# Importing the SPSS dataset to R and making a R dataframe
# Filename: WJS Nordic cultjou countries.R
##These libraries need to be installed, write install("foreign", "FactoMineR"... etc) if needed
library(foreign)
library(FactoMineR)
#library(Rcmdr)
library(RcmdrMisc)## Loading required package: car## Loading required package: sandwichsetwd("/Users/janfredrikhovden/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJS")
wjsn<-read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav", to.data.frame=TRUE)## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 14 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 17 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 18 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 21 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 22 encountered in system file## Warning in read.spss("WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav",
## to.data.frame = TRUE): WJS Consolidated Data V2-03 140916.sav: Unrecognized
## record type 7, subtype 24 encountered in system file## Warning in `levels<-`(`*tmp*`, value = if (nl == nL) as.character(labels)
## else paste0(labels, : duplicated levels in factors are deprecated# Recoding
## Making a simplified country variable only including the Nordic data
wjsn <- within(wjsn, {nordic <- Recode(COUNTRY, '"Norway"="NOR"; "Sweden"="SWE"; "Denmark"="DEN"; "Finland"="FIN"; "Iceland"="ICE"; else=NA; ; ;', as.factor.result=TRUE)})
# Make a new variable for cultural journalists
wjsn <- within(wjsn, {cultjou<- Recode(C7, '"Culture"="CULTURE JOURNALISTS"; else="NOT CULT. JOURN"; ; ;', as.factor.result=TRUE)})
# Distribution of main variables in dataset, by country
#Which of the following categories best describes your current position in your newsroom?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C1+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C1 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Editor in chief 6.2 5.6 0.0 3.6 8.6
## Managing editor 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Desk head or assignment editor 0.0 5.6 0.0 0.0 11.4
## Department head 10.8 5.6 33.3 0.0 0.0
## Senior editor 6.2 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Producer 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Reporter 61.5 38.9 66.7 83.6 54.3
## News writer 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Trainee 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0
## Other 10.8 5.6 0.0 10.9 25.7
## Total 100.1 100.2 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 55.0 35.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C1 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Editor in chief 2.7 3.2 11.7 4.6 6.7
## Managing editor 3.0 0.9 4.4 4.6 0.0
## Desk head or assignment editor 5.6 6.9 6.7 3.2 13.8
## Department head 6.5 3.2 7.8 1.7 0.0
## Senior editor 8.3 2.9 0.0 0.5 0.0
## Producer 1.2 6.1 2.8 0.0 0.0
## Reporter 55.4 13.3 60.6 64.9 63.9
## News writer 0.0 58.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Trainee 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.4 0.0
## Other 17.0 4.6 5.6 19.1 15.6
## Total 99.9 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.0
## Count 1297.0 347.0 180.0 587.0 595.0#Which of the following categories best describes your current employment: full-time, part-time, freelancer, or other?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C2+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C2 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Full-time employment 64.6 61.1 66.7 64.3 64.5
## Part-time employment 10.8 0.0 33.3 1.8 3.2
## Freelancer 21.5 38.9 0.0 26.8 32.3
## Other 3.1 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 56.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C2 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Full-time employment 71.4 79.0 90.6 73.4 74.9
## Part-time employment 5.2 3.7 3.9 4.9 7.5
## Freelancer 20.4 16.4 5.5 18.1 16.1
## Other 3.0 0.9 0.0 3.6 1.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1297.0 348.0 181.0 587.0 558.0#For how many newsrooms do you work at present? Different news outlets produced by the same newsroom count as one.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C3+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C3 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 1 20 55.6 66.7 84.5 25.0
## 2 20 22.2 16.7 6.9 0.0
## 3 0 5.6 16.7 6.9 50.0
## 4 20 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5
## 5 0 11.1 0.0 0.0 12.5
## 6 0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0
## 7 20 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 8 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 9 20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 10 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 12 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 13 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 15 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 20 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 25 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 40 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 5 18.0 6.0 58.0 8.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C3 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## 0 2.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 1 17.9 84.4 75.4 88.5 12.0
## 2 20.7 3.5 17.9 4.6 14.7
## 3 22.1 1.2 5.6 3.0 26.7
## 4 9.7 1.7 1.1 1.2 10.7
## 5 13.1 3.5 0.0 1.2 9.3
## 6 2.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 5.3
## 7 2.8 0.6 0.0 0.3 6.7
## 8 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.2 4.0
## 9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3
## 10 4.1 2.3 0.0 0.7 6.7
## 12 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 13 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 15 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3
## 25 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 40 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3
## Total 100.2 100.2 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 145.0 346.0 179.0 591.0 75.0#Besides working as a journalist, do you engage in any other paid activities?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C4+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C4 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 29.2 27.8 50 32.8 12.9
## No 70.8 72.2 50 67.2 87.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6 58.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C4 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 16.9 12.4 22.3 25.3 12.5
## No 83.1 87.6 77.7 74.7 87.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1291.0 347.0 179.0 594.0 558.0#Do you belong to any organizations or associations that are primarily for people in journalism or the communications field??#
colPercents(xtabs(~C5+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C5 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 100 94.4 83.3 100 71
## No 0 5.6 16.7 0 29
## Total 100 100.0 100.0 100 100
## Count 65 18.0 6.0 58 31
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C5 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 100 91.1 82.7 100 68.8
## No 0 8.9 17.3 0 31.2
## Total 100 100.0 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 1297 348.0 179.0 598 558.0#Do you usually work on or supervise a specific beat or subject area (such as politics, economy or sports), or do you usually work on or supervise various types of stories?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C6+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C6 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Work on a specific beat 100 100 100 100 100
## Work on various topic and subjects 0 0 0 0 0
## Total 100 100 100 100 100
## Count 65 18 6 58 35
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C6 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Work on a specific beat 37.9 45.2 27.2 30.8 64.1
## Work on various topic and subjects 62.1 54.8 72.8 69.2 35.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1294.0 347.0 180.0 594.0 640.0#Which beat or area do you primarily supervise or work on? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C7+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C7 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## News/current affairs 0 0 0 0 0
## Politics 0 0 0 0 0
## Foreign politics 0 0 0 0 0
## Domestic politics 0 0 0 0 0
## Economy 0 0 0 0 0
## Crime & law 0 0 0 0 0
## Culture 100 100 100 100 100
## Sports 0 0 0 0 0
## Health 0 0 0 0 0
## Entertainment 0 0 0 0 0
## Other 0 0 0 0 0
## Total 100 100 100 100 100
## Count 65 18 6 58 35
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C7 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## News/current affairs 4.1 26.1 2.2 4.3 0.0
## Politics 11.8 10.8 15.6 8.5 0.0
## Foreign politics 8.0 1.9 11.1 12.2 5.0
## Domestic politics 9.4 0.6 0.0 3.7 38.9
## Economy 11.0 7.6 20.0 9.8 10.5
## Crime & law 2.9 1.9 0.0 2.4 5.3
## Culture 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Sports 9.6 6.4 31.1 14.0 8.5
## Health 8.2 4.5 0.0 16.5 0.0
## Entertainment 3.7 1.9 0.0 7.3 2.9
## Other 31.4 38.2 20.0 21.3 28.9
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 490.0 157.0 45.0 164.0 342.0#Thinking of your work overall, how much freedom do you personally have in selecting news stories you work on? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C9+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C9 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## no freedom at all 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## little freedom 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0
## some freedom 21.5 11.1 33.3 36.8 15.2
## a great deal of freedom 58.5 83.3 16.7 49.1 51.5
## complete freedom 18.5 5.6 50.0 14.0 30.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 57.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C9 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## no freedom at all 2.3 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.8
## little freedom 7.1 2.6 3.9 7.5 3.6
## some freedom 21.3 23.7 9.5 29.8 15.7
## a great deal of freedom 51.3 62.1 52.5 49.7 55.8
## complete freedom 18.0 11.6 34.1 10.6 24.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1293.0 346.0 179.0 574.0 613.0#How much freedom do you personally have in deciding which aspects of a story should be emphasized? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C10+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C10 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## no freedom at all 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## little freedom 3.1 5.6 0.0 1.8 3.0
## some freedom 12.5 5.6 16.7 17.5 15.2
## a great deal of freedom 53.1 66.7 33.3 57.9 51.5
## complete freedom 31.2 22.2 50.0 22.8 30.3
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 57.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C10 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## no freedom at all 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.5
## little freedom 4.8 1.2 1.7 2.9 3.1
## some freedom 18.6 19.4 9.4 21.7 11.9
## a great deal of freedom 50.0 65.0 51.1 61.9 58.5
## complete freedom 25.0 14.5 37.2 12.8 26.0
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1286.0 346.0 180.0 577.0 588.0#How often do you participate in editorial and newsroom coordination, such as attending editorial meetings or assigning reporters? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C11+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C11 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## almost never NaN 11.1 33.3 10.3 18.2
## rarely NaN 16.7 0.0 6.9 15.2
## sometimes NaN 11.1 16.7 15.5 18.2
## very often NaN 44.4 50.0 37.9 30.3
## always NaN 16.7 0.0 29.3 18.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 0 18.0 6.0 58.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C11 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## almost never NaN 8.3 24.7 10.1 9.6
## rarely NaN 5.7 16.9 7.5 11.3
## sometimes NaN 11.2 18.0 17.0 12.3
## very often NaN 39.4 23.0 36.1 28.9
## always NaN 35.3 17.4 29.3 37.9
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 348.0 178.0 584.0 612.0#Please tell me how important each of these things is in your work.#
#Be a detached observer.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 3.2 0.0 16.7 5.6 0.0
## little important 11.3 5.6 0.0 7.4 3.2
## somewhat important 29.0 5.6 33.3 22.2 12.9
## very important 33.9 44.4 0.0 53.7 38.7
## extremely important 22.6 44.4 50.0 11.1 45.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 62.0 18.0 6.0 54.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 3.1 0.6 1.8 4.4 0.7
## little important 9.5 1.1 4.7 9.2 2.0
## somewhat important 23.8 6.6 15.9 23.9 6.5
## very important 30.8 28.4 37.1 42.6 36.6
## extremely important 32.7 63.2 40.6 20.0 54.2
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.1 100.1 100.0
## Count 1278.0 348.0 170.0 566.0 554.0#Report things as they are.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.0 0.0 16.7 5.7 0.0
## little important 1.6 16.7 0.0 1.9 0.0
## somewhat important 14.3 0.0 16.7 7.5 6.5
## very important 28.6 44.4 0.0 54.7 38.7
## extremely important 55.6 38.9 66.7 30.2 54.8
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 18.0 6.0 53.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.2 0.3 0.6 3.1 0.2
## little important 0.7 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.2
## somewhat important 8.0 6.6 1.1 7.7 3.0
## very important 29.5 25.0 17.4 40.6 32.6
## extremely important 61.7 67.0 80.9 47.6 64.0
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1282.0 348.0 178.0 572.0 559.0#Provide analysis of current affairs.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.0 0.0 16.7 5.6 0.0
## little important 3.2 0.0 0.0 9.3 6.5
## somewhat important 16.1 11.1 33.3 37.0 16.1
## very important 46.8 33.3 16.7 29.6 45.2
## extremely important 33.9 55.6 33.3 18.5 32.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 62.0 18.0 6.0 54.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.9 0.6 1.1 7.6 2.3
## little important 5.1 2.0 1.7 19.1 2.7
## somewhat important 20.3 11.8 7.3 25.6 17.6
## very important 42.7 39.4 25.4 33.3 42.4
## extremely important 31.0 46.3 64.4 14.4 34.9
## Total 100.0 100.1 99.9 100.0 99.9
## Count 1283.0 348.0 177.0 555.0 556.0#Monitor and scrutinize political leaders.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12D+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 1.6 22.2 50.0 23.4 3.2
## little important 4.8 16.7 33.3 42.6 9.7
## somewhat important 30.2 27.8 16.7 23.4 12.9
## very important 36.5 22.2 0.0 8.5 22.6
## extremely important 27.0 11.1 0.0 2.1 51.6
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 18.0 6.0 47.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 1.0 8.6 12.4 15.4 2.5
## little important 3.4 8.9 11.3 20.5 2.5
## somewhat important 14.3 17.0 32.2 23.2 7.2
## very important 37.3 27.4 27.1 28.3 31.3
## extremely important 43.9 38.0 16.9 12.7 56.5
## Total 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 1279.0 347.0 177.0 552.0 556.0#Monitor and scrutinize business.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12E+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 1.6 17.6 50.0 17.0 6.5
## little important 1.6 17.6 33.3 59.6 16.1
## somewhat important 29.0 29.4 16.7 17.0 6.5
## very important 38.7 23.5 0.0 6.4 22.6
## extremely important 29.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 48.4
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 62.0 17.0 6.0 47.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.8 6.9 14.2 16.5 2.0
## little important 3.3 13.8 13.6 23.3 3.6
## somewhat important 21.4 22.5 22.2 23.7 11.3
## very important 40.3 28.2 28.4 24.8 37.2
## extremely important 34.3 28.5 21.6 11.8 45.9
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1277.0 347.0 176.0 553.0 556.0#Set the political agenda.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12F+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 12.7 40 60 22.9 16.7
## little important 20.6 20 40 33.3 36.7
## somewhat important 39.7 20 0 29.2 33.3
## very important 22.2 20 0 14.6 3.3
## extremely important 4.8 0 0 0.0 10.0
## Total 100.0 100 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 15 5 48.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 8.7 24.3 73.7 13.1 25.0
## little important 26.8 30.8 18.6 22.1 24.0
## somewhat important 34.3 30.2 4.8 26.0 32.3
## very important 22.6 12.1 1.2 28.9 14.2
## extremely important 7.6 2.7 1.8 10.0 4.5
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.1 100.0
## Count 1275.0 338.0 167.0 551.0 529.0#Influence public opinion.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12G+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 21.0 5.6 66.7 12.5 10.0
## little important 22.6 16.7 0.0 27.1 33.3
## somewhat important 30.6 22.2 16.7 41.7 26.7
## very important 21.0 44.4 16.7 12.5 20.0
## extremely important 4.8 11.1 0.0 6.2 10.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 62.0 18.0 6.0 48.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 17.3 4.1 56.2 13.8 23.6
## little important 30.4 22.4 24.9 25.8 23.0
## somewhat important 28.7 40.5 13.6 31.5 28.7
## very important 16.9 25.1 5.3 22.5 18.9
## extremely important 6.7 7.9 0.0 6.4 5.8
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1275.0 343.0 169.0 543.0 530.0#Advocate for social change.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12H+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 14.5 16.7 66.7 17.4 12.9
## little important 22.6 5.6 0.0 45.7 19.4
## somewhat important 30.6 66.7 16.7 15.2 29.0
## very important 22.6 11.1 16.7 17.4 29.0
## extremely important 9.7 0.0 0.0 4.3 9.7
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 62.0 18.0 6.0 46.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 17.5 7.8 38.1 11.4 16.8
## little important 30.2 24.6 26.9 20.5 17.8
## somewhat important 26.7 35.7 23.1 34.2 26.9
## very important 18.3 24.6 6.9 24.5 27.9
## extremely important 7.4 7.2 5.0 9.3 10.7
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 1271.0 345.0 160.0 546.0 535.0#Be an adversary of the government.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12J+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 6.3 37.5 100 26.7 22.6
## little important 15.9 31.2 0 35.6 16.1
## somewhat important 33.3 31.2 0 22.2 35.5
## very important 28.6 0.0 0 13.3 12.9
## extremely important 15.9 0.0 0 2.2 12.9
## Total 100.0 99.9 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 16.0 6 45.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 9.8 38.1 52.8 22.6 27.4
## little important 18.6 30.5 21.4 26.6 15.7
## somewhat important 28.0 19.9 20.1 26.8 20.3
## very important 25.1 7.9 3.1 18.2 24.2
## extremely important 18.6 3.6 2.5 5.8 12.4
## Total 100.1 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1271.0 331.0 159.0 549.0 541.0#Support national development.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12K+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 15.9 22.2 80 27.3 41.4
## little important 27.0 16.7 0 20.5 34.5
## somewhat important 36.5 50.0 20 27.3 13.8
## very important 14.3 11.1 0 18.2 6.9
## extremely important 6.3 0.0 0 6.8 3.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.1 100.0
## Count 63.0 18.0 5 44.0 29.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 14.3 7.3 34.9 20.7 42.8
## little important 30.1 24.3 17.1 24.1 21.2
## somewhat important 28.3 39.9 24.3 31.1 21.4
## very important 20.1 21.4 14.5 19.1 11.4
## extremely important 7.2 7.0 9.2 5.0 3.3
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1266.0 341.0 152.0 540.0 519.0#Convey a positive image of political leadership.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12L+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 76.6 83.3 83.3 60.5 73.3
## little important 21.9 11.1 16.7 32.6 20.0
## somewhat important 1.6 5.6 0.0 4.7 6.7
## very important 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0
## extremely important 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 43.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 79.6 79.8 89.5 58.5 73.8
## little important 18.1 16.8 8.7 29.6 17.6
## somewhat important 1.7 2.3 1.7 9.6 7.1
## very important 0.4 1.2 0.0 1.7 0.9
## extremely important 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6
## Total 100.0 100.1 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 1284.0 346.0 172.0 544.0 535.0#Support government policy.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12M+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 89.2 93.8 83.3 71.1 90
## little important 10.8 6.2 16.7 28.9 10
## somewhat important 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
## very important 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
## extremely important 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 65.0 16.0 6.0 45.0 30
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 90.4 81.5 93.0 71.7 97.4
## little important 8.2 16.1 6.4 25.3 2.2
## somewhat important 1.2 2.3 0.0 2.6 0.4
## very important 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0
## extremely important 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1283.0 341.0 172.0 541.0 542.0#Provide entertainment and relaxation.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12O+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12O DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 19.0 0.0 0.0 8.7 22.6
## little important 46.0 29.4 0.0 15.2 22.6
## somewhat important 25.4 41.2 33.3 41.3 41.9
## very important 7.9 29.4 33.3 28.3 12.9
## extremely important 1.6 0.0 33.3 6.5 0.0
## Total 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 17.0 6.0 46.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12O DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 19.4 9.8 8.4 17.1 14.8
## little important 43.4 19.6 14.6 20.7 33.8
## somewhat important 27.0 42.4 39.9 30.5 35.9
## very important 9.0 18.4 23.6 23.4 12.8
## extremely important 1.1 9.8 13.5 8.4 2.7
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1287.0 347.0 178.0 479.0 548.0#Provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12P+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12P DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 39.1 16.7 0.0 17.0 48.3
## little important 35.9 33.3 33.3 17.0 41.4
## somewhat important 25.0 33.3 50.0 47.2 10.3
## very important 0.0 5.6 0.0 15.1 0.0
## extremely important 0.0 11.1 16.7 3.8 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 53.0 29.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12P DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 22.6 2.0 7.4 11.0 34.7
## little important 42.4 16.4 17.1 18.0 34.7
## somewhat important 27.2 37.6 40.0 39.9 25.0
## very important 6.7 29.6 21.1 24.1 5.3
## extremely important 1.1 14.4 14.3 7.2 0.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.2 100.1
## Count 1286.0 348.0 175.0 557.0 548.0#Provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12R+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12R DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 4.6 16.7 16.7 22 9.7
## little important 24.6 27.8 33.3 28 19.4
## somewhat important 32.3 27.8 16.7 36 29.0
## very important 33.8 16.7 33.3 12 38.7
## extremely important 4.6 11.1 0.0 2 3.2
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 50 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12R DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 7.1 4.0 21.7 16.2 4.5
## little important 28.2 17.2 23.5 25.3 14.6
## somewhat important 37.2 40.2 30.7 35.2 41.3
## very important 21.2 27.3 16.9 17.5 31.5
## extremely important 6.2 11.2 7.2 5.8 8.1
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1290.0 348.0 166.0 554.0 555.0#Provide information people need to make political decisions.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12S+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12S DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.0 27.8 83.3 32 3.2
## little important 0.0 16.7 0.0 26 3.2
## somewhat important 9.2 27.8 16.7 32 12.9
## very important 29.2 16.7 0.0 4 32.3
## extremely important 61.5 11.1 0.0 6 48.4
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 50 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12S DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.6 9.9 20.1 15.3 2.5
## little important 1.6 6.4 10.7 12.8 2.9
## somewhat important 9.5 19.7 23.1 26.0 10.5
## very important 32.2 36.2 23.1 30.4 37.4
## extremely important 56.2 27.8 23.1 15.5 46.7
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1287.0 345.0 169.0 549.0 561.0#Motivate people to participate in political activity.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12T+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12T DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 7.8 27.8 83.3 29.8 6.5
## little important 23.4 27.8 0.0 29.8 29.0
## somewhat important 35.9 22.2 0.0 25.5 22.6
## very important 23.4 22.2 16.7 12.8 29.0
## extremely important 9.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 12.9
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 47.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12T DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 11.1 21.0 46.9 19.0 16.0
## little important 24.2 27.1 22.8 21.9 21.3
## somewhat important 32.7 31.1 17.9 26.6 27.3
## very important 23.7 14.4 6.8 23.5 27.0
## extremely important 8.3 6.3 5.6 8.9 8.4
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 1285.0 347.0 162.0 548.0 549.0#Let people express their views.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12U+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C12U DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 1.5 5.6 0.0 14.6 0.0
## little important 15.4 5.6 16.7 12.5 0.0
## somewhat important 33.8 22.2 50.0 18.8 32.3
## very important 36.9 61.1 33.3 41.7 22.6
## extremely important 12.3 5.6 0.0 12.5 45.2
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.1 100.1
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 48.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C12U DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## unimportant 3.3 2.9 7.0 6.8 0.7
## little important 12.6 6.9 3.5 5.4 1.4
## somewhat important 33.5 21.0 23.4 25.2 6.3
## very important 33.9 39.9 32.2 36.6 37.6
## extremely important 16.7 29.3 33.9 26.1 54.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1289.0 348.0 171.0 560.0 559.0#The following statements describe different approaches to journalism. For each of them, please tell me how strongly you agree or disagree.#
#Journalists should always adhere to codes of professional ethics, regardless of situation and context.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C13A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat disagree 4.6 5.6 16.7 3.6 0.0
## undecided 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2
## somewhat agree 40.0 22.2 33.3 25.5 35.5
## strongly agree 43.1 72.2 50.0 70.9 61.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 55.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C13A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 3.6 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.4
## somewhat disagree 11.0 0.3 2.3 0.7 0.7
## undecided 9.9 1.1 8.0 2.3 0.5
## somewhat agree 36.4 29.3 36.8 22.6 37.1
## strongly agree 39.1 68.7 51.7 74.0 61.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 1295.0 348.0 174.0 576.0 561.0#What is ethical inn journalism depends on the specific situation#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C13B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 23.4 27.8 50.0 14.8 13.3
## somewhat disagree 29.7 16.7 33.3 31.5 33.3
## undecided 14.1 11.1 16.7 7.4 10.0
## somewhat agree 26.6 38.9 0.0 29.6 36.7
## strongly agree 6.2 5.6 0.0 16.7 6.7
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 54.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C13B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 15.0 30.3 23.3 14.5 11.3
## somewhat disagree 24.3 23.1 37.8 21.9 21.9
## undecided 14.1 11.0 13.4 9.4 3.9
## somewhat agree 34.9 28.5 22.1 38.9 48.9
## strongly agree 11.7 7.2 3.5 15.2 14.0
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 1291.0 347.0 172.0 565.0 558.0#What is ethical in journalism is a matter of personal judgment#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C13C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 35.4 27.8 50.0 11.1 19.4
## somewhat disagree 36.9 16.7 33.3 31.5 29.0
## undecided 9.2 22.2 16.7 14.8 6.5
## somewhat agree 18.5 27.8 0.0 35.2 35.5
## strongly agree 0.0 5.6 0.0 7.4 9.7
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 54.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C13C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 25.4 29.7 27.7 19.0 16.6
## somewhat disagree 32.6 31.7 32.4 27.7 29.3
## undecided 14.2 13.3 14.5 11.0 3.9
## somewhat agree 23.8 21.0 18.5 34.0 44.3
## strongly agree 4.0 4.3 6.9 8.3 5.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1296.0 347.0 173.0 564.0 560.0#Given an important story, which of the following, if any, do you think may be justified on occasion and which would you not approve of under any circumstances?#
#Paying people for confidential information#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 4.6 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## justified on occasion 10.8 33.3 40 29.2 62.5
## not approve under any circumstances 84.6 66.7 60 70.8 37.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 5 48.0 24.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 0.4 1.2 2.5 1.0 0.6
## justified on occasion 21.0 40.7 32.5 25.6 47.7
## not approve under any circumstances 78.6 58.1 65.0 73.4 51.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1289.0 339.0 163.0 511.0 505.0#Using confidential business or government documents without authorization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 1.6 5.6 20 3.8 16.7
## justified on occasion 90.6 72.2 60 78.8 83.3
## not approve under any circumstances 7.8 22.2 20 17.3 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 99.9 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 5 52.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 9.8 11.4 17.6 8.2 11.5
## justified on occasion 81.0 73.1 66.7 82.6 84.8
## not approve under any circumstances 9.2 15.6 15.8 9.2 3.7
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1294.0 334.0 165.0 534.0 547.0#Claiming to be somebody else#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0
## justified on occasion 68.8 47.1 0 67.3 100
## not approve under any circumstances 31.2 52.9 100 32.7 0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100
## Count 64.0 17.0 4 49.0 29
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 1.5 2.7 0.0 0.2 1.8
## justified on occasion 69.0 62.8 37.3 67.4 82.5
## not approve under any circumstances 29.5 34.5 62.7 32.5 15.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1295.0 339.0 169.0 530.0 549.0#Exerting pressure on unwilling informants to get a story#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14D+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 3.1 0 0 4.2 0.0
## justified on occasion 70.3 50 20 60.4 44.4
## not approve under any circumstances 26.6 50 80 35.4 55.6
## Total 100.0 100 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18 5 48.0 27.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 6.7 10.7 4.4 2.9 1.5
## justified on occasion 65.2 55.3 43.8 62.1 46.9
## not approve under any circumstances 28.2 34.0 51.9 35.0 51.5
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1 100.0 99.9
## Count 1292.0 338.0 160.0 512.0 522.0#Making use of personal documents such as letters and pictures without permission#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14E+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 1.5 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## justified on occasion 33.8 29.4 50 43.8 NaN
## not approve under any circumstances 64.6 70.6 50 56.2 NaN
## Total 99.9 100.0 100 100.0 NaN
## Count 65.0 17.0 4 48.0 0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.4 NaN
## justified on occasion 54.5 29.9 37.8 51.7 NaN
## not approve under any circumstances 44.7 69.2 61.0 47.9 NaN
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 NaN
## Count 1292.0 338.0 164.0 505.0 0#Getting employed in a firm or organization to gain inside information#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14F+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 6.2 11.8 0 0.0 6.9
## justified on occasion 76.9 70.6 25 80.4 93.1
## not approve under any circumstances 16.9 17.6 75 19.6 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 17.0 4 46.0 29.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 5.1 9.4 1.3 1.6 8.0
## justified on occasion 75.7 67.6 37.6 68.6 86.7
## not approve under any circumstances 19.2 23.0 61.1 29.8 5.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1293.0 339.0 157.0 497.0 527.0#Using hidden microphones or cameras#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14G+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## justified on occasion 90.6 55.6 80 88.5 96.7
## not approve under any circumstances 7.8 44.4 20 11.5 3.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 5 52.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 2.5 3.5 3.0 1.1 4.7
## justified on occasion 92.8 67.4 74.9 93.1 93.5
## not approve under any circumstances 4.7 29.1 22.2 5.8 1.8
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1294.0 344.0 167.0 538.0 552.0#Using re-creations or dramatizations of news by actors#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14H+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 9.4 31.2 0 2.3 0.0
## justified on occasion 75.0 50.0 25 58.1 76.9
## not approve under any circumstances 15.6 18.8 75 39.5 23.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 99.9 100.0
## Count 64.0 16.0 4 43.0 26.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 5.9 17.0 0.6 4 2.5
## justified on occasion 70.7 62.5 27.7 46 79.4
## not approve under any circumstances 23.4 20.5 71.6 50 18.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9 100 99.9
## Count 1281.0 317.0 155.0 454 471.0#Publishing stories with unverified content#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14J+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 1.5 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## justified on occasion 26.2 38.9 80 30.4 33.3
## not approve under any circumstances 72.3 61.1 20 69.6 66.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 5 46.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 1.1 2.3 0.6 0.2 0.2
## justified on occasion 40.6 44.1 35.5 27.0 43.3
## not approve under any circumstances 58.3 53.6 63.9 72.8 56.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1292.0 345.0 166.0 522.0 543.0#Accepting money from sources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14K+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C14K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 3.1 0 0 0 0
## justified on occasion 3.1 0 20 0 0
## not approve under any circumstances 93.8 100 80 100 100
## Total 100.0 100 100 100 100
## Count 65.0 18 5 52 30
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C14K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## always justified 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.2
## justified on occasion 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7
## not approve under any circumstances 97.2 99.4 99.4 99.6 99.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1288.0 347.0 174.0 546.0 553.0#Here is a list of potential sources of influence. Please tell me how much influence each of the following has on your work#
#Your personal values and beliefs#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## little influential 7.8 11.1 16.7 5.9 14.3
## somewhat influential 28.1 50.0 0.0 37.3 25.7
## very influential 42.2 22.2 83.3 39.2 34.3
## extremely influential 20.3 16.7 0.0 17.6 25.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 51.0 35.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 4.8 2.9 1.1 2.4 2.0
## little influential 14.9 12.8 14.9 5.7 16.4
## somewhat influential 31.0 41.7 31.4 49.4 34.7
## very influential 28.5 29.3 33.7 34.1 39.1
## extremely influential 20.7 13.3 18.9 8.4 7.8
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1266.0 345.0 175.0 510.0 614.0#Your peers on the staff#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 10.2 5.9 0.0 2.0 3.0
## little influential 16.9 23.5 33.3 18.4 27.3
## somewhat influential 35.6 47.1 33.3 49.0 45.5
## very influential 22.0 23.5 33.3 30.6 18.2
## extremely influential 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 59.0 17.0 6.0 49.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 6.0 6.0 4.1 2.0 4.3
## little influential 16.9 23.1 16.9 8.5 27.7
## somewhat influential 35.2 49.2 37.8 61.0 46.7
## very influential 30.2 18.0 32.6 27.1 20.6
## extremely influential 11.6 3.6 8.7 1.4 0.7
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1220.0 333.0 172.0 495.0 578.0#Your editorial supervisors and higher editors#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 1.6 0.0 0.0 6.2 0.0
## little influential 11.5 38.9 33.3 14.6 12.9
## somewhat influential 37.7 33.3 50.0 50.0 45.2
## very influential 34.4 22.2 16.7 29.2 35.5
## extremely influential 14.8 5.6 0.0 0.0 6.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 61.0 18.0 6.0 48.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 3.6 0.9 6.5 1.4 1.6
## little influential 14.1 9.3 18.2 9.1 9.8
## somewhat influential 30.7 41.4 27.1 51.2 34.0
## very influential 35.2 39.7 38.8 34.0 46.5
## extremely influential 16.4 8.7 9.4 4.3 8.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1224.0 343.0 170.0 486.0 561.0#The managers of your news organization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15D+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 19.0 40.0 50.0 48.9 16.7
## little influential 33.3 46.7 33.3 33.3 36.7
## somewhat influential 28.6 13.3 16.7 15.6 16.7
## very influential 11.1 0.0 0.0 2.2 23.3
## extremely influential 7.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.7
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 63.0 15.0 6.0 45.0 30.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 15.5 33.0 51.2 40.8 12.4
## little influential 29.5 37.0 31.8 40.2 37.2
## somewhat influential 28.3 21.9 9.4 16.0 25.7
## very influential 17.6 6.5 6.5 2.8 19.3
## extremely influential 9.0 1.5 1.2 0.2 5.5
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.1
## Count 1216.0 324.0 170.0 463.0 565.0#The owners of your news organization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15E+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 40.0 57.1 66.7 67.4 28.6
## little influential 33.3 14.3 33.3 25.6 39.3
## somewhat influential 15.0 21.4 0.0 7.0 14.3
## very influential 6.7 7.1 0.0 0.0 10.7
## extremely influential 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 60.0 14.0 6.0 43.0 28.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 46.9 46.3 64.9 56.5 34.8
## little influential 23.0 33.0 23.8 29.1 37.3
## somewhat influential 15.6 13.3 4.8 10.3 14.5
## very influential 8.9 5.9 4.8 3.8 8.9
## extremely influential 5.5 1.5 1.8 0.2 4.4
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 99.9 99.9
## Count 1151.0 324.0 168.0 446.0 517.0#Editorial policy#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15F+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 3.1 0.0 20 2 0.0
## little influential 14.1 38.9 40 16 21.2
## somewhat influential 23.4 16.7 0 24 33.3
## very influential 31.2 16.7 40 54 39.4
## extremely influential 28.1 27.8 0 4 6.1
## Total 99.9 100.1 100 100 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 5 50 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 4.4 1.4 6.7 1.4 3.6
## little influential 10.3 6.1 12.7 7.3 15.3
## somewhat influential 25.5 25.2 35.2 36.3 34.4
## very influential 37.9 45.2 30.3 47.4 39.3
## extremely influential 21.8 22.0 15.2 7.7 7.5
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.1 100.1 100.1
## Count 1247.0 345.0 165.0 496.0 590.0#Advertising considerations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15G+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 67.8 60 83.3 73.8 42.9
## little influential 15.3 40 16.7 16.7 21.4
## somewhat influential 11.9 0 0.0 7.1 21.4
## very influential 5.1 0 0.0 2.4 10.7
## extremely influential 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 3.6
## Total 100.1 100 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 59.0 15 6.0 42.0 28.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 62.0 56.5 68.6 63.0 46.1
## little influential 18.6 30.0 19.2 21.9 34.7
## somewhat influential 12.7 11.8 8.7 11.1 12.0
## very influential 4.4 1.0 2.9 2.6 5.4
## extremely influential 2.3 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.9
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1138.0 313.0 172.0 424.0 484.0#Profit expectations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15H+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 47.5 43.8 66.7 60.0 27.6
## little influential 23.0 31.2 0.0 20.0 24.1
## somewhat influential 19.7 18.8 33.3 17.8 27.6
## very influential 6.6 6.2 0.0 2.2 10.3
## extremely influential 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.3
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 61.0 16.0 6.0 45.0 29.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 39.3 40.8 57.4 44.2 33.7
## little influential 21.0 25.6 19.5 24.4 27.0
## somewhat influential 21.7 23.4 15.4 21.2 18.3
## very influential 10.8 8.2 5.9 8.3 11.9
## extremely influential 7.2 1.9 1.8 1.8 9.1
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 1166.0 316.0 169.0 434.0 481.0#Audience research and data#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15J+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 21.9 11.1 60 34.0 12.1
## little influential 28.1 44.4 20 19.1 42.4
## somewhat influential 37.5 33.3 20 42.6 30.3
## very influential 7.8 11.1 0 4.3 9.1
## extremely influential 4.7 0.0 0 0.0 6.1
## Total 100.0 99.9 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 5 47.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 15.4 4.1 39.2 25.3 13.2
## little influential 29.1 17.1 25.9 24.7 36.9
## somewhat influential 34.0 53.1 23.5 37.6 31.5
## very influential 15.9 20.9 10.2 10.0 15.3
## extremely influential 5.6 4.7 1.2 2.4 3.2
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1217.0 339.0 166.0 458.0 569.0#Availability of news-gathering resources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15K+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 3.3 0.0 0.0 12.5 6.5
## little influential 9.8 6.2 16.7 25.0 19.4
## somewhat influential 45.9 50.0 16.7 40.0 22.6
## very influential 21.3 25.0 33.3 20.0 41.9
## extremely influential 19.7 18.8 33.3 2.5 9.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 61.0 16.0 6.0 40.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 4.1 0.9 2.4 9.7 3.8
## little influential 9.4 5.9 5.4 20.7 9.3
## somewhat influential 29.8 23.5 23.5 45.2 29.8
## very influential 35.2 42.9 39.2 21.0 40.3
## extremely influential 21.5 26.8 29.5 3.5 16.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 1232.0 340.0 166.0 434.0 580.0#Time limits#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15L+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 3.2 0.0 0.0 3.9 2.9
## little influential 6.3 5.6 16.7 2.0 5.7
## somewhat influential 30.2 38.9 0.0 51.0 31.4
## very influential 28.6 27.8 50.0 33.3 45.7
## extremely influential 31.7 27.8 33.3 9.8 14.3
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 18.0 6.0 51.0 35.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 2.5 0.6 2.3 1.8 2.1
## little influential 7.9 5.2 3.4 6.4 15.4
## somewhat influential 23.2 24.4 22.0 39.2 28.8
## very influential 32.0 46.8 42.4 39.2 38.0
## extremely influential 34.4 23.0 29.9 13.4 15.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1271.0 348.0 177.0 500.0 615.0#Journalism ethics#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15M+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C15M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 1.6 0.0 33.3 2 0.0
## little influential 12.5 0.0 0.0 2 8.6
## somewhat influential 23.4 5.6 16.7 22 25.7
## very influential 18.8 33.3 33.3 60 40.0
## extremely influential 43.8 61.1 16.7 14 25.7
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 64.0 18.0 6.0 50 35.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C15M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 1.1 0.3 1.2 1.0 0.8
## little influential 7.4 1.4 11.7 3.4 6.8
## somewhat influential 20.4 9.8 21.1 17.7 22.7
## very influential 37.4 42.2 33.3 57.0 52.8
## extremely influential 33.7 46.3 32.7 20.9 16.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1258.0 348.0 171.0 498.0 617.0#Here is another list. Again, please tell me on a scale of 5 to 1 how influential each of the following is in your work.#
#Your friends, acquaintances and family#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 36.7 16.7 16.7 19.6 14.7
## little influential 41.7 27.8 33.3 47.1 38.2
## somewhat influential 20.0 44.4 33.3 23.5 41.2
## very influential 1.7 11.1 0.0 7.8 5.9
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 16.7 2.0 0.0
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 60.0 18.0 6.0 51.0 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 40.7 15.4 14.4 13.1 15.8
## little influential 35.6 37.2 31.6 60.0 56.4
## somewhat influential 18.0 36.3 31.6 22.1 21.4
## very influential 4.9 8.1 20.1 3.8 6.4
## extremely influential 0.7 2.9 2.3 1.0 0.0
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1208.0 344.0 174.0 503.0 613.0#Colleagues in other media#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 39.3 22.2 16.7 10 8.8
## little influential 32.8 38.9 66.7 52 38.2
## somewhat influential 24.6 27.8 0.0 34 41.2
## very influential 3.3 11.1 16.7 2 11.8
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100 100.0
## Count 61.0 18.0 6.0 50 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 39.5 19.0 31.4 15.1 14.2
## little influential 34.7 38.8 37.7 59.2 55.5
## somewhat influential 19.9 37.4 24.0 22.3 24.5
## very influential 5.4 4.9 6.3 2.6 5.6
## extremely influential 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.2
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1214.0 348.0 175.0 502.0 611.0#Feedback from the audience#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 9.5 11.1 0.0 2.0 2.9
## little influential 36.5 27.8 16.7 39.2 41.2
## somewhat influential 33.3 33.3 66.7 52.9 41.2
## very influential 20.6 16.7 0.0 5.9 14.7
## extremely influential 0.0 11.1 16.7 0.0 0.0
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 63.0 18.0 6.0 51.0 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 13.8 5.5 7.4 2.6 3.1
## little influential 31.8 25.0 18.3 35.0 31.4
## somewhat influential 35.4 48.9 48.6 49.5 46.8
## very influential 14.0 17.0 23.4 11.1 17.7
## extremely influential 5.1 3.7 2.3 1.8 1.0
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1240.0 348.0 175.0 503.0 611.0#Competing news organizations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16D+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 26.2 22.2 16.7 10.2 5.9
## little influential 37.7 27.8 50.0 55.1 41.2
## somewhat influential 27.9 44.4 0.0 30.6 38.2
## very influential 8.2 5.6 33.3 4.1 14.7
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 61.0 18.0 6.0 49.0 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 20.3 4.0 8.6 6.8 5.7
## little influential 31.7 21.8 19.0 35.1 27.8
## somewhat influential 34.5 54.3 39.1 44.0 43.8
## very influential 10.5 17.2 23.6 13.3 22.2
## extremely influential 3.0 2.6 9.8 0.8 0.5
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1215.0 348.0 174.0 498.0 609.0#Media laws and regulation#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16E+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 25.4 0.0 0 2 2.9
## little influential 33.9 5.6 20 8 35.3
## somewhat influential 20.3 22.2 20 24 47.1
## very influential 13.6 33.3 20 54 11.8
## extremely influential 6.8 38.9 40 12 2.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100 100.0
## Count 59.0 18.0 5 50 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 16.5 1.4 12.7 1.4 3.6
## little influential 26.2 9.5 21.7 8.2 29.7
## somewhat influential 28.7 13.0 27.1 32.5 30.9
## very influential 20.1 40.6 29.5 41.6 29.9
## extremely influential 8.5 35.4 9.0 16.3 5.9
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1206.0 347.0 166.0 498.0 612.0#Information access#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16F+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 22.8 38.9 0.0 0.0 0.0
## little influential 35.1 16.7 0.0 7.8 9.1
## somewhat influential 15.8 38.9 16.7 33.3 27.3
## very influential 22.8 5.6 66.7 41.2 60.6
## extremely influential 3.5 0.0 16.7 17.6 3.0
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 57.0 18.0 6.0 51.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 12.5 12.8 0.6 1.4 1.6
## little influential 19.9 16.0 4.0 4.1 7.7
## somewhat influential 33.9 28.6 13.2 31.8 27.8
## very influential 24.2 30.3 43.7 52.1 50.9
## extremely influential 9.5 12.2 38.5 10.6 12.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1190.0 343.0 174.0 491.0 609.0#Censorship#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16G+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 88.9 83.3 33.3 60.4 66.7
## little influential 9.3 11.1 50.0 37.5 24.2
## somewhat influential 1.9 5.6 0.0 2.1 6.1
## very influential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 54.0 18.0 6.0 48.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 78.1 74.6 57.1 57.5 62.8
## little influential 15.2 18.9 28.6 32.6 30.8
## somewhat influential 5.4 3.8 11.9 6.3 3.8
## very influential 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.3 2.3
## extremely influential 0.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 0.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1149.0 339.0 168.0 473.0 611.0#Government officials#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16H+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 55.9 64.7 66.7 52 72.7
## little influential 33.9 35.3 16.7 38 24.2
## somewhat influential 8.5 0.0 16.7 8 3.0
## very influential 1.7 0.0 0.0 2 0.0
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100 99.9
## Count 59.0 17.0 6.0 50 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 44.5 28.8 58.0 37.1 65.0
## little influential 30.2 32.6 26.4 44.3 28.8
## somewhat influential 18.1 23.3 12.6 14.3 4.7
## very influential 5.7 12.2 2.3 3.9 1.1
## extremely influential 1.5 3.2 0.6 0.4 0.3
## Total 100.0 100.1 99.9 100.0 99.9
## Count 1165.0 344.0 174.0 490.0 611.0#Politicians#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16J+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 46.4 76.5 66.7 49.0 51.5
## little influential 21.4 17.6 16.7 43.1 39.4
## somewhat influential 26.8 0.0 16.7 5.9 9.1
## very influential 3.6 5.9 0.0 2.0 0.0
## extremely influential 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 56.0 17.0 6.0 51.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 39.4 40.1 58.6 32.3 44.2
## little influential 28.6 29.9 26.4 44.8 40.4
## somewhat influential 21.7 21.5 12.1 17.2 13.0
## very influential 8.1 7.6 1.7 5.3 2.0
## extremely influential 2.3 0.9 1.1 0.4 0.5
## Total 100.1 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 1173.0 344.0 174.0 495.0 609.0#Pressure groups#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16K+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 45.0 72.2 33.3 51.0 39.4
## little influential 28.3 22.2 50.0 39.2 54.5
## somewhat influential 18.3 5.6 16.7 9.8 6.1
## very influential 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 60.0 18.0 6.0 51.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 34.9 41.4 54.9 33.8 37.7
## little influential 32.0 31.3 30.6 50.4 49.8
## somewhat influential 22.7 23.2 12.7 13.7 10.7
## very influential 7.9 3.5 1.7 1.6 1.5
## extremely influential 2.4 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.3
## Total 99.9 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 1196.0 345.0 173.0 488.0 610.0#Business people#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16L+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 63.2 72.2 66.7 62 48.5
## little influential 21.1 16.7 16.7 36 45.5
## somewhat influential 10.5 5.6 16.7 2 6.1
## very influential 5.3 5.6 0.0 0 0.0
## extremely influential 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.1 100 100.1
## Count 57.0 18.0 6.0 50 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 47.6 40.5 57.2 44.0 37.2
## little influential 27.8 39.0 28.3 45.6 48.7
## somewhat influential 17.3 16.8 9.8 8.0 12.5
## very influential 5.5 3.5 4.0 2.2 1.5
## extremely influential 1.9 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2
## Total 100.1 100.1 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 1181.0 346.0 173.0 489.0 610.0#Public relations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16M+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 25.0 16.7 50.0 30.6 26.5
## little influential 36.7 50.0 16.7 46.9 52.9
## somewhat influential 31.7 22.2 16.7 22.4 17.6
## very influential 5.0 5.6 16.7 0.0 0.0
## extremely influential 1.7 5.6 0.0 0.0 2.9
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.1 99.9 99.9
## Count 60.0 18.0 6.0 49.0 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 25.8 26.7 43.4 33.9 32.4
## little influential 37.3 46.9 37.0 49.1 54.3
## somewhat influential 27.8 21.7 16.2 13.9 10.3
## very influential 6.8 3.8 2.9 2.5 2.5
## extremely influential 2.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.5
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1200.0 341.0 173.0 489.0 611.0#Relationships with news sources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16N+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C16N DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 9.8 5.6 16.7 18.4 17.6
## little influential 14.8 22.2 33.3 38.8 35.3
## somewhat influential 41.0 27.8 16.7 36.7 26.5
## very influential 26.2 27.8 33.3 6.1 17.6
## extremely influential 8.2 16.7 0.0 0.0 2.9
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 61.0 18.0 6.0 49.0 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C16N DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## not influential 7.3 6.9 7.7 12.0 12.0
## little influential 16.4 22.2 16.0 27.6 27.0
## somewhat influential 32.1 38.0 27.8 41.3 35.6
## very influential 30.0 25.1 28.4 15.8 21.3
## extremely influential 14.1 7.8 20.1 3.3 4.1
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1225.0 347.0 169.0 482.0 610.0#How many years have you been working in journalism? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C17+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C17 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## 0 0.0 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 1 0.0 0.0 0 8.9 NaN
## 2 0.0 0.0 0 5.4 NaN
## 3 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 4 3.2 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 5 6.5 0.0 0 5.4 NaN
## 6 4.8 0.0 0 12.5 NaN
## 7 4.8 0.0 20 0.0 NaN
## 8 3.2 0.0 0 5.4 NaN
## 9 0.0 0.0 20 0.0 NaN
## 10 3.2 16.7 0 0.0 NaN
## 11 1.6 5.6 0 3.6 NaN
## 12 0.0 0.0 0 5.4 NaN
## 13 0.0 11.1 20 0.0 NaN
## 14 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 15 4.8 5.6 0 7.1 NaN
## 16 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 17 1.6 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 18 1.6 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 19 4.8 5.6 0 0.0 NaN
## 20 6.5 11.1 0 5.4 NaN
## 21 3.2 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 22 1.6 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 23 0.0 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 24 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 25 8.1 5.6 0 0.0 NaN
## 26 1.6 5.6 0 7.1 NaN
## 27 1.6 11.1 0 5.4 NaN
## 28 4.8 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 29 1.6 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 30 3.2 5.6 40 5.4 NaN
## 31 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 32 1.6 0.0 0 3.6 NaN
## 33 3.2 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 34 1.6 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 35 1.6 5.6 0 1.8 NaN
## 36 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 37 3.2 11.1 0 1.8 NaN
## 38 3.2 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 39 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 40 4.8 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 41 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 42 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 43 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 44 0.0 0.0 0 1.8 NaN
## 45 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 46 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 47 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 48 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 49 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 50 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 51 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 53 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 54 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 55 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## 57 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 NaN
## Total 99.5 100.3 100 100.4 NaN
## Count 62.0 18.0 5 56.0 0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C17 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## 0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 NaN
## 1 1.4 1.1 3.6 2.7 NaN
## 2 2.8 2.0 7.1 4.1 NaN
## 3 4.5 2.3 7.1 5.3 NaN
## 4 3.2 2.3 6.5 1.5 NaN
## 5 4.2 1.7 7.7 2.9 NaN
## 6 2.1 7.5 7.1 5.0 NaN
## 7 3.8 3.2 7.1 3.6 NaN
## 8 3.7 2.9 3.0 3.1 NaN
## 9 2.7 2.9 1.2 1.5 NaN
## 10 5.9 7.8 3.6 5.8 NaN
## 11 2.5 2.6 3.6 1.4 NaN
## 12 2.9 2.9 8.3 2.6 NaN
## 13 1.8 3.4 3.6 2.2 NaN
## 14 1.6 2.3 0.0 2.6 NaN
## 15 5.8 6.6 1.8 6.7 NaN
## 16 2.2 2.6 1.2 2.4 NaN
## 17 1.8 1.1 1.8 2.1 NaN
## 18 2.0 2.6 0.0 2.4 NaN
## 19 2.0 1.4 0.0 1.4 NaN
## 20 4.0 7.2 4.2 5.0 NaN
## 21 1.2 0.6 0.6 1.7 NaN
## 22 1.7 1.4 2.4 1.9 NaN
## 23 2.3 2.3 1.2 2.4 NaN
## 24 1.2 1.7 0.6 1.4 NaN
## 25 5.5 6.3 6.0 4.0 NaN
## 26 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.7 NaN
## 27 2.0 1.1 0.0 1.5 NaN
## 28 1.2 2.3 1.2 1.5 NaN
## 29 1.5 2.0 0.6 1.0 NaN
## 30 5.0 6.0 3.0 3.4 NaN
## 31 1.4 0.9 0.0 0.9 NaN
## 32 1.1 0.6 0.6 2.2 NaN
## 33 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 NaN
## 34 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.7 NaN
## 35 2.4 2.0 0.6 1.5 NaN
## 36 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.7 NaN
## 37 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.9 NaN
## 38 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 NaN
## 39 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.7 NaN
## 40 1.7 0.6 0.6 2.1 NaN
## 41 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 NaN
## 42 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.0 NaN
## 43 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 44 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 45 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 46 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 47 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 48 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 49 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 50 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 51 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 53 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 54 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 55 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 57 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 NaN
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 99.8 NaN
## Count 1224.0 348.0 168.0 582.0 0aggregate(C17~nordic+cultjou, wjsn, mean)## nordic cultjou C17
## 1 DEN CULTURE JOURNALISTS 21.32258
## 2 FIN CULTURE JOURNALISTS 21.38889
## 3 ICE CULTURE JOURNALISTS 17.80000
## 4 NOR CULTURE JOURNALISTS 15.57143
## 5 DEN NOT CULT. JOURN 18.25899
## 6 FIN NOT CULT. JOURN 17.06034
## 7 ICE NOT CULT. JOURN 11.82143
## 8 NOR NOT CULT. JOURN 16.80069#The importance of some influences on journalism may have changed over time. Please tell me to what extent these influences have become stronger or weaker during the past five years in [add country]#
#Journalism education#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 3.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 13.3 0 30.3 12.1
## did not change NaN 26.7 40 36.4 42.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 46.7 40 21.2 27.3
## strengthened a lot NaN 13.3 20 12.1 15.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 15.0 5 33.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.7 1.9 0.7 3.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 14.7 0.9 10.7 16.8
## did not change NaN 40.2 25.5 32.4 50.6
## somewhat strengthened NaN 35.7 56.6 49.8 21.7
## strengthened a lot NaN 7.7 15.1 6.4 7.8
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 286.0 106.0 299.0 589.0#Ethical standards#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 5.9 0 0.0 6.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 47.1 20 36.1 30.3
## did not change NaN 29.4 80 22.2 51.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 17.6 0 33.3 12.1
## strengthened a lot NaN 0.0 0 8.3 0.0
## Total NaN 100.0 100 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 17.0 5 36.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 2.2 0.0 1.3 4.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 27.0 5.6 19.1 27.6
## did not change NaN 36.8 42.6 31.2 49.8
## somewhat strengthened NaN 32.1 45.4 42.7 17.0
## strengthened a lot NaN 1.9 6.5 5.8 1.4
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.1
## Count 0 315.0 108.0 382.0 588.0#Competition#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.0 0 0.0 6.1
## did not change NaN 0.0 0 5.3 18.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 44.4 100 65.8 48.5
## strengthened a lot NaN 55.6 0 28.9 27.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 18.0 4 38.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.9 1.8 0.5 0.8
## somewhat weakened NaN 1.2 5.3 5.1 4.7
## did not change NaN 4.4 25.7 9.4 14.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 37.2 44.2 55.5 47.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 56.2 23.0 29.5 32.8
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 320.0 113.0 393.0 591.0#Advertising considerations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18D+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 6.2 0.0 0.0 3.0
## did not change NaN 18.8 66.7 18.4 21.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 31.2 33.3 52.6 48.5
## strengthened a lot NaN 43.8 0.0 28.9 27.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 16.0 3.0 38.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.0 1.9 0.3 1.7
## somewhat weakened NaN 5.7 0.9 5.6 1.7
## did not change NaN 26.9 55.6 29.2 37.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 51.2 32.4 48.7 42.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 15.2 9.3 16.2 16.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 297.0 108.0 359.0 587.0#Profit making pressures#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18E+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0 0 0.0 0.0
## did not change NaN 0 50 10.3 24.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 50 50 30.8 27.3
## strengthened a lot NaN 50 0 59.0 48.5
## Total NaN 100 100 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 18 4 39.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 1.0 0.5 1.5
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.6 0.0 3.2 0.2
## did not change NaN 8.2 46.2 12.1 25.0
## somewhat strengthened NaN 40.8 44.2 48.0 38.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 50.5 8.7 36.2 35.1
## Total NaN 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 319.0 104.0 373.0 587.0#Public relations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18F+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 17.6 0 3.1 3.0
## did not change NaN 35.3 75 12.5 30.3
## somewhat strengthened NaN 41.2 25 59.4 39.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 5.9 0 25.0 27.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 17.0 4 32.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 8.6 2.9 2.5 2.4
## did not change NaN 46.1 48.6 26.6 43.6
## somewhat strengthened NaN 39.1 39.0 53.3 42.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 5.3 8.6 16.7 10.2
## Total NaN 100.1 100.1 99.9 100.1
## Count 0 304.0 105.0 353.0 590.0#Audience research#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18G+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 3.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 5.6 0 2.8 0.0
## did not change NaN 27.8 100 16.7 24.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 55.6 0 58.3 60.6
## strengthened a lot NaN 11.1 0 22.2 12.1
## Total NaN 100.1 100 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 18.0 4 36.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.0 1.8 0.0 0.5
## somewhat weakened NaN 2.6 3.6 2.0 1.9
## did not change NaN 34.0 41.8 24.1 35.1
## somewhat strengthened NaN 52.3 42.7 59.9 45.6
## strengthened a lot NaN 10.1 10.0 13.9 16.9
## Total NaN 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 306.0 110.0 352.0 590.0#User-generated contents, such as blogs#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18H+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.0 0 2.5 3.0
## did not change NaN 5.6 0 5.0 3.0
## somewhat strengthened NaN 44.4 100 57.5 39.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 50.0 0 35.0 54.5
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 18.0 3 40.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.3 3.6 2.4 1.0
## did not change NaN 6.2 12.6 8.9 9.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 41.4 54.1 54.2 49.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 51.7 29.7 34.2 39.6
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 321.0 111.0 380.0 589.0#Social media, such as [add 1 or 2 examples]#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18J+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## did not change NaN 0.0 0 2.4 3.0
## somewhat strengthened NaN 22.2 75 46.3 33.3
## strengthened a lot NaN 77.8 25 51.2 63.6
## Total NaN 100.0 100 99.9 99.9
## Count 0 18.0 4 41.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.2
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.2
## did not change NaN 2.5 3.5 2.3 3.7
## somewhat strengthened NaN 22.4 42.1 39.6 35.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 74.8 53.5 57.4 60.7
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 321.0 114.0 399.0 593.0#Audience involvement in news production#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18K+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.0 0 2.7 0.0
## did not change NaN 0.0 100 21.6 31.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 83.3 0 56.8 31.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 16.7 0 18.9 37.5
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 18.0 3 37.0 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 2.2 1.0 0.5 1.2
## did not change NaN 15.9 56.1 24.1 21.7
## somewhat strengthened NaN 60.9 34.7 61.9 53.8
## strengthened a lot NaN 20.6 7.1 12.6 23.0
## Total NaN 99.9 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 320.0 98.0 373.0 586.0#Audience feedback#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18L+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 5.6 0.0 5.3 0.0
## did not change NaN 33.3 66.7 18.4 15.6
## somewhat strengthened NaN 50.0 33.3 55.3 59.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 11.1 0.0 21.1 21.9
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 18.0 3.0 38.0 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18L DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.5
## somewhat weakened NaN 7.6 3.6 1.3 1.0
## did not change NaN 40.3 38.7 22.7 30.1
## somewhat strengthened NaN 44.8 44.1 62.3 52.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 6.3 13.5 13.2 15.5
## Total NaN 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 315.0 111.0 387.0 588.0#Pressure toward sensational news#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18M+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C18M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 5.6 0 0.0 3.0
## did not change NaN 11.1 100 24.3 24.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 50.0 0 48.6 51.5
## strengthened a lot NaN 33.3 0 27.0 21.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100 99.9 99.9
## Count 0 18.0 4 37.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C18M DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.6 0.0 1.1 0.7
## somewhat weakened NaN 3.8 5.6 4.5 0.9
## did not change NaN 24.6 67.3 34.2 39.7
## somewhat strengthened NaN 48.9 24.3 39.7 40.3
## strengthened a lot NaN 22.1 2.8 20.5 18.5
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 317.0 107.0 380.0 585.0#Journalism is in a state of change. Please tell me whether you think there has been an increase or a decrease in the following aspects of work in [add country]. #
#Journalists’ freedom to make editorial decisions#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19A+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 3.0 6.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 76.5 50 54.5 48.5
## did not change NaN 23.5 0 27.3 45.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 0.0 50 15.2 0.0
## strengthened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 17.0 4 33.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19A DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 4.9 1.9 2.3 6.8
## somewhat weakened NaN 37.7 7.4 33.7 33.8
## did not change NaN 42.9 44.4 46.0 51.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 13.6 41.7 16.6 7.1
## strengthened a lot NaN 1.0 4.6 1.4 0.9
## Total NaN 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 308.0 108.0 350.0 588.0#Average working hours of journalists#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19B+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 3.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 13.3 0 22.2 0.0
## did not change NaN 13.3 20 16.7 21.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 66.7 80 58.3 48.5
## strengthened a lot NaN 6.7 0 2.8 27.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 15.0 5 36.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19B DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.3 0.0 1.4 1.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 2.6 11.6 9.9 3.1
## did not change NaN 30.2 31.2 31.2 38.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 53.7 43.8 50.7 45.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 12.2 13.4 6.8 12.4
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 311.0 112.0 353.0 589.0#Time available for researching stories#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19C+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 27.8 20 41.0 39.4
## somewhat weakened NaN 50.0 40 43.6 57.6
## did not change NaN 11.1 40 10.3 3.0
## somewhat strengthened NaN 11.1 0 2.6 0.0
## strengthened a lot NaN 0.0 0 2.6 0.0
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 18.0 5 39.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19C DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 25.1 22.2 25.5 29.7
## somewhat weakened NaN 54.9 40.2 56.1 53.5
## did not change NaN 13.5 26.5 13.7 13.6
## somewhat strengthened NaN 5.3 11.1 4.2 2.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 1.3 0.0 0.5 0.3
## Total NaN 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 319.0 117.0 380.0 589.0#Interactions of journalists with their audiences#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19D+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 2.5 3.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 11.1 50 15.0 6.1
## did not change NaN 5.6 0 22.5 30.3
## somewhat strengthened NaN 50.0 50 45.0 45.5
## strengthened a lot NaN 33.3 0 15.0 15.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 18.0 4 40.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19D DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.6 2.8 2.8 3.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 7.0 13.0 12.3 11.5
## did not change NaN 12.7 31.5 23.2 28.7
## somewhat strengthened NaN 55.4 47.2 50.0 44.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 23.2 5.6 11.7 12.3
## Total NaN 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 314.0 108.0 358.0 585.0#The importance of technical skills#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19E+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 2.4 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.0 0 2.4 3.0
## did not change NaN 11.1 20 2.4 6.1
## somewhat strengthened NaN 22.2 80 51.2 36.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 66.7 0 41.5 54.5
## Total NaN 100.0 100 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 18.0 5 41.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19E DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.2
## did not change NaN 4.1 8.7 3.1 7.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 44.1 53.9 50.5 45.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 51.6 36.5 44.8 46.9
## Total NaN 100.1 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 320.0 115.0 384.0 591.0#The use of search engines#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19F+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.0 0 2.5 0.0
## did not change NaN 0.0 20 2.5 3.0
## somewhat strengthened NaN 33.3 60 45.0 39.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 66.7 20 50.0 57.6
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 18.0 5 40.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19F DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0
## did not change NaN 6.2 1.7 4.7 7.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 33.4 40.7 44.3 38.3
## strengthened a lot NaN 59.7 57.6 50.5 54.1
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.1
## Count 0 320.0 118.0 384.0 590.0#The importance of having a university degree#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19G+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 2.6 6.2
## somewhat weakened NaN 25.0 0 13.2 18.8
## did not change NaN 56.2 40 31.6 31.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 6.2 40 39.5 31.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 12.5 20 13.2 12.5
## Total NaN 99.9 100 100.1 99.9
## Count 0 16.0 5 38.0 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19G DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 4.7 0.0 1.4 3.2
## somewhat weakened NaN 13.7 0.9 3.8 7.7
## did not change NaN 49.0 30.1 32.7 57.7
## somewhat strengthened NaN 27.7 45.1 50.8 25.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 5.0 23.9 11.3 6.3
## Total NaN 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 300.0 113.0 364.0 588.0#The importance of having a degree in journalism or a related field#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19H+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 5.4 6.5
## somewhat weakened NaN 26.7 0 10.8 12.9
## did not change NaN 53.3 25 40.5 35.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 20.0 50 24.3 22.6
## strengthened a lot NaN 0.0 25 18.9 22.6
## Total NaN 100.0 100 99.9 100.1
## Count 0 15.0 4 37.0 31.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19H DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 4.4 0.9 0.8 2.7
## somewhat weakened NaN 16.9 1.8 4.4 11.0
## did not change NaN 54.4 44.5 37.4 45.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 22.3 44.5 46.4 29.8
## strengthened a lot NaN 2.0 8.2 11.0 11.0
## Total NaN 100.0 99.9 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 296.0 110.0 364.0 590.0#The credibility of journalism#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19J+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 5.9 0 12.2 9.4
## somewhat weakened NaN 52.9 80 46.3 46.9
## did not change NaN 41.2 0 31.7 28.1
## somewhat strengthened NaN 0.0 20 4.9 15.6
## strengthened a lot NaN 0.0 0 4.9 0.0
## Total NaN 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 17.0 5 41.0 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19J DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 5.1 1.7 3.5 7.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 49.4 26.7 38.3 39.9
## did not change NaN 34.1 40.5 38.6 40.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 9.2 22.4 18.4 10.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 2.2 8.6 1.3 1.7
## Total NaN 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 314.0 116.0 376.0 589.0#The relevance of journalism for society#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19K+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C19K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0 0.0 3.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 38.9 0 43.9 25.0
## did not change NaN 44.4 75 34.1 37.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 11.1 25 19.5 25.0
## strengthened a lot NaN 5.6 0 2.4 9.4
## Total NaN 100.0 100 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 18.0 4 41.0 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C19K DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.2 1.7 1.4 2.9
## somewhat weakened NaN 22.2 6.1 21.1 29.8
## did not change NaN 42.8 34.8 45.4 38.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 29.4 41.7 27.6 23.5
## strengthened a lot NaN 4.4 15.7 4.6 5.4
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 320.0 115.0 370.0 588.0#What is the highest grade of school or level of education you have completed? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C20+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C20 DEN FIN ICE
## Not completed high school 0.0 0.0 16.7
## Completed high school 1.6 11.1 16.7
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 48.4 27.8 16.7
## Master's degree or equivalent 50.0 44.4 33.3
## Doctorate 0.0 0.0 0.0
## some university studies, but no degree 0.0 16.7 16.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 62.0 18.0 6.0
## nordic
## C20 NOR SWE
## Not completed high school 0.0 0.0
## Completed high school 2.0 3.0
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 60.8 69.7
## Master's degree or equivalent 37.3 15.2
## Doctorate 0.0 3.0
## some university studies, but no degree 0.0 9.1
## Total 100.1 100.0
## Count 51.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C20 DEN FIN ICE
## Not completed high school 0.4 0.9 6.4
## Completed high school 5.6 11.5 14.6
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 66.0 26.4 48.0
## Master's degree or equivalent 27.0 47.1 21.1
## Doctorate 0.0 1.1 0.0
## some university studies, but no degree 1.1 12.9 9.9
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 1223.0 348.0 171.0
## nordic
## C20 NOR SWE
## Not completed high school 0.0 1.2
## Completed high school 8.8 12.5
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 67.7 51.1
## Master's degree or equivalent 20.7 7.6
## Doctorate 0.0 0.3
## some university studies, but no degree 2.9 27.3
## Total 100.1 100.0
## Count 489.0 607.0#During your studies, did you specialize in journalism or another communication field?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C21+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C21 DEN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 68.9
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 4.9
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 0.0
## No, did not specialize in these fields 26.2
## Total 100.0
## Count 61.0
## nordic
## C21 FIN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 26.7
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 20.0
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 20.0
## No, did not specialize in these fields 33.3
## Total 100.0
## Count 15.0
## nordic
## C21 ICE
## Yes, specialized in journalism 0
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 0
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 25
## No, did not specialize in these fields 75
## Total 100
## Count 4
## nordic
## C21 NOR
## Yes, specialized in journalism 41.5
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 26.8
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.3
## No, did not specialize in these fields 24.4
## Total 100.0
## Count 41.0
## nordic
## C21 SWE
## Yes, specialized in journalism 56.2
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 6.2
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 12.5
## No, did not specialize in these fields 25.0
## Total 99.9
## Count 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C21 DEN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 78.8
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 9.0
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 0.1
## No, did not specialize in these fields 12.1
## Total 100.0
## Count 1150.0
## nordic
## C21 FIN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 45.9
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 10.2
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.2
## No, did not specialize in these fields 36.7
## Total 100.0
## Count 305.0
## nordic
## C21 ICE
## Yes, specialized in journalism 23.0
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 8.9
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 0.0
## No, did not specialize in these fields 68.1
## Total 100.0
## Count 135.0
## nordic
## C21 NOR
## Yes, specialized in journalism 49.1
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 15.2
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.6
## No, did not specialize in these fields 28.2
## Total 100.1
## Count 316.0
## nordic
## C21 SWE
## Yes, specialized in journalism 61.0
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 7.4
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 10.1
## No, did not specialize in these fields 21.5
## Total 100.0
## Count 525.0#What is your gender?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C22+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C22 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Female 58.7 50 50 50 60
## Male 41.3 50 50 50 40
## Total 100.0 100 100 100 100
## Count 63.0 18 6 46 35
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C22 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Female 42.3 55.5 34.5 50.5 45.1
## Male 57.7 44.5 65.5 49.5 54.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1235.0 348.0 174.0 432.0 638.0#In what year were you born?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C23+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## C23 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## 18 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 19 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 20 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 21 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 22 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 23 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 24 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 25 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 26 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 27 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 28 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 29 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 30 3.3 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 31 4.9 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 32 1.6 5.6 0 2.1 0.0
## 33 1.6 5.6 0 2.1 0.0
## 34 3.3 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 35 1.6 5.6 0 0.0 2.9
## 36 1.6 0.0 50 2.1 0.0
## 37 1.6 5.6 0 2.1 0.0
## 38 3.3 5.6 0 2.1 2.9
## 39 4.9 5.6 0 4.3 5.7
## 40 3.3 5.6 0 0.0 2.9
## 41 3.3 0.0 0 6.4 0.0
## 42 0.0 0.0 0 4.3 2.9
## 43 1.6 0.0 0 2.1 5.7
## 44 0.0 5.6 0 4.3 2.9
## 45 4.9 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 46 4.9 0.0 25 2.1 0.0
## 47 1.6 0.0 0 4.3 5.7
## 48 0.0 5.6 0 2.1 2.9
## 49 3.3 5.6 0 2.1 5.7
## 50 1.6 11.1 0 2.1 14.3
## 51 3.3 0.0 0 4.3 0.0
## 52 8.2 0.0 0 0.0 5.7
## 53 6.6 16.7 0 8.5 2.9
## 54 1.6 5.6 0 0.0 2.9
## 55 0.0 0.0 25 0.0 0.0
## 56 0.0 0.0 0 4.3 5.7
## 57 1.6 0.0 0 6.4 2.9
## 58 0.0 5.6 0 2.1 0.0
## 59 3.3 0.0 0 0.0 5.7
## 60 0.0 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 61 8.2 5.6 0 4.3 0.0
## 62 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 63 1.6 0.0 0 2.1 0.0
## 64 3.3 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 65 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 66 3.3 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 67 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 68 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 69 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 70 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 71 1.6 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 72 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 73 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 2.9
## 75 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 78 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## 79 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## Total 99.6 100.6 100 99.7 100.6
## Count 61.0 18.0 4 47.0 35.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## C23 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## 18 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
## 19 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
## 20 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.0
## 21 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.0
## 22 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.0
## 23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0
## 24 0.2 0.3 2.6 0.8 0.0
## 25 0.8 1.2 1.9 2.1 0.2
## 26 1.3 1.2 3.9 2.7 0.2
## 27 1.5 0.6 2.6 2.3 0.2
## 28 2.6 1.7 3.2 2.3 0.3
## 29 2.3 1.7 4.5 1.9 0.5
## 30 2.9 4.3 3.9 2.3 0.8
## 31 2.9 2.9 1.9 2.1 0.9
## 32 2.5 2.3 7.1 1.5 0.9
## 33 2.9 3.5 1.9 1.7 0.9
## 34 2.0 2.9 5.2 1.3 1.4
## 35 2.7 4.0 3.9 1.9 0.5
## 36 2.8 5.2 7.1 3.2 1.7
## 37 2.5 3.8 3.9 2.9 2.5
## 38 2.5 3.8 2.6 4.6 1.9
## 39 2.7 1.4 1.3 2.7 2.7
## 40 2.3 4.0 1.9 2.7 1.4
## 41 3.2 2.3 2.6 2.1 2.4
## 42 3.3 3.5 2.6 5.0 3.5
## 43 2.4 1.2 2.6 3.2 2.7
## 44 2.8 2.0 1.3 2.7 3.1
## 45 1.7 4.9 1.9 1.1 2.0
## 46 1.9 2.0 1.3 2.1 2.5
## 47 1.9 2.0 1.3 2.7 2.5
## 48 1.6 2.6 1.3 4.2 1.6
## 49 2.7 4.0 0.0 2.5 4.1
## 50 3.1 2.6 3.9 1.9 3.0
## 51 2.1 2.3 2.6 1.3 2.4
## 52 2.9 3.5 0.0 1.9 3.0
## 53 3.2 3.5 1.3 2.9 3.8
## 54 3.3 2.9 1.3 2.3 2.7
## 55 2.7 3.2 2.6 3.2 2.4
## 56 2.4 1.7 1.9 2.3 4.4
## 57 2.1 2.0 1.3 1.5 2.7
## 58 2.3 3.2 1.9 4.8 5.2
## 59 3.2 0.9 0.0 2.3 3.6
## 60 1.7 0.9 0.6 1.7 3.8
## 61 2.7 1.2 0.0 1.3 2.8
## 62 2.0 0.3 1.3 0.8 4.6
## 63 1.6 0.6 1.3 2.1 3.8
## 64 1.6 1.2 1.3 0.8 3.0
## 65 1.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 2.8
## 66 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 2.0
## 67 0.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.6
## 68 0.4 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.3
## 69 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8
## 70 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 71 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
## 72 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 73 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 75 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 78 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 79 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.4 100.2 99.9 99.8 100.3
## Count 1223.0 346.0 155.0 476.0 636.0aggregate(C23~nordic+cultjou, wjsn, mean)## nordic cultjou C23
## 1 DEN CULTURE JOURNALISTS 48.49180
## 2 FIN CULTURE JOURNALISTS 45.94444
## 3 ICE CULTURE JOURNALISTS 43.25000
## 4 NOR CULTURE JOURNALISTS 43.46809
## 5 SWE CULTURE JOURNALISTS 51.28571
## 6 DEN NOT CULT. JOURN 45.76778
## 7 FIN NOT CULT. JOURN 43.26879
## 8 ICE NOT CULT. JOURN 39.49032
## 9 NOR NOT CULT. JOURN 43.32143
## 10 SWE NOT CULT. JOURN 51.32390#Rank of respondent#
colPercents(xtabs(~T5+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T5 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Senior/executive manager 7.7 11.1 0.0 4.1 0.0
## "Junior" manager 21.5 16.7 33.3 0.0 17.6
## Rank-and-file 70.8 72.2 66.7 95.9 82.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 49.0 34.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T5 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Senior/executive manager 6.1 6.9 16.1 11.4 4.3
## "Junior" manager 22.8 20.4 14.4 6.7 18.2
## Rank-and-file 71.1 72.7 69.4 81.9 77.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1297.0 348.0 180.0 475.0 632.0#Type of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.1+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.1 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 43.1 27.8 83.3 57.9 66.7
## No 56.9 72.2 16.7 42.1 33.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 57.0 24.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.1 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 39 31 36.3 42.6 57
## No 61 69 63.7 57.4 43
## Total 100 100 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 1292 348 179.0 551.0 502colPercents(xtabs(~T7.2+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.2 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 4.6 5.6 16.7 0 0
## No 95.4 94.4 83.3 100 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 100
## Count 65.0 18.0 6.0 57 24
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.2 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 5.2 11.5 9.5 8.5 0
## No 94.8 88.5 90.5 91.5 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 1292.0 348.0 179.0 551.0 503colPercents(xtabs(~T7.3+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.3 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 21.5 44.4 0 10.5 8.3
## No 78.5 55.6 100 89.5 91.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 65.0 18.0 6 57.0 24.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.3 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 27.4 26.4 3.4 12.5 14.5
## No 72.6 73.6 96.6 87.5 85.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1292.0 348.0 179.0 551.0 503.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.4+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.4 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 24.6 11.1 0 7 0
## No 75.4 88.9 100 93 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100 100
## Count 65.0 18.0 6 57 24
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.4 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 22.6 10.6 29.1 19.1 11.1
## No 77.4 89.4 70.9 80.9 88.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1292.0 348.0 179.0 551.0 503.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.5+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.5 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 26.2 11.1 0 19.3 25
## No 73.8 88.9 100 80.7 75
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100
## Count 65.0 18.0 6 57.0 24
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.5 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 12.8 12.9 4.5 8.9 15.5
## No 87.2 87.1 95.5 91.1 84.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1292.0 348.0 179.0 551.0 503.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.6+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.6 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 0 0 0 1.8 0
## No 100 100 100 98.2 100
## Total 100 100 100 100.0 100
## Count 65 18 6 57.0 24
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.6 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 0.7 2.9 0 2.4 1.8
## No 99.3 97.1 100 97.6 98.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 100.0
## Count 1292.0 348.0 179 551.0 503.0colPercents(xtabs(~T7.7+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.7 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 6.2 0 0 1.8 0
## No 93.8 100 100 98.2 100
## Total 100.0 100 100 100.0 100
## Count 65.0 18 6 57.0 24
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.7 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 7.9 0.6 3.4 2.5 0
## No 92.1 99.4 96.6 97.5 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 1292.0 348.0 179.0 551.0 503colPercents(xtabs(~T7.8+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T7.8 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 3.1 0 0 1.8 0
## No 96.9 100 100 98.2 100
## Total 100.0 100 100 100.0 100
## Count 65.0 18 6 57.0 24
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T7.8 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Yes 9.1 4 14 3.4 0
## No 90.9 96 86 96.6 100
## Total 100.0 100 100 100.0 100
## Count 1292.0 348 179 551.0 503#Reach of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T8+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T8 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Local 7.7 0.0 0 16.3 12.1
## Regional 12.3 22.2 0 37.2 24.2
## National 80.0 77.8 100 39.5 63.6
## Transnational 0.0 0.0 0 7.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 99.9
## Count 65.0 18.0 6 43.0 33.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T8 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Local 10.2 13.8 2.2 27.7 28.2
## Regional 20.1 27.6 6.6 21.1 32.7
## National 69.3 56.3 91.2 46.9 37.6
## Transnational 0.4 2.3 0.0 4.3 1.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1264.0 348.0 181.0 469.0 603.0#Ownership of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T9+nordic+cultjou, data=wjsn))## , , cultjou = CULTURE JOURNALISTS
##
## nordic
## T9 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Purely private ownership 62.9 72.2 100 78.9 31.2
## Purely public ownership 27.4 16.7 0 0.0 25.0
## Purely state ownership 0.0 11.1 0 21.1 3.1
## Mixed ownership but mostly private 3.2 0.0 0 0.0 37.5
## Mixed ownership but mostly public 6.5 0.0 0 0.0 3.1
## Mixed ownership but mostly state-owned 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0 99.9
## Count 62.0 18.0 6 57.0 32.0
##
## , , cultjou = NOT CULT. JOURN
##
## nordic
## T9 DEN FIN ICE NOR SWE
## Purely private ownership 66.6 76.8 74.6 81.6 44.0
## Purely public ownership 27.0 9.7 25.4 0.0 17.2
## Purely state ownership 0.0 5.6 0.0 18.4 4.9
## Mixed ownership but mostly private 3.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 28.0
## Mixed ownership but mostly public 3.5 1.8 0.0 0.0 4.9
## Mixed ownership but mostly state-owned 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 1.0
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1212.0 340.0 181.0 559.0 593.0```