0.6
## somewhat weakened 28.2 14.6 12.7
## did not change 44.7 39.5 32.8
## somewhat strengthened 14.6 36.2 47.0
## strengthened a lot 1.5 8.0 6.9
## Total 100.2 100.0 100.0
## Count 206.0 301.0 332.0#Ethical standards#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18B EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 2.8 2.4 1.2
## somewhat weakened 20.2 28.0 20.6
## did not change 34.4 36.4 30.4
## somewhat strengthened 35.3 31.3 41.9
## strengthened a lot 7.3 1.8 6.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 218.0 332.0 418.0#Competition#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18C EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.9 0.9 0.5
## somewhat weakened 4.2 1.2 4.6
## did not change 20.7 4.1 9.0
## somewhat strengthened 47.9 37.6 56.4
## strengthened a lot 26.3 56.2 29.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 213.0 338.0 431.0#Advertising considerations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18D+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18D EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 2.9 1.0 0.3
## somewhat weakened 2.9 5.8 5.0
## did not change 32.5 26.5 28.2
## somewhat strengthened 36.8 50.2 49.1
## strengthened a lot 24.9 16.6 17.4
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 209.0 313.0 397.0#Profit making pressures#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18E+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18E EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 2.9 0.0 0.5
## somewhat weakened 0.5 0.6 2.9
## did not change 27.6 7.7 11.9
## somewhat strengthened 39.0 41.2 46.4
## strengthened a lot 30.0 50.4 38.3
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 210.0 337.0 412.0#Public relations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18F+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18F EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.5 0.9 0.8
## somewhat weakened 5.7 9.0 2.6
## did not change 41.0 45.5 25.5
## somewhat strengthened 38.7 39.3 53.8
## strengthened a lot 14.2 5.3 17.4
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1
## Count 212.0 321.0 385.0#Audience research#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18G+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18G EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.5 0.9 0.0
## somewhat weakened 7.1 2.8 2.1
## did not change 44.5 33.6 23.5
## somewhat strengthened 39.8 52.5 59.8
## strengthened a lot 8.1 10.2 14.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 211.0 324.0 388.0#User-generated contents, such as blogs#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18H+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18H EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.5 0.3 0.2
## somewhat weakened 5.1 0.3 2.4
## did not change 6.0 6.2 8.6
## somewhat strengthened 41.9 41.6 54.5
## strengthened a lot 46.5 51.6 34.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 215.0 339.0 420.0#Social media, such as [add 1 or 2 examples]#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18J+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18J EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.5 0.0 0.5
## somewhat weakened 0.5 0.3 0.2
## did not change 5.5 2.4 2.3
## somewhat strengthened 32.3 22.4 40.2
## strengthened a lot 61.3 74.9 56.8
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 217.0 339.0 440.0#Audience involvement in news production#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18K+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18K EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.9 0.3 0.7
## somewhat weakened 2.8 2.1 0.7
## did not change 21.1 15.1 23.9
## somewhat strengthened 53.1 62.1 61.5
## strengthened a lot 22.1 20.4 13.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 213.0 338.0 410.0#Audience feedback#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18L+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18L EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.5 0.9 0.5
## somewhat weakened 4.2 7.5 1.6
## did not change 28.5 39.9 22.4
## somewhat strengthened 50.9 45.0 61.6
## strengthened a lot 15.9 6.6 13.9
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 214.0 333.0 425.0#Pressure toward sensational news#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18M+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C18M EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 1.9 0.6 1.0
## somewhat weakened 4.4 3.9 4.1
## did not change 35.9 23.9 33.3
## somewhat strengthened 35.9 49.0 40.5
## strengthened a lot 21.8 22.7 21.1
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 206.0 335.0 417.0#Journalism is in a state of change. Please tell me whether you think there has been an increase or a decrease in the following aspects of work in [add country]. #
#Journalists’ freedom to make editorial decisions#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19A+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19A EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 3.0 4.6 2.3
## somewhat weakened 14.1 39.7 35.5
## did not change 53.3 41.8 44.4
## somewhat strengthened 25.1 12.9 16.4
## strengthened a lot 4.5 0.9 1.3
## Total 100.0 99.9 99.9
## Count 199.0 325.0 383.0#Average working hours of journalists#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19B+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19B EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 1.0 1.2 1.3
## somewhat weakened 4.9 3.1 11.1
## did not change 36.1 29.4 29.8
## somewhat strengthened 33.7 54.3 51.4
## strengthened a lot 24.4 12.0 6.4
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 205.0 326.0 389.0#Time available for researching stories#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19C+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19C EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 19.8 25.2 27.0
## somewhat weakened 34.4 54.6 54.9
## did not change 30.7 13.4 13.4
## somewhat strengthened 10.4 5.6 4.1
## strengthened a lot 4.7 1.2 0.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 212.0 337.0 419.0#Interactions of journalists with their audiences#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19D+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19D EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 2.8 1.5 2.8
## somewhat weakened 12.2 7.2 12.6
## did not change 35.7 12.3 23.1
## somewhat strengthened 40.4 55.1 49.5
## strengthened a lot 8.9 23.8 12.1
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 213.0 332.0 398.0#The importance of technical skills#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19E+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19E EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.0 0.0 0.7
## somewhat weakened 1.4 0.3 1.2
## did not change 8.8 4.4 3.1
## somewhat strengthened 45.6 42.9 50.6
## strengthened a lot 44.2 52.4 44.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 217.0 338.0 425.0#The use of search engines#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19F+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19F EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 0.0 0.3 0.2
## somewhat weakened 0.0 0.3 0.5
## did not change 8.8 5.9 4.5
## somewhat strengthened 41.2 33.4 44.3
## strengthened a lot 50.0 60.1 50.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 216.0 338.0 424.0#The importance of having a university degree#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19G+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19G EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 6.2 4.4 1.5
## somewhat weakened 18.5 14.2 4.7
## did not change 52.6 49.4 32.6
## somewhat strengthened 18.5 26.6 49.8
## strengthened a lot 4.3 5.4 11.4
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 211.0 316.0 402.0#The importance of having a degree in journalism or a related field#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19H+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19H EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 10.4 4.2 1.2
## somewhat weakened 25.1 17.4 5.0
## did not change 51.7 54.3 37.7
## somewhat strengthened 12.3 22.2 44.4
## strengthened a lot 0.5 1.9 11.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 211.0 311.0 401.0#The credibility of journalism#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19J+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19J EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 3.8 5.1 4.3
## somewhat weakened 37.0 49.5 39.1
## did not change 40.3 34.4 37.9
## somewhat strengthened 15.2 8.8 17.0
## strengthened a lot 3.8 2.1 1.7
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 211.0 331.0 417.0#The relevance of journalism for society#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19K+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C19K EST FIN NOR
## weakened a lot 3.7 1.2 1.2
## somewhat weakened 15.9 23.1 23.4
## did not change 39.3 42.9 44.3
## somewhat strengthened 32.7 28.4 26.8
## strengthened a lot 8.4 4.4 4.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 214.0 338.0 411.0#What is the highest grade of school or level of education you have completed? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C20+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C20 EST FIN NOR
## Not completed high school 0.4 0.8 0.0
## Completed high school 7.7 11.5 8.1
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 27.1 26.5 67.0
## Master's degree or equivalent 54.2 47.0 22.2
## Doctorate 0.4 1.1 0.0
## some university studies, but no degree 10.3 13.1 2.6
## Total 100.1 100.0 99.9
## Count 273.0 366.0 540.0#During your studies, did you specialize in journalism or another communication field?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C21+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C21 EST
## Yes, specialized in journalism 44.8
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 8.1
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 3.2
## No, did not specialize in these fields 44.0
## Total 100.1
## Count 248.0
## nordic
## C21 FIN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 45.0
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 10.6
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.8
## No, did not specialize in these fields 36.6
## Total 100.0
## Count 320.0
## nordic
## C21 NOR
## Yes, specialized in journalism 48.2
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 16.5
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.6
## No, did not specialize in these fields 27.7
## Total 100.0
## Count 357.0#What is your gender?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C22+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C22 EST FIN NOR
## Female 58.4 55.2 50.4
## Male 41.6 44.8 49.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 366.0 478.0#In what year were you born?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C23+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## C23 EST FIN NOR
## 18 0.0 0.0 0.2
## 19 0.4 0.0 0.2
## 20 0.0 0.0 0.2
## 21 0.4 0.0 1.0
## 22 0.4 0.0 0.8
## 23 0.0 0.0 1.0
## 24 1.2 0.3 1.0
## 25 2.7 1.1 2.1
## 26 3.9 1.1 2.7
## 27 2.3 0.5 2.3
## 28 3.5 1.6 2.3
## 29 3.1 1.6 1.9
## 30 3.1 4.1 2.3
## 31 3.1 2.7 2.1
## 32 3.5 2.5 1.5
## 33 3.5 3.6 1.7
## 34 3.9 2.7 1.1
## 35 1.5 4.1 1.7
## 36 5.0 4.9 3.1
## 37 1.9 3.8 2.9
## 38 3.9 3.8 4.4
## 39 1.9 1.6 2.9
## 40 1.5 4.1 2.5
## 41 0.8 2.2 2.5
## 42 4.2 3.3 5.0
## 43 3.5 1.1 3.1
## 44 4.6 2.2 2.9
## 45 3.5 4.7 1.0
## 46 2.7 1.9 2.1
## 47 2.3 1.9 2.9
## 48 1.5 2.7 4.0
## 49 2.3 4.1 2.5
## 50 3.9 3.0 1.9
## 51 0.4 2.2 1.5
## 52 1.2 3.3 1.7
## 53 3.1 4.1 3.4
## 54 1.9 3.0 2.1
## 55 2.7 3.0 2.9
## 56 2.7 1.6 2.5
## 57 0.8 1.9 1.9
## 58 0.8 3.3 4.6
## 59 0.0 0.8 2.1
## 60 1.2 0.8 1.7
## 61 0.8 1.4 1.5
## 62 0.4 0.3 0.8
## 63 1.2 0.5 2.1
## 64 0.8 1.1 0.8
## 65 0.4 0.0 0.0
## 66 0.4 0.5 0.0
## 67 0.8 0.0 0.0
## 68 0.4 0.3 1.0
## 71 0.4 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.4 99.3 100.4
## Count 259.0 364.0 523.0aggregate(C23~nordic, wjsn, mean)## nordic C23
## 1 EST 40.93822
## 2 FIN 43.40110
## 3 NOR 43.33461#Rank of respondent#
colPercents(xtabs(~T5+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T5 EST FIN NOR
## Senior/executive manager 17.5 7.1 10.7
## "Junior" manager 18.2 20.2 6.1
## Rank-and-file 64.2 72.7 83.2
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 274.0 366.0 524.0#Type of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.1+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.1 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 26.7 30.9 44.1
## No 73.3 69.1 55.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.2+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.2 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 23 11.2 7.7
## No 77 88.8 92.3
## Total 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 270 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.3+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.3 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 15.9 27.3 12.3
## No 84.1 72.7 87.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.4+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.4 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 12.6 10.7 17.9
## No 87.4 89.3 82.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.5+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.5 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 10.7 12.8 9.9
## No 89.3 87.2 90.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.6+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.6 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 2.2 2.7 2.3
## No 97.8 97.3 97.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.7+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.7 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 7.8 0.5 2.5
## No 92.2 99.5 97.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.8+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T7.8 EST FIN NOR
## Yes 1.1 3.8 3.3
## No 98.9 96.2 96.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 270.0 366.0 608.0#Reach of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T8+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T8 EST FIN NOR
## Local 1.1 13.1 26.8
## Regional 22.5 27.3 22.5
## National 67.2 57.4 46.3
## Transnational 9.2 2.2 4.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 271.0 366.0 512.0#Ownership of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T9+nordic, data=wjsn))## nordic
## T9 EST FIN NOR
## Purely private ownership 73.3 76.5 81.3
## Purely public ownership 24.4 10.1 0.0
## Purely state ownership 2.2 5.9 18.7
## Mixed ownership but mostly private 0.0 3.4 0.0
## Mixed ownership but mostly public 0.0 1.7 0.0
## Mixed ownership but mostly state-owned 0.0 2.5 0.0
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 270.0 358.0 616.0```