Understanding and Mitigating Electoral Violence in Turkey - UMEVT
Emre Toros
26 September 2016
Setting the environment and loading data
rm(list=ls(all=TRUE))
setwd("D:/emre/SkyDrive/makale/Electoral Integrity/Initial Data/Veriler")
library(foreign)
library(ggplot2)
library(sjPlot)
library(pander)
ei_v1 <- read.dta("combined_v1.dta")Selecting subset of variables
mod1 <- subset (ei_v1,
select=c(NewspaperIdeology,
ElectoralViolence,
Election, NewsType, DateCode))Releveling the reference category to center for newspapers
NewspaperIdeology.f <-relevel(mod1$NewspaperIdeology,
ref = "Center")The descriptives
frq1 <- sjt.frq(mod1$ElectoralViolence, no.output = TRUE)
pander(frq1)## Warning in pander.default(frq1): No pander.method for "sjTable", reverting
## to default.No pander.method for "sjtfrq", reverting to default.- page.style:
page.content.list:
<table>mod1$ElectoralViolence <th class="thead firsttablerow firsttablecol">value</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">N</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">raw %</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">valid %</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">cumulative %</th><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Other Problems</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">1869</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">85.97</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">85.97</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">85.97</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Violence</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">305</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">14.03</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">14.03</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">100.00</td><td class="tdata leftalign lasttablerow firsttablecol">missings</td> <td class="tdata centeralign lasttablerow">0</td> <td class="tdata centeralign lasttablerow">0.00</td> <td class="tdata lasttablerow"></td> <td class="tdata lasttablerow"></td><td class="tdata summary" colspan="5">total N=2174 · valid N=2174 · x̄=1.14 · σ=0.35</td>
- output.complete:
mod1$ElectoralViolence value N raw % valid % cumulative % Other Problems 1869 85.97 85.97 85.97 Violence 305 14.03 14.03 100.00 missings 0 0.00 total N=2174 · valid N=2174 · x̄=1.14 · σ=0.35 - knitr:
mod1$ElectoralViolence value N raw % valid % cumulative % Other Problems 1869 85.97 85.97 85.97 Violence 305 14.03 14.03 100.00 missings 0 0.00 total N=2174 · valid N=2174 · x̄=1.14 · σ=0.35
sjp.frq(mod1$ElectoralViolence)
frq2 <- sjt.frq(ei_v1$Newspaper, no.output = TRUE)
pander(frq2)## Warning in pander.default(frq2): No pander.method for "sjTable", reverting
## to default.No pander.method for "sjtfrq", reverting to default.- page.style:
page.content.list:
<table>ei_v1$Newspaper <th class="thead firsttablerow firsttablecol">value</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">N</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">raw %</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">valid %</th> <th class="thead firsttablerow">cumulative %</th><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Akit</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">120</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">5.52</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">5.52</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">5.52</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Taraf</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">280</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">12.88</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">12.88</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">18.40</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Birgun</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">434</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">19.96</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">19.96</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">38.36</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Zaman</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">180</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">8.28</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">8.28</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">46.64</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Posta</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">174</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">8.00</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">8.00</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">54.65</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Yenicag</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">314</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">14.44</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">14.44</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">69.09</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Sabah</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">84</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">3.86</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">3.86</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">72.95</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Hurriyet</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">156</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">7.18</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">7.18</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">80.13</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Cumhuriyet</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">111</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">5.11</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">5.11</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">85.23</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Sozcu</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">321</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">14.77</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">14.77</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">100.00</td><td class="tdata leftalign firsttablecol">Local</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">0</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">0.00</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">0.00</td> <td class="tdata centeralign">100.00</td><td class="tdata leftalign lasttablerow firsttablecol">missings</td> <td class="tdata centeralign lasttablerow">0</td> <td class="tdata centeralign lasttablerow">0.00</td> <td class="tdata lasttablerow"></td> <td class="tdata lasttablerow"></td><td class="tdata summary" colspan="5">total N=2174 · valid N=2174 · x̄=5.29 · σ=2.88</td>
- output.complete:
ei_v1$Newspaper value N raw % valid % cumulative % Akit 120 5.52 5.52 5.52 Taraf 280 12.88 12.88 18.40 Birgun 434 19.96 19.96 38.36 Zaman 180 8.28 8.28 46.64 Posta 174 8.00 8.00 54.65 Yenicag 314 14.44 14.44 69.09 Sabah 84 3.86 3.86 72.95 Hurriyet 156 7.18 7.18 80.13 Cumhuriyet 111 5.11 5.11 85.23 Sozcu 321 14.77 14.77 100.00 Local 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 missings 0 0.00 total N=2174 · valid N=2174 · x̄=5.29 · σ=2.88 - knitr:
ei_v1$Newspaper value N raw % valid % cumulative % Akit 120 5.52 5.52 5.52 Taraf 280 12.88 12.88 18.40 Birgun 434 19.96 19.96 38.36 Zaman 180 8.28 8.28 46.64 Posta 174 8.00 8.00 54.65 Yenicag 314 14.44 14.44 69.09 Sabah 84 3.86 3.86 72.95 Hurriyet 156 7.18 7.18 80.13 Cumhuriyet 111 5.11 5.11 85.23 Sozcu 321 14.77 14.77 100.00 Local 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 missings 0 0.00 total N=2174 · valid N=2174 · x̄=5.29 · σ=2.88
sjp.frq(ei_v1$Newspaper)
frq3 <- sjt.xtab(ei_v1$Newspaper, ei_v1$ElectoralViolence, no.output = TRUE)## Warning in chisq.test(ftab): Chi-squared approximation may be incorrectpander(frq3)## Warning in pander.default(frq3): No pander.method for "sjTable", reverting
## to default.No pander.method for "sjtxtab", reverting to default.- page.style:
- page.content:
Newspaper ElectoralViolence Total Other Problems Violence Akit 90 30 120 Taraf 220 60 280 Birgun 393 41 434 Zaman 153 27 180 Posta 131 43 174 Yenicag 277 37 314 Sabah 74 10 84 Hurriyet 134 22 156 Cumhuriyet 104 7 111 Sozcu 293 28 321 Local 0 0 0 Total 1869 305 2174 Fisher’s p<.001 · df=10 · Φc=NaN - output.complete:
Newspaper ElectoralViolence Total Other Problems Violence Akit 90 30 120 Taraf 220 60 280 Birgun 393 41 434 Zaman 153 27 180 Posta 131 43 174 Yenicag 277 37 314 Sabah 74 10 84 Hurriyet 134 22 156 Cumhuriyet 104 7 111 Sozcu 293 28 321 Local 0 0 0 Total 1869 305 2174 Fisher’s p<.001 · df=10 · Φc=NaN - knitr:
Newspaper ElectoralViolence Total Other Problems Violence Akit 90 30 120 Taraf 220 60 280 Birgun 393 41 434 Zaman 153 27 180 Posta 131 43 174 Yenicag 277 37 314 Sabah 74 10 84 Hurriyet 134 22 156 Cumhuriyet 104 7 111 Sozcu 293 28 321 Local 0 0 0 Total 1869 305 2174 Fisher’s p<.001 · df=10 · Φc=NaN
chisq.test(ei_v1$Newspaper, ei_v1$ElectoralViolence)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: ei_v1$Newspaper and ei_v1$ElectoralViolence
## X-squared = 63.458, df = 9, p-value = 2.876e-10sjp.xtab(ei_v1$Newspaper, ei_v1$ElectoralViolence ,
geom.size = 0.5, show.n = F, show.total = F)
First Model
model1 <- glm(ElectoralViolence~NewspaperIdeology.f
+Election+NewsType+DateCode, data = mod1, family = binomial)Plots
sjp.glm(model1)## Waiting for profiling to be done...
sjp.glm(model1, type="slope")
sjp.glm(model1, type="slope", show.ci = T)
sjp.glm(model1, type="eff", show.ci = T)
sjp.glm(model1, type="pred", show.ci = T, vars= "NewsType")