Course Project 2
Jonathan Kropko
September 25, 2016
The Consequences of Weather Events on Population Health and Economic Cost
Synopsis: In this analysis, I explore the NOAA Storm Database to determine which weather events have caused the greatest number of fatalities and injuries, and which weather events have resulted in the greatest economic costs. I download and load the large data file in R and clean it so that similar events are grouped together, circumventing spelling and formatting errors in these event codes. I collapse the data by event type and year, and report the year to year total fatalities, injuries, and costs of each event. In general, excessive heat causes the greatest number of fatalities, tornados and floods cause the greatest number of injuries, and thunderstorms are the most economically costly event.
Introduction
The goal of this analysis is to explore the NOAA Storm Database and answer some basic questions about severe weather events. The analysis provides answers to the following two questions:
Across the United States, which types of events are most harmful with respect to population health?
Across the United States, which types of events have the greatest economic consequences?
Data Processing
Setting up
I use the dplyr and ggplot2 packages.
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, unionlibrary(ggplot2)Loading the data
I download the data directly from the URL provided by the course instructors. The data is stored online in the .csv.bz2 format, which is unzipped automatically by the read.csv() command. The data are large – 561.1 MB – so to save time, the following code chunk is cached:
url <- "https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/repdata%2Fdata%2FStormData.csv.bz2"
download.file(url=url, destfile="StormData.csv.bz2")
stormdata <- read.csv("StormData.csv.bz2")Exploring the data
I use the summary() and str() commands to look at a summary of every variable in the data, and I use the head() command to examine the first five rows in particular:
summary(stormdata)## STATE__ BGN_DATE BGN_TIME
## Min. : 1.0 5/25/2011 0:00:00: 1202 12:00:00 AM: 10163
## 1st Qu.:19.0 4/27/2011 0:00:00: 1193 06:00:00 PM: 7350
## Median :30.0 6/9/2011 0:00:00 : 1030 04:00:00 PM: 7261
## Mean :31.2 5/30/2004 0:00:00: 1016 05:00:00 PM: 6891
## 3rd Qu.:45.0 4/4/2011 0:00:00 : 1009 12:00:00 PM: 6703
## Max. :95.0 4/2/2006 0:00:00 : 981 03:00:00 PM: 6700
## (Other) :895866 (Other) :857229
## TIME_ZONE COUNTY COUNTYNAME STATE
## CST :547493 Min. : 0.0 JEFFERSON : 7840 TX : 83728
## EST :245558 1st Qu.: 31.0 WASHINGTON: 7603 KS : 53440
## MST : 68390 Median : 75.0 JACKSON : 6660 OK : 46802
## PST : 28302 Mean :100.6 FRANKLIN : 6256 MO : 35648
## AST : 6360 3rd Qu.:131.0 LINCOLN : 5937 IA : 31069
## HST : 2563 Max. :873.0 MADISON : 5632 NE : 30271
## (Other): 3631 (Other) :862369 (Other):621339
## EVTYPE BGN_RANGE BGN_AZI
## HAIL :288661 Min. : 0.000 :547332
## TSTM WIND :219940 1st Qu.: 0.000 N : 86752
## THUNDERSTORM WIND: 82563 Median : 0.000 W : 38446
## TORNADO : 60652 Mean : 1.484 S : 37558
## FLASH FLOOD : 54277 3rd Qu.: 1.000 E : 33178
## FLOOD : 25326 Max. :3749.000 NW : 24041
## (Other) :170878 (Other):134990
## BGN_LOCATI END_DATE END_TIME
## :287743 :243411 :238978
## COUNTYWIDE : 19680 4/27/2011 0:00:00: 1214 06:00:00 PM: 9802
## Countywide : 993 5/25/2011 0:00:00: 1196 05:00:00 PM: 8314
## SPRINGFIELD : 843 6/9/2011 0:00:00 : 1021 04:00:00 PM: 8104
## SOUTH PORTION: 810 4/4/2011 0:00:00 : 1007 12:00:00 PM: 7483
## NORTH PORTION: 784 5/30/2004 0:00:00: 998 11:59:00 PM: 7184
## (Other) :591444 (Other) :653450 (Other) :622432
## COUNTY_END COUNTYENDN END_RANGE END_AZI
## Min. :0 Mode:logical Min. : 0.0000 :724837
## 1st Qu.:0 NA's:902297 1st Qu.: 0.0000 N : 28082
## Median :0 Median : 0.0000 S : 22510
## Mean :0 Mean : 0.9862 W : 20119
## 3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.: 0.0000 E : 20047
## Max. :0 Max. :925.0000 NE : 14606
## (Other): 72096
## END_LOCATI LENGTH WIDTH
## :499225 Min. : 0.0000 Min. : 0.000
## COUNTYWIDE : 19731 1st Qu.: 0.0000 1st Qu.: 0.000
## SOUTH PORTION : 833 Median : 0.0000 Median : 0.000
## NORTH PORTION : 780 Mean : 0.2301 Mean : 7.503
## CENTRAL PORTION: 617 3rd Qu.: 0.0000 3rd Qu.: 0.000
## SPRINGFIELD : 575 Max. :2315.0000 Max. :4400.000
## (Other) :380536
## F MAG FATALITIES INJURIES
## Min. :0.0 Min. : 0.0 Min. : 0.0000 Min. : 0.0000
## 1st Qu.:0.0 1st Qu.: 0.0 1st Qu.: 0.0000 1st Qu.: 0.0000
## Median :1.0 Median : 50.0 Median : 0.0000 Median : 0.0000
## Mean :0.9 Mean : 46.9 Mean : 0.0168 Mean : 0.1557
## 3rd Qu.:1.0 3rd Qu.: 75.0 3rd Qu.: 0.0000 3rd Qu.: 0.0000
## Max. :5.0 Max. :22000.0 Max. :583.0000 Max. :1700.0000
## NA's :843563
## PROPDMG PROPDMGEXP CROPDMG CROPDMGEXP
## Min. : 0.00 :465934 Min. : 0.000 :618413
## 1st Qu.: 0.00 K :424665 1st Qu.: 0.000 K :281832
## Median : 0.00 M : 11330 Median : 0.000 M : 1994
## Mean : 12.06 0 : 216 Mean : 1.527 k : 21
## 3rd Qu.: 0.50 B : 40 3rd Qu.: 0.000 0 : 19
## Max. :5000.00 5 : 28 Max. :990.000 B : 9
## (Other): 84 (Other): 9
## WFO STATEOFFIC
## :142069 :248769
## OUN : 17393 TEXAS, North : 12193
## JAN : 13889 ARKANSAS, Central and North Central: 11738
## LWX : 13174 IOWA, Central : 11345
## PHI : 12551 KANSAS, Southwest : 11212
## TSA : 12483 GEORGIA, North and Central : 11120
## (Other):690738 (Other) :595920
## ZONENAMES
## :594029
## :205988
## GREATER RENO / CARSON CITY / M - GREATER RENO / CARSON CITY / M : 639
## GREATER LAKE TAHOE AREA - GREATER LAKE TAHOE AREA : 592
## JEFFERSON - JEFFERSON : 303
## MADISON - MADISON : 302
## (Other) :100444
## LATITUDE LONGITUDE LATITUDE_E LONGITUDE_
## Min. : 0 Min. :-14451 Min. : 0 Min. :-14455
## 1st Qu.:2802 1st Qu.: 7247 1st Qu.: 0 1st Qu.: 0
## Median :3540 Median : 8707 Median : 0 Median : 0
## Mean :2875 Mean : 6940 Mean :1452 Mean : 3509
## 3rd Qu.:4019 3rd Qu.: 9605 3rd Qu.:3549 3rd Qu.: 8735
## Max. :9706 Max. : 17124 Max. :9706 Max. :106220
## NA's :47 NA's :40
## REMARKS REFNUM
## :287433 Min. : 1
## : 24013 1st Qu.:225575
## Trees down.\n : 1110 Median :451149
## Several trees were blown down.\n : 568 Mean :451149
## Trees were downed.\n : 446 3rd Qu.:676723
## Large trees and power lines were blown down.\n: 432 Max. :902297
## (Other) :588295str(stormdata)## 'data.frame': 902297 obs. of 37 variables:
## $ STATE__ : num 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ BGN_DATE : Factor w/ 16335 levels "1/1/1966 0:00:00",..: 6523 6523 4242 11116 2224 2224 2260 383 3980 3980 ...
## $ BGN_TIME : Factor w/ 3608 levels "00:00:00 AM",..: 272 287 2705 1683 2584 3186 242 1683 3186 3186 ...
## $ TIME_ZONE : Factor w/ 22 levels "ADT","AKS","AST",..: 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ...
## $ COUNTY : num 97 3 57 89 43 77 9 123 125 57 ...
## $ COUNTYNAME: Factor w/ 29601 levels "","5NM E OF MACKINAC BRIDGE TO PRESQUE ISLE LT MI",..: 13513 1873 4598 10592 4372 10094 1973 23873 24418 4598 ...
## $ STATE : Factor w/ 72 levels "AK","AL","AM",..: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ...
## $ EVTYPE : Factor w/ 985 levels " HIGH SURF ADVISORY",..: 834 834 834 834 834 834 834 834 834 834 ...
## $ BGN_RANGE : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ BGN_AZI : Factor w/ 35 levels ""," N"," NW",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ BGN_LOCATI: Factor w/ 54429 levels ""," Christiansburg",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ END_DATE : Factor w/ 6663 levels "","1/1/1993 0:00:00",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ END_TIME : Factor w/ 3647 levels ""," 0900CST",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ COUNTY_END: num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ COUNTYENDN: logi NA NA NA NA NA NA ...
## $ END_RANGE : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ END_AZI : Factor w/ 24 levels "","E","ENE","ESE",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ END_LOCATI: Factor w/ 34506 levels ""," CANTON"," TULIA",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ LENGTH : num 14 2 0.1 0 0 1.5 1.5 0 3.3 2.3 ...
## $ WIDTH : num 100 150 123 100 150 177 33 33 100 100 ...
## $ F : int 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 ...
## $ MAG : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ FATALITIES: num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ...
## $ INJURIES : num 15 0 2 2 2 6 1 0 14 0 ...
## $ PROPDMG : num 25 2.5 25 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 25 25 ...
## $ PROPDMGEXP: Factor w/ 19 levels "","-","?","+",..: 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 ...
## $ CROPDMG : num 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ CROPDMGEXP: Factor w/ 9 levels "","?","0","2",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ WFO : Factor w/ 542 levels ""," CI","%SD",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ STATEOFFIC: Factor w/ 250 levels "","ALABAMA, Central",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ ZONENAMES : Factor w/ 25112 levels ""," "| __truncated__,..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ LATITUDE : num 3040 3042 3340 3458 3412 ...
## $ LONGITUDE : num 8812 8755 8742 8626 8642 ...
## $ LATITUDE_E: num 3051 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ LONGITUDE_: num 8806 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ REMARKS : Factor w/ 436781 levels "","\t","\t\t",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ REFNUM : num 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...head(stormdata)## STATE__ BGN_DATE BGN_TIME TIME_ZONE COUNTY COUNTYNAME STATE
## 1 1 4/18/1950 0:00:00 0130 CST 97 MOBILE AL
## 2 1 4/18/1950 0:00:00 0145 CST 3 BALDWIN AL
## 3 1 2/20/1951 0:00:00 1600 CST 57 FAYETTE AL
## 4 1 6/8/1951 0:00:00 0900 CST 89 MADISON AL
## 5 1 11/15/1951 0:00:00 1500 CST 43 CULLMAN AL
## 6 1 11/15/1951 0:00:00 2000 CST 77 LAUDERDALE AL
## EVTYPE BGN_RANGE BGN_AZI BGN_LOCATI END_DATE END_TIME COUNTY_END
## 1 TORNADO 0 0
## 2 TORNADO 0 0
## 3 TORNADO 0 0
## 4 TORNADO 0 0
## 5 TORNADO 0 0
## 6 TORNADO 0 0
## COUNTYENDN END_RANGE END_AZI END_LOCATI LENGTH WIDTH F MAG FATALITIES
## 1 NA 0 14.0 100 3 0 0
## 2 NA 0 2.0 150 2 0 0
## 3 NA 0 0.1 123 2 0 0
## 4 NA 0 0.0 100 2 0 0
## 5 NA 0 0.0 150 2 0 0
## 6 NA 0 1.5 177 2 0 0
## INJURIES PROPDMG PROPDMGEXP CROPDMG CROPDMGEXP WFO STATEOFFIC ZONENAMES
## 1 15 25.0 K 0
## 2 0 2.5 K 0
## 3 2 25.0 K 0
## 4 2 2.5 K 0
## 5 2 2.5 K 0
## 6 6 2.5 K 0
## LATITUDE LONGITUDE LATITUDE_E LONGITUDE_ REMARKS REFNUM
## 1 3040 8812 3051 8806 1
## 2 3042 8755 0 0 2
## 3 3340 8742 0 0 3
## 4 3458 8626 0 0 4
## 5 3412 8642 0 0 5
## 6 3450 8748 0 0 6The events of interest are contained in the variable EVTYPE. To see a full list of the events, I use the levels() command:
levels(stormdata$EVTYPE)## [1] " HIGH SURF ADVISORY" " COASTAL FLOOD"
## [3] " FLASH FLOOD" " LIGHTNING"
## [5] " TSTM WIND" " TSTM WIND (G45)"
## [7] " WATERSPOUT" " WIND"
## [9] "?" "ABNORMAL WARMTH"
## [11] "ABNORMALLY DRY" "ABNORMALLY WET"
## [13] "ACCUMULATED SNOWFALL" "AGRICULTURAL FREEZE"
## [15] "APACHE COUNTY" "ASTRONOMICAL HIGH TIDE"
## [17] "ASTRONOMICAL LOW TIDE" "AVALANCE"
## [19] "AVALANCHE" "BEACH EROSIN"
## [21] "Beach Erosion" "BEACH EROSION"
## [23] "BEACH EROSION/COASTAL FLOOD" "BEACH FLOOD"
## [25] "BELOW NORMAL PRECIPITATION" "BITTER WIND CHILL"
## [27] "BITTER WIND CHILL TEMPERATURES" "Black Ice"
## [29] "BLACK ICE" "BLIZZARD"
## [31] "BLIZZARD AND EXTREME WIND CHIL" "BLIZZARD AND HEAVY SNOW"
## [33] "Blizzard Summary" "BLIZZARD WEATHER"
## [35] "BLIZZARD/FREEZING RAIN" "BLIZZARD/HEAVY SNOW"
## [37] "BLIZZARD/HIGH WIND" "BLIZZARD/WINTER STORM"
## [39] "BLOW-OUT TIDE" "BLOW-OUT TIDES"
## [41] "BLOWING DUST" "blowing snow"
## [43] "Blowing Snow" "BLOWING SNOW"
## [45] "BLOWING SNOW & EXTREME WIND CH" "BLOWING SNOW- EXTREME WIND CHI"
## [47] "BLOWING SNOW/EXTREME WIND CHIL" "BREAKUP FLOODING"
## [49] "BRUSH FIRE" "BRUSH FIRES"
## [51] "COASTAL FLOODING/EROSION" "COASTAL EROSION"
## [53] "Coastal Flood" "COASTAL FLOOD"
## [55] "coastal flooding" "Coastal Flooding"
## [57] "COASTAL FLOODING" "COASTAL FLOODING/EROSION"
## [59] "Coastal Storm" "COASTAL STORM"
## [61] "COASTAL SURGE" "COASTAL/TIDAL FLOOD"
## [63] "COASTALFLOOD" "COASTALSTORM"
## [65] "Cold" "COLD"
## [67] "COLD AIR FUNNEL" "COLD AIR FUNNELS"
## [69] "COLD AIR TORNADO" "Cold and Frost"
## [71] "COLD AND FROST" "COLD AND SNOW"
## [73] "COLD AND WET CONDITIONS" "Cold Temperature"
## [75] "COLD TEMPERATURES" "COLD WAVE"
## [77] "COLD WEATHER" "COLD WIND CHILL TEMPERATURES"
## [79] "COLD/WIND CHILL" "COLD/WINDS"
## [81] "COOL AND WET" "COOL SPELL"
## [83] "CSTL FLOODING/EROSION" "DAM BREAK"
## [85] "DAM FAILURE" "Damaging Freeze"
## [87] "DAMAGING FREEZE" "DEEP HAIL"
## [89] "DENSE FOG" "DENSE SMOKE"
## [91] "DOWNBURST" "DOWNBURST WINDS"
## [93] "DRIEST MONTH" "Drifting Snow"
## [95] "DROUGHT" "DROUGHT/EXCESSIVE HEAT"
## [97] "DROWNING" "DRY"
## [99] "DRY CONDITIONS" "DRY HOT WEATHER"
## [101] "DRY MICROBURST" "DRY MICROBURST 50"
## [103] "DRY MICROBURST 53" "DRY MICROBURST 58"
## [105] "DRY MICROBURST 61" "DRY MICROBURST 84"
## [107] "DRY MICROBURST WINDS" "DRY MIRCOBURST WINDS"
## [109] "DRY PATTERN" "DRY SPELL"
## [111] "DRY WEATHER" "DRYNESS"
## [113] "DUST DEVEL" "Dust Devil"
## [115] "DUST DEVIL" "DUST DEVIL WATERSPOUT"
## [117] "DUST STORM" "DUST STORM/HIGH WINDS"
## [119] "DUSTSTORM" "EARLY FREEZE"
## [121] "Early Frost" "EARLY FROST"
## [123] "EARLY RAIN" "EARLY SNOW"
## [125] "Early snowfall" "EARLY SNOWFALL"
## [127] "Erosion/Cstl Flood" "EXCESSIVE"
## [129] "Excessive Cold" "EXCESSIVE HEAT"
## [131] "EXCESSIVE HEAT/DROUGHT" "EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION"
## [133] "EXCESSIVE RAIN" "EXCESSIVE RAINFALL"
## [135] "EXCESSIVE SNOW" "EXCESSIVE WETNESS"
## [137] "EXCESSIVELY DRY" "Extended Cold"
## [139] "Extreme Cold" "EXTREME COLD"
## [141] "EXTREME COLD/WIND CHILL" "EXTREME HEAT"
## [143] "EXTREME WIND CHILL" "EXTREME WIND CHILL/BLOWING SNO"
## [145] "EXTREME WIND CHILLS" "EXTREME WINDCHILL"
## [147] "EXTREME WINDCHILL TEMPERATURES" "EXTREME/RECORD COLD"
## [149] "EXTREMELY WET" "FALLING SNOW/ICE"
## [151] "FIRST FROST" "FIRST SNOW"
## [153] "FLASH FLOOD" "FLASH FLOOD - HEAVY RAIN"
## [155] "FLASH FLOOD FROM ICE JAMS" "FLASH FLOOD LANDSLIDES"
## [157] "FLASH FLOOD WINDS" "FLASH FLOOD/"
## [159] "FLASH FLOOD/ FLOOD" "FLASH FLOOD/ STREET"
## [161] "FLASH FLOOD/FLOOD" "FLASH FLOOD/HEAVY RAIN"
## [163] "FLASH FLOOD/LANDSLIDE" "FLASH FLOODING"
## [165] "FLASH FLOODING/FLOOD" "FLASH FLOODING/THUNDERSTORM WI"
## [167] "FLASH FLOODS" "FLASH FLOOODING"
## [169] "Flood" "FLOOD"
## [171] "FLOOD & HEAVY RAIN" "FLOOD FLASH"
## [173] "FLOOD FLOOD/FLASH" "FLOOD WATCH/"
## [175] "FLOOD/FLASH" "Flood/Flash Flood"
## [177] "FLOOD/FLASH FLOOD" "FLOOD/FLASH FLOODING"
## [179] "FLOOD/FLASH/FLOOD" "FLOOD/FLASHFLOOD"
## [181] "FLOOD/RAIN/WIND" "FLOOD/RAIN/WINDS"
## [183] "FLOOD/RIVER FLOOD" "Flood/Strong Wind"
## [185] "FLOODING" "FLOODING/HEAVY RAIN"
## [187] "FLOODS" "FOG"
## [189] "FOG AND COLD TEMPERATURES" "FOREST FIRES"
## [191] "Freeze" "FREEZE"
## [193] "Freezing drizzle" "Freezing Drizzle"
## [195] "FREEZING DRIZZLE" "FREEZING DRIZZLE AND FREEZING"
## [197] "Freezing Fog" "FREEZING FOG"
## [199] "Freezing rain" "Freezing Rain"
## [201] "FREEZING RAIN" "FREEZING RAIN AND SLEET"
## [203] "FREEZING RAIN AND SNOW" "FREEZING RAIN SLEET AND"
## [205] "FREEZING RAIN SLEET AND LIGHT" "FREEZING RAIN/SLEET"
## [207] "FREEZING RAIN/SNOW" "Freezing Spray"
## [209] "Frost" "FROST"
## [211] "Frost/Freeze" "FROST/FREEZE"
## [213] "FROST\\FREEZE" "FUNNEL"
## [215] "Funnel Cloud" "FUNNEL CLOUD"
## [217] "FUNNEL CLOUD." "FUNNEL CLOUD/HAIL"
## [219] "FUNNEL CLOUDS" "FUNNELS"
## [221] "Glaze" "GLAZE"
## [223] "GLAZE ICE" "GLAZE/ICE STORM"
## [225] "gradient wind" "Gradient wind"
## [227] "GRADIENT WIND" "GRADIENT WINDS"
## [229] "GRASS FIRES" "GROUND BLIZZARD"
## [231] "GUSTNADO" "GUSTNADO AND"
## [233] "GUSTY LAKE WIND" "GUSTY THUNDERSTORM WIND"
## [235] "GUSTY THUNDERSTORM WINDS" "Gusty Wind"
## [237] "GUSTY WIND" "GUSTY WIND/HAIL"
## [239] "GUSTY WIND/HVY RAIN" "Gusty wind/rain"
## [241] "Gusty winds" "Gusty Winds"
## [243] "GUSTY WINDS" "HAIL"
## [245] "HAIL 0.75" "HAIL 0.88"
## [247] "HAIL 075" "HAIL 088"
## [249] "HAIL 1.00" "HAIL 1.75"
## [251] "HAIL 1.75)" "HAIL 100"
## [253] "HAIL 125" "HAIL 150"
## [255] "HAIL 175" "HAIL 200"
## [257] "HAIL 225" "HAIL 275"
## [259] "HAIL 450" "HAIL 75"
## [261] "HAIL 80" "HAIL 88"
## [263] "HAIL ALOFT" "HAIL DAMAGE"
## [265] "HAIL FLOODING" "HAIL STORM"
## [267] "Hail(0.75)" "HAIL/ICY ROADS"
## [269] "HAIL/WIND" "HAIL/WINDS"
## [271] "HAILSTORM" "HAILSTORMS"
## [273] "HARD FREEZE" "HAZARDOUS SURF"
## [275] "HEAT" "HEAT DROUGHT"
## [277] "Heat Wave" "HEAT WAVE"
## [279] "HEAT WAVE DROUGHT" "HEAT WAVES"
## [281] "HEAT/DROUGHT" "Heatburst"
## [283] "HEAVY LAKE SNOW" "HEAVY MIX"
## [285] "HEAVY PRECIPATATION" "Heavy Precipitation"
## [287] "HEAVY PRECIPITATION" "Heavy rain"
## [289] "Heavy Rain" "HEAVY RAIN"
## [291] "HEAVY RAIN AND FLOOD" "Heavy Rain and Wind"
## [293] "HEAVY RAIN EFFECTS" "HEAVY RAIN; URBAN FLOOD WINDS;"
## [295] "HEAVY RAIN/FLOODING" "Heavy Rain/High Surf"
## [297] "HEAVY RAIN/LIGHTNING" "HEAVY RAIN/MUDSLIDES/FLOOD"
## [299] "HEAVY RAIN/SEVERE WEATHER" "HEAVY RAIN/SMALL STREAM URBAN"
## [301] "HEAVY RAIN/SNOW" "HEAVY RAIN/URBAN FLOOD"
## [303] "HEAVY RAIN/WIND" "HEAVY RAINFALL"
## [305] "HEAVY RAINS" "HEAVY RAINS/FLOODING"
## [307] "HEAVY SEAS" "HEAVY SHOWER"
## [309] "HEAVY SHOWERS" "HEAVY SNOW"
## [311] "HEAVY SNOW FREEZING RAIN" "HEAVY SNOW & ICE"
## [313] "HEAVY SNOW AND" "HEAVY SNOW AND HIGH WINDS"
## [315] "HEAVY SNOW AND ICE" "HEAVY SNOW AND ICE STORM"
## [317] "HEAVY SNOW AND STRONG WINDS" "HEAVY SNOW ANDBLOWING SNOW"
## [319] "Heavy snow shower" "HEAVY SNOW SQUALLS"
## [321] "HEAVY SNOW-SQUALLS" "HEAVY SNOW/BLIZZARD"
## [323] "HEAVY SNOW/BLIZZARD/AVALANCHE" "HEAVY SNOW/BLOWING SNOW"
## [325] "HEAVY SNOW/FREEZING RAIN" "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH"
## [327] "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WIND" "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WINDS"
## [329] "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WINDS & FLOOD" "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WINDS/FREEZING"
## [331] "HEAVY SNOW/ICE" "HEAVY SNOW/ICE STORM"
## [333] "HEAVY SNOW/SLEET" "HEAVY SNOW/SQUALLS"
## [335] "HEAVY SNOW/WIND" "HEAVY SNOW/WINTER STORM"
## [337] "HEAVY SNOWPACK" "Heavy Surf"
## [339] "HEAVY SURF" "Heavy surf and wind"
## [341] "HEAVY SURF COASTAL FLOODING" "HEAVY SURF/HIGH SURF"
## [343] "HEAVY SWELLS" "HEAVY WET SNOW"
## [345] "HIGH" "HIGH SWELLS"
## [347] "HIGH WINDS" "HIGH SEAS"
## [349] "High Surf" "HIGH SURF"
## [351] "HIGH SURF ADVISORIES" "HIGH SURF ADVISORY"
## [353] "HIGH SWELLS" "HIGH TEMPERATURE RECORD"
## [355] "HIGH TIDES" "HIGH WATER"
## [357] "HIGH WAVES" "High Wind"
## [359] "HIGH WIND" "HIGH WIND (G40)"
## [361] "HIGH WIND 48" "HIGH WIND 63"
## [363] "HIGH WIND 70" "HIGH WIND AND HEAVY SNOW"
## [365] "HIGH WIND AND HIGH TIDES" "HIGH WIND AND SEAS"
## [367] "HIGH WIND DAMAGE" "HIGH WIND/ BLIZZARD"
## [369] "HIGH WIND/BLIZZARD" "HIGH WIND/BLIZZARD/FREEZING RA"
## [371] "HIGH WIND/HEAVY SNOW" "HIGH WIND/LOW WIND CHILL"
## [373] "HIGH WIND/SEAS" "HIGH WIND/WIND CHILL"
## [375] "HIGH WIND/WIND CHILL/BLIZZARD" "HIGH WINDS"
## [377] "HIGH WINDS 55" "HIGH WINDS 57"
## [379] "HIGH WINDS 58" "HIGH WINDS 63"
## [381] "HIGH WINDS 66" "HIGH WINDS 67"
## [383] "HIGH WINDS 73" "HIGH WINDS 76"
## [385] "HIGH WINDS 80" "HIGH WINDS 82"
## [387] "HIGH WINDS AND WIND CHILL" "HIGH WINDS DUST STORM"
## [389] "HIGH WINDS HEAVY RAINS" "HIGH WINDS/"
## [391] "HIGH WINDS/COASTAL FLOOD" "HIGH WINDS/COLD"
## [393] "HIGH WINDS/FLOODING" "HIGH WINDS/HEAVY RAIN"
## [395] "HIGH WINDS/SNOW" "HIGHWAY FLOODING"
## [397] "Hot and Dry" "HOT PATTERN"
## [399] "HOT SPELL" "HOT WEATHER"
## [401] "HOT/DRY PATTERN" "HURRICANE"
## [403] "Hurricane Edouard" "HURRICANE EMILY"
## [405] "HURRICANE ERIN" "HURRICANE FELIX"
## [407] "HURRICANE GORDON" "HURRICANE OPAL"
## [409] "HURRICANE OPAL/HIGH WINDS" "HURRICANE-GENERATED SWELLS"
## [411] "HURRICANE/TYPHOON" "HVY RAIN"
## [413] "HYPERTHERMIA/EXPOSURE" "HYPOTHERMIA"
## [415] "Hypothermia/Exposure" "HYPOTHERMIA/EXPOSURE"
## [417] "ICE" "ICE AND SNOW"
## [419] "ICE FLOES" "Ice Fog"
## [421] "ICE JAM" "Ice jam flood (minor"
## [423] "ICE JAM FLOODING" "ICE ON ROAD"
## [425] "ICE PELLETS" "ICE ROADS"
## [427] "ICE STORM" "ICE STORM AND SNOW"
## [429] "ICE STORM/FLASH FLOOD" "Ice/Snow"
## [431] "ICE/SNOW" "ICE/STRONG WINDS"
## [433] "Icestorm/Blizzard" "Icy Roads"
## [435] "ICY ROADS" "LACK OF SNOW"
## [437] "Lake Effect Snow" "LAKE EFFECT SNOW"
## [439] "LAKE FLOOD" "LAKE-EFFECT SNOW"
## [441] "LAKESHORE FLOOD" "LANDSLIDE"
## [443] "LANDSLIDE/URBAN FLOOD" "LANDSLIDES"
## [445] "Landslump" "LANDSLUMP"
## [447] "LANDSPOUT" "LARGE WALL CLOUD"
## [449] "LATE FREEZE" "LATE SEASON HAIL"
## [451] "LATE SEASON SNOW" "Late Season Snowfall"
## [453] "LATE SNOW" "Late-season Snowfall"
## [455] "LIGHT FREEZING RAIN" "Light snow"
## [457] "Light Snow" "LIGHT SNOW"
## [459] "LIGHT SNOW AND SLEET" "Light Snow/Flurries"
## [461] "LIGHT SNOW/FREEZING PRECIP" "Light Snowfall"
## [463] "LIGHTING" "LIGHTNING"
## [465] "LIGHTNING WAUSEON" "LIGHTNING AND HEAVY RAIN"
## [467] "LIGHTNING AND THUNDERSTORM WIN" "LIGHTNING AND WINDS"
## [469] "LIGHTNING DAMAGE" "LIGHTNING FIRE"
## [471] "LIGHTNING INJURY" "LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORM WINDS"
## [473] "LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORM WINDSS" "LIGHTNING."
## [475] "LIGHTNING/HEAVY RAIN" "LIGNTNING"
## [477] "LOCAL FLASH FLOOD" "LOCAL FLOOD"
## [479] "LOCALLY HEAVY RAIN" "LOW TEMPERATURE"
## [481] "LOW TEMPERATURE RECORD" "LOW WIND CHILL"
## [483] "MAJOR FLOOD" "Marine Accident"
## [485] "MARINE HAIL" "MARINE HIGH WIND"
## [487] "MARINE MISHAP" "MARINE STRONG WIND"
## [489] "MARINE THUNDERSTORM WIND" "MARINE TSTM WIND"
## [491] "Metro Storm, May 26" "Microburst"
## [493] "MICROBURST" "MICROBURST WINDS"
## [495] "Mild and Dry Pattern" "MILD PATTERN"
## [497] "MILD/DRY PATTERN" "MINOR FLOOD"
## [499] "Minor Flooding" "MINOR FLOODING"
## [501] "MIXED PRECIP" "Mixed Precipitation"
## [503] "MIXED PRECIPITATION" "MODERATE SNOW"
## [505] "MODERATE SNOWFALL" "MONTHLY PRECIPITATION"
## [507] "Monthly Rainfall" "MONTHLY RAINFALL"
## [509] "Monthly Snowfall" "MONTHLY SNOWFALL"
## [511] "MONTHLY TEMPERATURE" "Mountain Snows"
## [513] "MUD SLIDE" "MUD SLIDES"
## [515] "MUD SLIDES URBAN FLOODING" "MUD/ROCK SLIDE"
## [517] "Mudslide" "MUDSLIDE"
## [519] "MUDSLIDE/LANDSLIDE" "Mudslides"
## [521] "MUDSLIDES" "NEAR RECORD SNOW"
## [523] "No Severe Weather" "NON SEVERE HAIL"
## [525] "NON TSTM WIND" "NON-SEVERE WIND DAMAGE"
## [527] "NON-TSTM WIND" "NONE"
## [529] "NORMAL PRECIPITATION" "NORTHERN LIGHTS"
## [531] "Other" "OTHER"
## [533] "PATCHY DENSE FOG" "PATCHY ICE"
## [535] "Prolong Cold" "PROLONG COLD"
## [537] "PROLONG COLD/SNOW" "PROLONG WARMTH"
## [539] "PROLONGED RAIN" "RAIN"
## [541] "RAIN (HEAVY)" "RAIN AND WIND"
## [543] "Rain Damage" "RAIN/SNOW"
## [545] "RAIN/WIND" "RAINSTORM"
## [547] "RAPIDLY RISING WATER" "RECORD COLD"
## [549] "Record Cold" "RECORD COLD"
## [551] "RECORD COLD AND HIGH WIND" "RECORD COLD/FROST"
## [553] "RECORD COOL" "Record dry month"
## [555] "RECORD DRYNESS" "Record Heat"
## [557] "RECORD HEAT" "RECORD HEAT WAVE"
## [559] "Record High" "RECORD HIGH"
## [561] "RECORD HIGH TEMPERATURE" "RECORD HIGH TEMPERATURES"
## [563] "RECORD LOW" "RECORD LOW RAINFALL"
## [565] "Record May Snow" "RECORD PRECIPITATION"
## [567] "RECORD RAINFALL" "RECORD SNOW"
## [569] "RECORD SNOW/COLD" "RECORD SNOWFALL"
## [571] "Record temperature" "RECORD TEMPERATURE"
## [573] "Record Temperatures" "RECORD TEMPERATURES"
## [575] "RECORD WARM" "RECORD WARM TEMPS."
## [577] "Record Warmth" "RECORD WARMTH"
## [579] "Record Winter Snow" "RECORD/EXCESSIVE HEAT"
## [581] "RECORD/EXCESSIVE RAINFALL" "RED FLAG CRITERIA"
## [583] "RED FLAG FIRE WX" "REMNANTS OF FLOYD"
## [585] "RIP CURRENT" "RIP CURRENTS"
## [587] "RIP CURRENTS HEAVY SURF" "RIP CURRENTS/HEAVY SURF"
## [589] "RIVER AND STREAM FLOOD" "RIVER FLOOD"
## [591] "River Flooding" "RIVER FLOODING"
## [593] "ROCK SLIDE" "ROGUE WAVE"
## [595] "ROTATING WALL CLOUD" "ROUGH SEAS"
## [597] "ROUGH SURF" "RURAL FLOOD"
## [599] "Saharan Dust" "SAHARAN DUST"
## [601] "Seasonal Snowfall" "SEICHE"
## [603] "SEVERE COLD" "SEVERE THUNDERSTORM"
## [605] "SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WINDS" "SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS"
## [607] "SEVERE TURBULENCE" "SLEET"
## [609] "SLEET & FREEZING RAIN" "SLEET STORM"
## [611] "SLEET/FREEZING RAIN" "SLEET/ICE STORM"
## [613] "SLEET/RAIN/SNOW" "SLEET/SNOW"
## [615] "small hail" "Small Hail"
## [617] "SMALL HAIL" "SMALL STREAM"
## [619] "SMALL STREAM AND" "SMALL STREAM AND URBAN FLOOD"
## [621] "SMALL STREAM AND URBAN FLOODIN" "SMALL STREAM FLOOD"
## [623] "SMALL STREAM FLOODING" "SMALL STREAM URBAN FLOOD"
## [625] "SMALL STREAM/URBAN FLOOD" "Sml Stream Fld"
## [627] "SMOKE" "Snow"
## [629] "SNOW" "Snow Accumulation"
## [631] "SNOW ACCUMULATION" "SNOW ADVISORY"
## [633] "SNOW AND COLD" "SNOW AND HEAVY SNOW"
## [635] "Snow and Ice" "SNOW AND ICE"
## [637] "SNOW AND ICE STORM" "Snow and sleet"
## [639] "SNOW AND SLEET" "SNOW AND WIND"
## [641] "SNOW DROUGHT" "SNOW FREEZING RAIN"
## [643] "SNOW SHOWERS" "SNOW SLEET"
## [645] "SNOW SQUALL" "Snow squalls"
## [647] "Snow Squalls" "SNOW SQUALLS"
## [649] "SNOW- HIGH WIND- WIND CHILL" "SNOW/ BITTER COLD"
## [651] "SNOW/ ICE" "SNOW/BLOWING SNOW"
## [653] "SNOW/COLD" "SNOW/FREEZING RAIN"
## [655] "SNOW/HEAVY SNOW" "SNOW/HIGH WINDS"
## [657] "SNOW/ICE" "SNOW/ICE STORM"
## [659] "SNOW/RAIN" "SNOW/RAIN/SLEET"
## [661] "SNOW/SLEET" "SNOW/SLEET/FREEZING RAIN"
## [663] "SNOW/SLEET/RAIN" "SNOW\\COLD"
## [665] "SNOWFALL RECORD" "SNOWMELT FLOODING"
## [667] "SNOWSTORM" "SOUTHEAST"
## [669] "STORM FORCE WINDS" "STORM SURGE"
## [671] "STORM SURGE/TIDE" "STREAM FLOODING"
## [673] "STREET FLOOD" "STREET FLOODING"
## [675] "Strong Wind" "STRONG WIND"
## [677] "STRONG WIND GUST" "Strong winds"
## [679] "Strong Winds" "STRONG WINDS"
## [681] "Summary August 10" "Summary August 11"
## [683] "Summary August 17" "Summary August 2-3"
## [685] "Summary August 21" "Summary August 28"
## [687] "Summary August 4" "Summary August 7"
## [689] "Summary August 9" "Summary Jan 17"
## [691] "Summary July 23-24" "Summary June 18-19"
## [693] "Summary June 5-6" "Summary June 6"
## [695] "Summary of April 12" "Summary of April 13"
## [697] "Summary of April 21" "Summary of April 27"
## [699] "Summary of April 3rd" "Summary of August 1"
## [701] "Summary of July 11" "Summary of July 2"
## [703] "Summary of July 22" "Summary of July 26"
## [705] "Summary of July 29" "Summary of July 3"
## [707] "Summary of June 10" "Summary of June 11"
## [709] "Summary of June 12" "Summary of June 13"
## [711] "Summary of June 15" "Summary of June 16"
## [713] "Summary of June 18" "Summary of June 23"
## [715] "Summary of June 24" "Summary of June 3"
## [717] "Summary of June 30" "Summary of June 4"
## [719] "Summary of June 6" "Summary of March 14"
## [721] "Summary of March 23" "Summary of March 24"
## [723] "SUMMARY OF MARCH 24-25" "SUMMARY OF MARCH 27"
## [725] "SUMMARY OF MARCH 29" "Summary of May 10"
## [727] "Summary of May 13" "Summary of May 14"
## [729] "Summary of May 22" "Summary of May 22 am"
## [731] "Summary of May 22 pm" "Summary of May 26 am"
## [733] "Summary of May 26 pm" "Summary of May 31 am"
## [735] "Summary of May 31 pm" "Summary of May 9-10"
## [737] "Summary Sept. 25-26" "Summary September 20"
## [739] "Summary September 23" "Summary September 3"
## [741] "Summary September 4" "Summary: Nov. 16"
## [743] "Summary: Nov. 6-7" "Summary: Oct. 20-21"
## [745] "Summary: October 31" "Summary: Sept. 18"
## [747] "Temperature record" "THUDERSTORM WINDS"
## [749] "THUNDEERSTORM WINDS" "THUNDERESTORM WINDS"
## [751] "THUNDERSNOW" "Thundersnow shower"
## [753] "THUNDERSTORM" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS"
## [755] "THUNDERSTORM DAMAGE" "THUNDERSTORM DAMAGE TO"
## [757] "THUNDERSTORM HAIL" "THUNDERSTORM W INDS"
## [759] "Thunderstorm Wind" "THUNDERSTORM WIND"
## [761] "THUNDERSTORM WIND (G40)" "THUNDERSTORM WIND 50"
## [763] "THUNDERSTORM WIND 52" "THUNDERSTORM WIND 56"
## [765] "THUNDERSTORM WIND 59" "THUNDERSTORM WIND 59 MPH"
## [767] "THUNDERSTORM WIND 59 MPH." "THUNDERSTORM WIND 60 MPH"
## [769] "THUNDERSTORM WIND 65 MPH" "THUNDERSTORM WIND 65MPH"
## [771] "THUNDERSTORM WIND 69" "THUNDERSTORM WIND 98 MPH"
## [773] "THUNDERSTORM WIND G50" "THUNDERSTORM WIND G51"
## [775] "THUNDERSTORM WIND G52" "THUNDERSTORM WIND G55"
## [777] "THUNDERSTORM WIND G60" "THUNDERSTORM WIND G61"
## [779] "THUNDERSTORM WIND TREES" "THUNDERSTORM WIND."
## [781] "THUNDERSTORM WIND/ TREE" "THUNDERSTORM WIND/ TREES"
## [783] "THUNDERSTORM WIND/AWNING" "THUNDERSTORM WIND/HAIL"
## [785] "THUNDERSTORM WIND/LIGHTNING" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS"
## [787] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS LE CEN" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 13"
## [789] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 2" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 50"
## [791] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 52" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 53"
## [793] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 60" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 61"
## [795] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 62" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 63 MPH"
## [797] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS AND" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS FUNNEL CLOU"
## [799] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS G" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS G60"
## [801] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS HAIL" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS HEAVY RAIN"
## [803] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS LIGHTNING" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS SMALL STREA"
## [805] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS URBAN FLOOD" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS."
## [807] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/ FLOOD" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/ HAIL"
## [809] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/FLASH FLOOD" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/FLOODING"
## [811] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/FUNNEL CLOU" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/HAIL"
## [813] "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/HEAVY RAIN" "THUNDERSTORM WINDS53"
## [815] "THUNDERSTORM WINDSHAIL" "THUNDERSTORM WINDSS"
## [817] "THUNDERSTORM WINS" "THUNDERSTORMS"
## [819] "THUNDERSTORMS WIND" "THUNDERSTORMS WINDS"
## [821] "THUNDERSTORMW" "THUNDERSTORMW 50"
## [823] "THUNDERSTORMW WINDS" "THUNDERSTORMWINDS"
## [825] "THUNDERSTROM WIND" "THUNDERSTROM WINDS"
## [827] "THUNDERTORM WINDS" "THUNDERTSORM WIND"
## [829] "THUNDESTORM WINDS" "THUNERSTORM WINDS"
## [831] "TIDAL FLOOD" "Tidal Flooding"
## [833] "TIDAL FLOODING" "TORNADO"
## [835] "TORNADO DEBRIS" "TORNADO F0"
## [837] "TORNADO F1" "TORNADO F2"
## [839] "TORNADO F3" "TORNADO/WATERSPOUT"
## [841] "TORNADOES" "TORNADOES, TSTM WIND, HAIL"
## [843] "TORNADOS" "TORNDAO"
## [845] "TORRENTIAL RAIN" "Torrential Rainfall"
## [847] "TROPICAL DEPRESSION" "TROPICAL STORM"
## [849] "TROPICAL STORM ALBERTO" "TROPICAL STORM DEAN"
## [851] "TROPICAL STORM GORDON" "TROPICAL STORM JERRY"
## [853] "TSTM" "TSTM HEAVY RAIN"
## [855] "Tstm Wind" "TSTM WIND"
## [857] "TSTM WIND (G45)" "TSTM WIND (41)"
## [859] "TSTM WIND (G35)" "TSTM WIND (G40)"
## [861] "TSTM WIND (G45)" "TSTM WIND 40"
## [863] "TSTM WIND 45" "TSTM WIND 50"
## [865] "TSTM WIND 51" "TSTM WIND 52"
## [867] "TSTM WIND 55" "TSTM WIND 65)"
## [869] "TSTM WIND AND LIGHTNING" "TSTM WIND DAMAGE"
## [871] "TSTM WIND G45" "TSTM WIND G58"
## [873] "TSTM WIND/HAIL" "TSTM WINDS"
## [875] "TSTM WND" "TSTMW"
## [877] "TSUNAMI" "TUNDERSTORM WIND"
## [879] "TYPHOON" "Unseasonable Cold"
## [881] "UNSEASONABLY COLD" "UNSEASONABLY COOL"
## [883] "UNSEASONABLY COOL & WET" "UNSEASONABLY DRY"
## [885] "UNSEASONABLY HOT" "UNSEASONABLY WARM"
## [887] "UNSEASONABLY WARM & WET" "UNSEASONABLY WARM AND DRY"
## [889] "UNSEASONABLY WARM YEAR" "UNSEASONABLY WARM/WET"
## [891] "UNSEASONABLY WET" "UNSEASONAL LOW TEMP"
## [893] "UNSEASONAL RAIN" "UNUSUAL WARMTH"
## [895] "UNUSUAL/RECORD WARMTH" "UNUSUALLY COLD"
## [897] "UNUSUALLY LATE SNOW" "UNUSUALLY WARM"
## [899] "URBAN AND SMALL" "URBAN AND SMALL STREAM"
## [901] "URBAN AND SMALL STREAM FLOOD" "URBAN AND SMALL STREAM FLOODIN"
## [903] "Urban flood" "Urban Flood"
## [905] "URBAN FLOOD" "URBAN FLOOD LANDSLIDE"
## [907] "Urban Flooding" "URBAN FLOODING"
## [909] "URBAN FLOODS" "URBAN SMALL"
## [911] "URBAN SMALL STREAM FLOOD" "URBAN/SMALL"
## [913] "URBAN/SMALL FLOODING" "URBAN/SMALL STREAM"
## [915] "URBAN/SMALL STREAM FLOOD" "URBAN/SMALL STREAM FLOOD"
## [917] "URBAN/SMALL STREAM FLOODING" "URBAN/SMALL STRM FLDG"
## [919] "URBAN/SML STREAM FLD" "URBAN/SML STREAM FLDG"
## [921] "URBAN/STREET FLOODING" "VERY DRY"
## [923] "VERY WARM" "VOG"
## [925] "Volcanic Ash" "VOLCANIC ASH"
## [927] "Volcanic Ash Plume" "VOLCANIC ASHFALL"
## [929] "VOLCANIC ERUPTION" "WAKE LOW WIND"
## [931] "WALL CLOUD" "WALL CLOUD/FUNNEL CLOUD"
## [933] "WARM DRY CONDITIONS" "WARM WEATHER"
## [935] "WATER SPOUT" "WATERSPOUT"
## [937] "WATERSPOUT FUNNEL CLOUD" "WATERSPOUT TORNADO"
## [939] "WATERSPOUT-" "WATERSPOUT-TORNADO"
## [941] "WATERSPOUT/" "WATERSPOUT/ TORNADO"
## [943] "WATERSPOUT/TORNADO" "WATERSPOUTS"
## [945] "WAYTERSPOUT" "wet micoburst"
## [947] "WET MICROBURST" "Wet Month"
## [949] "WET SNOW" "WET WEATHER"
## [951] "Wet Year" "Whirlwind"
## [953] "WHIRLWIND" "WILD FIRES"
## [955] "WILD/FOREST FIRE" "WILD/FOREST FIRES"
## [957] "WILDFIRE" "WILDFIRES"
## [959] "Wind" "WIND"
## [961] "WIND ADVISORY" "WIND AND WAVE"
## [963] "WIND CHILL" "WIND CHILL/HIGH WIND"
## [965] "Wind Damage" "WIND DAMAGE"
## [967] "WIND GUSTS" "WIND STORM"
## [969] "WIND/HAIL" "WINDS"
## [971] "WINTER MIX" "WINTER STORM"
## [973] "WINTER STORM HIGH WINDS" "WINTER STORM/HIGH WIND"
## [975] "WINTER STORM/HIGH WINDS" "WINTER STORMS"
## [977] "Winter Weather" "WINTER WEATHER"
## [979] "WINTER WEATHER MIX" "WINTER WEATHER/MIX"
## [981] "WINTERY MIX" "Wintry mix"
## [983] "Wintry Mix" "WINTRY MIX"
## [985] "WND"There appear to be several problems with the data, as described below.
Description and justification for data transformations
I intend to collapse the data by year and examine the annual total fatalities, injuries, and cost of each event. There are two issues, however, that need to be addressed.
First, the year is only contained within the BGN_DATE variable, which is coded as a character vector. To pull the year of each event out of this variable, I convert it to the date format using the strptime() command, then I save the year attribute of this variable as a new variable. Since this attribute counts the number of years since 1900, I add 1900 to generate the calendar year.
stormdata$date <- strptime(stormdata$BGN_DATE,
format="%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S")
stormdata$year <- stormdata$date$year + 1900The years range from 1950 to 2011 with the following frequencies:
table(stormdata$year)##
## 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961
## 223 269 272 492 609 1413 1703 2184 2213 1813 1945 2246
## 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
## 2389 1968 2348 2855 2388 2688 3312 2926 3215 3471 2168 4463
## 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
## 5386 4975 3768 3728 3657 4279 6146 4517 7132 8322 7335 7979
## 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
## 8726 7367 7257 10410 10946 12522 13534 12607 20631 27970 32270 28680
## 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
## 38128 31289 34471 34962 36293 39752 39363 39184 44034 43289 55663 45817
## 2010 2011
## 48161 62174The second issue that needs to be addressed is cleaning the event codes and collapsing them into reasonable larger categories. For example, note above that “Coastal Flood”, “COASTAL FLOOD”, and “coastal flooding” are coded as three separate events. These events need to be recoded to the same event and grouped with other kinds of flooding. I chose to collapse these 985 distinct events into only 15:
- Wind Damage
- Winter Storms
- Cold
- Fires
- Rain (non-thunderstorm)
- Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts
- Heat/Dryness/Drought
- Volcanic eruption
- Flooding
- Thunderstorms and hail
- Tsunamis and wave damage
- Hurricanes and trop. storms
- Mud/rock/landslides
- Fog
- Other
The other category is necessary because several events, such as “EXCESSIVE”, “Summary of May 14”, and “?” are unclear about the weather event they indicate.
I generate each of these 15 larger categories by first creating vectors of the raw event codes for each larger category:
fog <- c("DENSE FOG", "FOG", "FOG AND COLD TEMPERATURES", "PATCHY DENSE FOG")
slides <- c("AVALANCE", "AVALANCHE", "LANDSLIDE", "LANDSLIDE/URBAN FLOOD",
"LANDSLIDES", "Landslump", "LANDSLUMP", "MUD SLIDE", "MUD SLIDES",
"MUD SLIDES URBAN FLOODING", "MUD/ROCK SLIDE", "Mudslide", "MUDSLIDE",
"MUDSLIDE/LANDSLIDE", "Mudslides", "MUDSLIDES", "ROCK SLIDE")
other <- c("?", "APACHE COUNTY", "ASTRONOMICAL HIGH TIDE", "ASTRONOMICAL LOW TIDE",
"BLOW-OUT TIDE", "BLOW-OUT TIDES", "DROWNING", "EXCESSIVE", "HIGH",
"Marine Accident", "MARINE MISHAP", "MONTHLY TEMPERATURE", "No Severe Weather",
"NONE", "NORTHERN LIGHTS", "Other", "OTHER", "Record temperature",
"RECORD TEMPERATURE", "Record Temperatures", "RECORD TEMPERATURES",
"Saharan Dust", "SAHARAN DUST", "SEVERE TURBULENCE", "SOUTHEAST",
"Summary August 10", "Summary August 11", "Summary August 17",
"Summary August 2-3", "Summary August 21", "Summary August 28",
"Summary August 4", "Summary August 7", "Summary August 9",
"Summary Jan 17", "Summary July 23-24", "Summary June 18-19",
"Summary June 5-6", "Summary June 6", "Summary of April 12",
"Summary of April 13", "Summary of April 21", "Summary of April 27",
"Summary of April 3rd", "Summary of August 1", "Summary of July 11",
"Summary of July 2", "Summary of July 22", "Summary of July 26",
"Summary of July 29", "Summary of July 3", "Summary of June 10",
"Summary of June 11", "Summary of June 12", "Summary of June 13",
"Summary of June 15", "Summary of June 16", "Summary of June 18",
"Summary of June 23", "Summary of June 24", "Summary of June 3",
"Summary of June 30", "Summary of June 4", "Summary of June 6",
"Summary of March 14", "Summary of March 23", "Summary of March 24",
"SUMMARY OF MARCH 24-25", "SUMMARY OF MARCH 27", "SUMMARY OF MARCH 29",
"Summary of May 10", "Summary of May 13", "Summary of May 14",
"Summary of May 22", "Summary of May 22 am", "Summary of May 22 pm",
"Summary of May 26 am", "Summary of May 26 pm", "Summary of May 31 am",
"Summary of May 31 pm", "Summary of May 9-10", "Summary Sept. 25-26",
"Summary September 20", "Summary September 23", "Summary September 3",
"Summary September 4", "Summary: Nov. 16", "Summary: Nov. 6-7",
"Summary: Oct. 20-21", "Summary: October 31", "Summary: Sept. 18",
"Temperature record")
hurricane <- c( "HURRICANE", "Hurricane Edouard", "HURRICANE EMILY", "HURRICANE ERIN",
"HURRICANE FELIX", "HURRICANE GORDON", "HURRICANE OPAL",
"HURRICANE OPAL/HIGH WINDS", "HURRICANE-GENERATED SWELLS",
"HURRICANE/TYPHOON", "REMNANTS OF FLOYD", "TROPICAL DEPRESSION",
"TROPICAL STORM", "TROPICAL STORM ALBERTO", "TROPICAL STORM DEAN",
"TROPICAL STORM GORDON", "TROPICAL STORM JERRY", "TYPHOON" )
tsunami <- c( " HIGH SURF ADVISORY", "HAZARDOUS SURF", "HEAVY SEAS", "Heavy Surf",
"HEAVY SURF", "Heavy surf and wind", "HEAVY SURF COASTAL FLOODING",
"HEAVY SURF/HIGH SURF", "HEAVY SWELLS", "HIGH SWELLS", "HIGH SEAS",
"High Surf", "HIGH SURF", "HIGH SURF ADVISORIES", "HIGH SURF ADVISORY",
"HIGH SWELLS", "HIGH TIDES", "HIGH WATER", "HIGH WAVES", "RIP CURRENT",
"RIP CURRENTS", "RIP CURRENTS HEAVY SURF", "RIP CURRENTS/HEAVY SURF",
"ROGUE WAVE", "ROUGH SEAS", "ROUGH SURF", "SEICHE", "TSUNAMI")
tstorm <- c(" LIGHTNING", " TSTM WIND", " TSTM WIND (G45)", "Coastal Storm",
"COASTAL STORM", "COASTALSTORM", "DEEP HAIL", "HAIL", "HAIL 0.75",
"HAIL 0.88", "HAIL 075", "HAIL 088", "HAIL 1.00", "HAIL 1.75",
"HAIL 1.75)", "HAIL 100", "HAIL 125", "HAIL 150", "HAIL 175", "HAIL 200",
"HAIL 225", "HAIL 275", "HAIL 450", "HAIL 75", "HAIL 80", "HAIL 88",
"HAIL ALOFT", "HAIL DAMAGE", "HAIL FLOODING", "HAIL STORM", "Hail(0.75)",
"HAIL/ICY ROADS", "HAIL/WIND", "HAIL/WINDS", "HAILSTORM", "HAILSTORMS",
"LATE SEASON HAIL", "LIGHTING", "LIGHTNING", "LIGHTNING WAUSEON",
"LIGHTNING AND HEAVY RAIN", "LIGHTNING AND THUNDERSTORM WIN",
"LIGHTNING AND WINDS", "LIGHTNING DAMAGE", "LIGHTNING FIRE",
"LIGHTNING INJURY", "LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORM WINDS",
"LIGHTNING THUNDERSTORM WINDSS", "LIGHTNING.", "LIGHTNING/HEAVY RAIN",
"LIGNTNING", "MARINE HAIL", "MARINE THUNDERSTORM WIND", "MARINE TSTM WIND",
"Metro Storm, May 26", "NON SEVERE HAIL", "SEVERE THUNDERSTORM",
"SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WINDS", "SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS", "small hail",
"Small Hail", "SMALL HAIL", "THUDERSTORM WINDS", "THUNDEERSTORM WINDS",
"THUNDERESTORM WINDS", "THUNDERSTORM", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS",
"THUNDERSTORM DAMAGE", "THUNDERSTORM DAMAGE TO", "THUNDERSTORM HAIL",
"THUNDERSTORM W INDS", "Thunderstorm Wind", "THUNDERSTORM WIND",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND (G40)", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 50", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 52",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND 56", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 59", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 59 MPH",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND 59 MPH.", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 60 MPH",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND 65 MPH", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 65MPH", "THUNDERSTORM WIND 69",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND 98 MPH", "THUNDERSTORM WIND G50", "THUNDERSTORM WIND G51",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND G52", "THUNDERSTORM WIND G55", "THUNDERSTORM WIND G60",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND G61", "THUNDERSTORM WIND TREES", "THUNDERSTORM WIND.",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND/ TREE", "THUNDERSTORM WIND/ TREES",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND/AWNING", "THUNDERSTORM WIND/HAIL",
"THUNDERSTORM WIND/LIGHTNING", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS LE CEN", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 13", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 2",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS 50", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 52", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 53",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS 60", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 61", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS 62",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS 63 MPH", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS AND",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS FUNNEL CLOU", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS G",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS G60", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS HAIL",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS HEAVY RAIN", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS LIGHTNING",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS SMALL STREA", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS URBAN FLOOD",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS.", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/ FLOOD", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/ HAIL",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS/FLASH FLOOD", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/FLOODING",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS/FUNNEL CLOU", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS/HAIL",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDS/HEAVY RAIN", "THUNDERSTORM WINDS53",
"THUNDERSTORM WINDSHAIL", "THUNDERSTORM WINDSS", "THUNDERSTORM WINS",
"THUNDERSTORMS", "THUNDERSTORMS WIND", "THUNDERSTORMS WINDS", "THUNDERSTORMW",
"THUNDERSTORMW 50", "THUNDERSTORMW WINDS", "THUNDERSTORMWINDS",
"THUNDERSTROM WIND", "THUNDERSTROM WINDS", "THUNDERTORM WINDS",
"THUNDERTSORM WIND", "THUNDESTORM WINDS", "THUNERSTORM WINDS",
"TORRENTIAL RAIN", "Torrential Rainfall", "TSTM", "TSTM HEAVY RAIN",
"Tstm Wind", "TSTM WIND", "TSTM WIND (G45)", "TSTM WIND (41)",
"TSTM WIND (G35)", "TSTM WIND (G40)", "TSTM WIND (G45)", "TSTM WIND 40",
"TSTM WIND 45", "TSTM WIND 50", "TSTM WIND 51", "TSTM WIND 52", "TSTM WIND 55",
"TSTM WIND 65)", "TSTM WIND AND LIGHTNING", "TSTM WIND DAMAGE", "TSTM WIND G45",
"TSTM WIND G58", "TSTM WIND/HAIL", "TSTM WINDS", "TSTM WND", "TSTMW",
"TUNDERSTORM WIND")
flood <- c(" COASTAL FLOOD", " FLASH FLOOD", "BEACH EROSIN", "Beach Erosion",
"BEACH EROSION", "BEACH EROSION/COASTAL FLOOD", "BEACH FLOOD",
"BREAKUP FLOODING", "COASTAL FLOODING/EROSION", "COASTAL EROSION",
"Coastal Flood", "COASTAL FLOOD", "coastal flooding", "Coastal Flooding",
"COASTAL FLOODING", "COASTAL FLOODING/EROSION", "COASTAL SURGE",
"COASTAL/TIDAL FLOOD", "COASTALFLOOD", "CSTL FLOODING/EROSION",
"DAM BREAK", "DAM FAILURE", "Erosion/Cstl Flood", "FLASH FLOOD",
"FLASH FLOOD - HEAVY RAIN", "FLASH FLOOD FROM ICE JAMS",
"FLASH FLOOD LANDSLIDES", "FLASH FLOOD WINDS", "FLASH FLOOD/",
"FLASH FLOOD/ FLOOD", "FLASH FLOOD/ STREET", "FLASH FLOOD/FLOOD",
"FLASH FLOOD/HEAVY RAIN", "FLASH FLOOD/LANDSLIDE", "FLASH FLOODING",
"FLASH FLOODING/FLOOD", "FLASH FLOODING/THUNDERSTORM WI", "FLASH FLOODS",
"FLASH FLOOODING", "Flood", "FLOOD", "FLOOD & HEAVY RAIN", "FLOOD FLASH",
"FLOOD FLOOD/FLASH", "FLOOD WATCH/", "FLOOD/FLASH", "Flood/Flash Flood",
"FLOOD/FLASH FLOOD", "FLOOD/FLASH FLOODING", "FLOOD/FLASH/FLOOD",
"FLOOD/FLASHFLOOD", "FLOOD/RAIN/WIND", "FLOOD/RAIN/WINDS", "FLOOD/RIVER FLOOD",
"Flood/Strong Wind", "FLOODING", "FLOODING/HEAVY RAIN", "FLOODS",
"HIGHWAY FLOODING", "LAKE FLOOD", "LAKESHORE FLOOD", "LOCAL FLASH FLOOD",
"LOCAL FLOOD", "MAJOR FLOOD", "MINOR FLOOD", "Minor Flooding", "MINOR FLOODING",
"RAPIDLY RISING WATER", "RIVER AND STREAM FLOOD", "RIVER FLOOD", "River Flooding",
"RIVER FLOODING", "RURAL FLOOD", "SMALL STREAM", "SMALL STREAM AND",
"SMALL STREAM AND URBAN FLOOD", "SMALL STREAM AND URBAN FLOODIN",
"SMALL STREAM FLOOD", "SMALL STREAM FLOODING", "SMALL STREAM URBAN FLOOD",
"SMALL STREAM/URBAN FLOOD", "Sml Stream Fld", "SNOWMELT FLOODING", "STORM SURGE",
"STORM SURGE/TIDE", "STREAM FLOODING", "STREET FLOOD", "STREET FLOODING",
"TIDAL FLOOD", "Tidal Flooding", "TIDAL FLOODING", "URBAN AND SMALL",
"URBAN AND SMALL STREAM", "URBAN AND SMALL STREAM FLOOD",
"URBAN AND SMALL STREAM FLOODIN", "Urban flood", "Urban Flood", "URBAN FLOOD",
"URBAN FLOOD LANDSLIDE", "Urban Flooding", "URBAN FLOODING", "URBAN FLOODS",
"URBAN SMALL", "URBAN SMALL STREAM FLOOD", "URBAN/SMALL", "URBAN/SMALL FLOODING",
"URBAN/SMALL STREAM", "URBAN/SMALL STREAM FLOOD", "URBAN/SMALL STREAM FLOOD",
"URBAN/SMALL STREAM FLOODING", "URBAN/SMALL STRM FLDG", "URBAN/SML STREAM FLD",
"URBAN/SML STREAM FLDG", "URBAN/STREET FLOODING")
volcano <- c("VOG", "Volcanic Ash", "VOLCANIC ASH", "Volcanic Ash Plume",
"VOLCANIC ASHFALL", "VOLCANIC ERUPTION")
heat <- c("ABNORMAL WARMTH", "ABNORMALLY DRY", "BELOW NORMAL PRECIPITATION",
"DRIEST MONTH", "DROUGHT", "DROUGHT/EXCESSIVE HEAT", "DRY", "DRY CONDITIONS",
"DRY HOT WEATHER", "DRY PATTERN", "DRY SPELL", "DRY WEATHER", "DRYNESS",
"EXCESSIVE HEAT", "EXCESSIVE HEAT/DROUGHT", "EXCESSIVELY DRY", "EXTREME HEAT",
"HEAT", "HEAT DROUGHT", "Heat Wave", "HEAT WAVE", "HEAT WAVE DROUGHT",
"HEAT WAVES", "HEAT/DROUGHT", "Heatburst", "HIGH TEMPERATURE RECORD",
"Hot and Dry", "HOT PATTERN", "HOT SPELL", "HOT WEATHER", "HOT/DRY PATTERN",
"Mild and Dry Pattern", "MILD PATTERN", "MILD/DRY PATTERN", "PROLONG WARMTH",
"Record dry month", "RECORD DRYNESS", "Record Heat", "RECORD HEAT",
"RECORD HEAT WAVE", "Record High", "RECORD HIGH", "RECORD HIGH TEMPERATURE",
"RECORD HIGH TEMPERATURES", "RECORD LOW RAINFALL", "RECORD/EXCESSIVE HEAT",
"RECORD WARMTH", "Record Warmth", "RECORD WARM TEMPS.", "RECORD WARM",
"UNSEASONABLY DRY", "UNSEASONABLY HOT", "UNSEASONABLY WARM",
"UNSEASONABLY WARM AND DRY", "UNSEASONABLY WARM YEAR", "UNUSUAL WARMTH",
"UNUSUAL/RECORD WARMTH", "UNUSUALLY WARM", "VERY DRY", "VERY WARM",
"WARM DRY CONDITIONS", "WARM WEATHER")
tornado <- c(" WATERSPOUT", "DOWNBURST", "DOWNBURST WINDS", "DRY MICROBURST",
"DRY MICROBURST 50", "DRY MICROBURST 53", "DRY MICROBURST 58",
"DRY MICROBURST 61", "DRY MICROBURST 84", "DRY MICROBURST WINDS",
"DRY MIRCOBURST WINDS", "DUST DEVEL", "Dust Devil", "DUST DEVIL",
"DUST DEVIL WATERSPOUT", "DUST STORM", "DUST STORM/HIGH WINDS",
"DUSTSTORM", "FUNNEL", "Funnel Cloud", "FUNNEL CLOUD", "FUNNEL CLOUD.",
"FUNNEL CLOUD/HAIL", "FUNNEL CLOUDS", "FUNNELS", "GUSTNADO", "GUSTNADO AND",
"LANDSPOUT", "LARGE WALL CLOUD", "Microburst", "MICROBURST",
"MICROBURST WINDS", "ROTATING WALL CLOUD", "TORNADO", "TORNADO DEBRIS",
"TORNADO F0", "TORNADO F1", "TORNADO F2", "TORNADO F3", "TORNADO/WATERSPOUT",
"TORNADOES", "TORNADOES, TSTM WIND, HAIL", "TORNADOS", "TORNDAO",
"WALL CLOUD", "WALL CLOUD/FUNNEL CLOUD", "WATER SPOUT", "WATERSPOUT",
"WATERSPOUT FUNNEL CLOUD", "WATERSPOUT TORNADO", "WATERSPOUT-",
"WATERSPOUT-TORNADO", "WATERSPOUT/", "WATERSPOUT/ TORNADO",
"WATERSPOUT/TORNADO", "WATERSPOUTS", "WAYTERSPOUT", "wet micoburst",
"WET MICROBURST")
rain <- c("ABNORMALLY WET", "EARLY RAIN", "EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION", "EXCESSIVE RAIN",
"EXCESSIVE RAINFALL", "EXCESSIVE WETNESS", "EXTREMELY WET", "HEAVY PRECIPATATION",
"Heavy Precipitation", "HEAVY PRECIPITATION", "Heavy rain", "Heavy Rain",
"HEAVY RAIN", "HEAVY RAIN AND FLOOD", "Heavy Rain and Wind", "HEAVY RAIN EFFECTS",
"HEAVY RAIN; URBAN FLOOD WINDS;", "HEAVY RAIN/FLOODING", "Heavy Rain/High Surf",
"HEAVY RAIN/LIGHTNING", "HEAVY RAIN/MUDSLIDES/FLOOD", "HEAVY RAIN/SEVERE WEATHER",
"HEAVY RAIN/SMALL STREAM URBAN", "HEAVY RAIN/SNOW", "HEAVY RAIN/URBAN FLOOD",
"HEAVY RAIN/WIND", "HEAVY RAINFALL", "HEAVY RAINS", "HEAVY RAINS/FLOODING",
"HEAVY SHOWER", "HEAVY SHOWERS", "HVY RAIN", "LOCALLY HEAVY RAIN", "MIXED PRECIP",
"Mixed Precipitation", "MIXED PRECIPITATION", "MONTHLY PRECIPITATION",
"Monthly Rainfall", "MONTHLY RAINFALL", "NORMAL PRECIPITATION", "PROLONGED RAIN",
"RAIN", "RAIN (HEAVY)", "RAIN AND WIND", "Rain Damage", "RAIN/WIND", "RAINSTORM",
"RECORD PRECIPITATION", "RECORD RAINFALL", "RECORD/EXCESSIVE RAINFALL",
"UNSEASONABLY WARM & WET", "UNSEASONABLY WARM/WET", "UNSEASONABLY WET",
"UNSEASONAL RAIN", "Wet Month", "WET WEATHER", "Wet Year")
fire <- c( "BRUSH FIRE", "BRUSH FIRES", "DENSE SMOKE", "FOREST FIRES", "GRASS FIRES",
"RED FLAG CRITERIA", "RED FLAG FIRE WX", "SMOKE", "WILD FIRES",
"WILD/FOREST FIRE", "WILD/FOREST FIRES", "WILDFIRE", "WILDFIRES")
cold <- c("AGRICULTURAL FREEZE", "BITTER WIND CHILL", "BITTER WIND CHILL TEMPERATURES",
"Cold", "COLD", "COLD AIR FUNNEL", "COLD AIR FUNNELS", "COLD AIR TORNADO",
"Cold and Frost", "COLD AND FROST", "COLD AND SNOW", "COLD AND WET CONDITIONS",
"Cold Temperature", "COLD TEMPERATURES", "COLD WAVE", "COLD WEATHER",
"COLD WIND CHILL TEMPERATURES", "COLD/WIND CHILL", "COLD/WINDS", "COOL AND WET",
"COOL SPELL", "Damaging Freeze", "DAMAGING FREEZE", "EARLY FREEZE",
"Early Frost", "EARLY FROST", "Excessive Cold", "Extended Cold", "Extreme Cold",
"EXTREME COLD", "EXTREME COLD/WIND CHILL", "EXTREME WIND CHILL",
"EXTREME WIND CHILL/BLOWING SNO", "EXTREME WIND CHILLS", "EXTREME WINDCHILL",
"EXTREME WINDCHILL TEMPERATURES", "EXTREME/RECORD COLD", "HARD FREEZE",
"HYPERTHERMIA/EXPOSURE", "HYPOTHERMIA", "Hypothermia/Exposure",
"HYPOTHERMIA/EXPOSURE", "LATE FREEZE", "LOW TEMPERATURE",
"LOW TEMPERATURE RECORD", "LOW WIND CHILL", "Prolong Cold", "PROLONG COLD",
"PROLONG COLD/SNOW", "RECORD COLD", "Record Cold", "RECORD COLD",
"RECORD COLD AND HIGH WIND", "RECORD COLD/FROST", "RECORD COOL", "RECORD LOW",
"SEVERE COLD", "Unseasonable Cold", "UNSEASONABLY COLD", "UNSEASONABLY COOL",
"UNSEASONABLY COOL & WET", "UNSEASONAL LOW TEMP", "UNUSUALLY COLD")
winterstorms <- c("ACCUMULATED SNOWFALL", "Black Ice", "BLACK ICE", "BLIZZARD",
"BLIZZARD AND EXTREME WIND CHIL", "BLIZZARD AND HEAVY SNOW",
"Blizzard Summary", "BLIZZARD WEATHER", "BLIZZARD/FREEZING RAIN",
"BLIZZARD/HEAVY SNOW", "BLIZZARD/HIGH WIND", "BLIZZARD/WINTER STORM",
"blowing snow", "Blowing Snow", "BLOWING SNOW",
"BLOWING SNOW & EXTREME WIND CH", "BLOWING SNOW- EXTREME WIND CHI",
"BLOWING SNOW/EXTREME WIND CHIL", "Drifting Snow", "EARLY SNOW",
"Early snowfall", "EARLY SNOWFALL", "EXCESSIVE SNOW",
"FALLING SNOW/ICE", "FIRST FROST", "FIRST SNOW", "Freeze", "FREEZE",
"Freezing drizzle", "Freezing Drizzle", "FREEZING DRIZZLE",
"FREEZING DRIZZLE AND FREEZING", "Freezing Fog", "FREEZING FOG",
"Freezing rain", "Freezing Rain", "FREEZING RAIN",
"FREEZING RAIN AND SLEET", "FREEZING RAIN AND SNOW",
"FREEZING RAIN SLEET AND", "FREEZING RAIN SLEET AND LIGHT",
"FREEZING RAIN/SLEET", "FREEZING RAIN/SNOW", "Freezing Spray",
"Frost", "FROST", "Frost/Freeze", "FROST/FREEZE", "FROST\\FREEZE",
"Glaze", "GLAZE", "GLAZE ICE", "GLAZE/ICE STORM", "GROUND BLIZZARD",
"HEAVY LAKE SNOW", "HEAVY MIX", "HEAVY SNOW", "HEAVY SNOW FREEZING RAIN",
"HEAVY SNOW & ICE", "HEAVY SNOW AND", "HEAVY SNOW AND HIGH WINDS",
"HEAVY SNOW AND ICE", "HEAVY SNOW AND ICE STORM",
"HEAVY SNOW AND STRONG WINDS", "HEAVY SNOW ANDBLOWING SNOW",
"Heavy snow shower", "HEAVY SNOW SQUALLS", "HEAVY SNOW-SQUALLS",
"HEAVY SNOW/BLIZZARD", "HEAVY SNOW/BLIZZARD/AVALANCHE",
"HEAVY SNOW/BLOWING SNOW", "HEAVY SNOW/FREEZING RAIN",
"HEAVY SNOW/HIGH", "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WIND", "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WINDS",
"HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WINDS & FLOOD", "HEAVY SNOW/HIGH WINDS/FREEZING",
"HEAVY SNOW/ICE", "HEAVY SNOW/ICE STORM", "HEAVY SNOW/SLEET",
"HEAVY SNOW/SQUALLS", "HEAVY SNOW/WIND", "HEAVY SNOW/WINTER STORM",
"HEAVY SNOWPACK", "HEAVY WET SNOW", "ICE", "ICE AND SNOW", "ICE FLOES",
"Ice Fog", "ICE JAM", "Ice jam flood (minor", "ICE JAM FLOODING",
"ICE ON ROAD", "ICE PELLETS", "ICE ROADS", "ICE STORM",
"ICE STORM AND SNOW", "ICE STORM/FLASH FLOOD", "Ice/Snow", "ICE/SNOW",
"ICE/STRONG WINDS", "Icestorm/Blizzard", "Icy Roads", "ICY ROADS",
"LACK OF SNOW", "Lake Effect Snow", "LAKE EFFECT SNOW",
"LAKE-EFFECT SNOW", "LATE SEASON SNOW", "Late Season Snowfall",
"LATE SNOW", "Late-season Snowfall", "LIGHT FREEZING RAIN",
"Light snow", "Light Snow", "LIGHT SNOW", "LIGHT SNOW AND SLEET",
"Light Snow/Flurries", "LIGHT SNOW/FREEZING PRECIP", "Light Snowfall",
"MODERATE SNOW", "MODERATE SNOWFALL", "Monthly Snowfall",
"MONTHLY SNOWFALL", "Mountain Snows", "NEAR RECORD SNOW", "PATCHY ICE",
"RAIN/SNOW", "Record May Snow", "RECORD SNOW", "RECORD SNOW/COLD",
"RECORD SNOWFALL", "Record Winter Snow", "Seasonal Snowfall", "SLEET",
"SLEET & FREEZING RAIN", "SLEET STORM", "SLEET/FREEZING RAIN",
"SLEET/ICE STORM", "SLEET/RAIN/SNOW", "SLEET/SNOW", "Snow", "SNOW",
"Snow Accumulation", "SNOW ACCUMULATION", "SNOW ADVISORY",
"SNOW AND COLD", "SNOW AND HEAVY SNOW", "Snow and Ice", "SNOW AND ICE",
"SNOW AND ICE STORM", "Snow and sleet", "SNOW AND SLEET",
"SNOW AND WIND", "SNOW DROUGHT", "SNOW FREEZING RAIN", "SNOW SHOWERS",
"SNOW SLEET", "SNOW SQUALL", "Snow squalls", "Snow Squalls",
"SNOW SQUALLS", "SNOW- HIGH WIND- WIND CHILL", "SNOW/ BITTER COLD",
"SNOW/ ICE", "SNOW/BLOWING SNOW", "SNOW/COLD", "SNOW/FREEZING RAIN",
"SNOW/HEAVY SNOW", "SNOW/HIGH WINDS", "SNOW/ICE", "SNOW/ICE STORM",
"SNOW/RAIN", "SNOW/RAIN/SLEET", "SNOW/SLEET", "SNOW/SLEET/FREEZING RAIN",
"SNOW/SLEET/RAIN", "SNOW\\COLD", "SNOWFALL RECORD", "SNOWSTORM",
"THUNDERSNOW", "Thundersnow shower", "UNUSUALLY LATE SNOW", "WET SNOW",
"WINTER MIX", "WINTER STORM", "WINTER STORM HIGH WINDS",
"WINTER STORM/HIGH WIND", "WINTER STORM/HIGH WINDS", "WINTER STORMS",
"Winter Weather", "WINTER WEATHER", "WINTER WEATHER MIX",
"WINTER WEATHER/MIX", "WINTERY MIX", "Wintry mix", "Wintry Mix",
"WINTRY MIX")
wind <- c(" WIND", "BLOWING DUST", "gradient wind", "Gradient wind", "GRADIENT WIND",
"GRADIENT WINDS", "GUSTY LAKE WIND", "GUSTY THUNDERSTORM WIND",
"GUSTY THUNDERSTORM WINDS", "Gusty Wind", "GUSTY WIND", "GUSTY WIND/HAIL",
"GUSTY WIND/HVY RAIN", "Gusty wind/rain", "Gusty winds", "Gusty Winds",
"GUSTY WINDS", "HIGH WINDS", "High Wind", "HIGH WIND", "HIGH WIND (G40)",
"HIGH WIND 48", "HIGH WIND 63", "HIGH WIND 70", "HIGH WIND AND HEAVY SNOW",
"HIGH WIND AND HIGH TIDES", "HIGH WIND AND SEAS", "HIGH WIND DAMAGE",
"HIGH WIND/ BLIZZARD", "HIGH WIND/BLIZZARD", "HIGH WIND/BLIZZARD/FREEZING RA",
"HIGH WIND/HEAVY SNOW", "HIGH WIND/LOW WIND CHILL", "HIGH WIND/SEAS",
"HIGH WIND/WIND CHILL", "HIGH WIND/WIND CHILL/BLIZZARD", "HIGH WINDS",
"HIGH WINDS 55", "HIGH WINDS 57", "HIGH WINDS 58", "HIGH WINDS 63",
"HIGH WINDS 66", "HIGH WINDS 67", "HIGH WINDS 73", "HIGH WINDS 76",
"HIGH WINDS 80", "HIGH WINDS 82", "HIGH WINDS AND WIND CHILL",
"HIGH WINDS DUST STORM", "HIGH WINDS HEAVY RAINS", "HIGH WINDS/",
"HIGH WINDS/COASTAL FLOOD", "HIGH WINDS/COLD", "HIGH WINDS/FLOODING",
"HIGH WINDS/HEAVY RAIN", "HIGH WINDS/SNOW", "MARINE HIGH WIND",
"MARINE STRONG WIND", "NON TSTM WIND", "NON-SEVERE WIND DAMAGE",
"NON-TSTM WIND", "STORM FORCE WINDS", "Strong Wind", "STRONG WIND",
"STRONG WIND GUST", "Strong winds", "Strong Winds", "STRONG WINDS",
"WAKE LOW WIND", "Whirlwind", "WHIRLWIND", "Wind", "WIND", "WIND ADVISORY",
"WIND AND WAVE", "WIND CHILL", "WIND CHILL/HIGH WIND", "Wind Damage",
"WIND DAMAGE", "WIND GUSTS", "WIND STORM", "WIND/HAIL", "WINDS", "WND")Next, I use these character vectors to create a new variable called evcat that contains the 15 categories matched to the corresponding raw event codes. The result is a character vector which I coerce to a factor.
stormdata$evcat <- ""
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), wind))] <-
"Wind Damage"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), winterstorms))] <-
"Winter Storms"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), cold))] <-
"Cold"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), fire))] <-
"Fires"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), rain))] <-
"Rain (non-thunderstorm)"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), tornado))] <-
"Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), heat))] <-
"Heat/Dryness/Drought"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), volcano))] <-
"Volcanic eruption"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), flood))] <-
"Flooding"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), tstorm))] <-
"Thunderstorms and hail"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), tsunami))] <-
"Tsunamis and wave damage"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), hurricane))] <-
"Hurricanes and trop. storms"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), other))] <-
"Other"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), slides))] <-
"Mud/rock/landslides"
stormdata$evcat[which(is.element(as.character(stormdata$EVTYPE), fog))] <-
"Fog"
stormdata$evcat <- as.factor(stormdata$evcat)I can now see the frequencies of the 15 event types:
table(stormdata$evcat)##
## Cold Fires
## 2754 4262
## Flooding Fog
## 86535 1835
## Heat/Dryness/Drought Hurricanes and trop. storms
## 5589 1058
## Mud/rock/landslides Other
## 1037 492
## Rain (non-thunderstorm) Thunderstorms and hail
## 11998 641872
## Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts Tsunamis and wave damage
## 72352 1912
## Volcanic eruption Wind Damage
## 30 26344
## Winter Storms
## 44227Collapsing the data
Again, the goal is to examine the total number of fatalities and injuries, and the total cost of each event within each year. I will use the group_by command in the dplry library to collapse the data. This command does not work with variables of the date class, however, so I first covert date back to a character class.
stormdata$date <- as.character(stormdata$date)Now I collapse by both evcat and year, saving the total number of fatalities, the total number of injuries, the total cost in property damage, and the total cost in crop damage (not analyzed in this report) in each year and as a result of each event type. Since some of the events have no data earlier than 1993, I restrict the analysis to 1993 and later.
storm.event <- group_by(stormdata, evcat, year)
storm.totals <- summarize(storm.event, fatalities = sum(FATALITIES),
injuries = sum(INJURIES), propdmg = sum(PROPDMG),
cropdmg = sum(CROPDMG))
storm.totals <- as.data.frame(storm.totals)
storm.totals <- storm.totals[storm.totals$year >= 1993,]Further steps to prepare the data for the figures
I will create line plots for each event over years, overlaid, to show both the variation in each outcome over time and the comparision of events to one another. But 15 lines are too messy to be shown effectively on one plot. For clarity, I keep only the 6 events with the highest averages for each outcome. To see which 6 events have the highest averages, I collapse the data by event across years.
storm.means <- summarize(group_by(storm.totals, evcat),
fatalities = mean(fatalities), injuries = mean(injuries),
propdmg = mean(propdmg), cropdmg = mean(cropdmg))
as.data.frame(storm.means)## evcat fatalities injuries propdmg
## 1 Cold 25.368421 16.8421053 753.89947
## 2 Fires 4.736842 84.6315789 6595.69947
## 3 Flooding 83.052632 459.1578947 130929.50211
## 4 Fog 4.263158 56.6842105 898.69789
## 5 Heat/Dryness/Drought 167.263158 486.6842105 385.89000
## 6 Hurricanes and trop. storms 10.578947 90.3157895 3992.49105
## 7 Mud/rock/landslides 14.157895 11.8421053 1178.52316
## 8 Other 0.500000 0.6666667 78.83333
## 9 Rain (non-thunderstorm) 5.421053 15.8947368 2988.06526
## 10 Thunderstorms and hail 68.315789 653.8947368 209012.60105
## 11 Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts 88.368421 1258.6842105 74170.52474
## 12 Tsunamis and wave damage 41.684211 48.3684211 486.25895
## 13 Volcanic eruption 0.000000 0.0000000 45.45455
## 14 Wind Damage 23.684211 100.1052632 23788.67579
## 15 Winter Storms 34.473684 335.4736842 21560.22053
## cropdmg
## 1 392.726842
## 2 503.460000
## 3 19355.133158
## 4 0.000000
## 5 1862.200000
## 6 952.784737
## 7 1.947368
## 8 57.466667
## 9 681.173684
## 10 41286.552632
## 11 5376.172105
## 12 1.052632
## 13 0.000000
## 14 1223.695263
## 15 825.886842The 6 highest averages for fatalities are
- Flooding
- Heat/Dryness/Drought
- Thunderstorms and hail
- Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts
- Tsunamis and wave damage
- Winter Storms
Injuries has the same list, substituing wind damage for tsunamis, and property damage has the same list as injuries, substituting fires for heat.
I clean the variable names for clear presentation in the figures,
names(storm.totals) <- c("Event", "Year", "Fatalities", "Injuries",
"Property.damage", "Crop.damage")then I create three new data frames, each keeping the 6 events with the highest averages for each outcome:
storm.totals2 <- storm.totals[storm.totals$Event %in% c("Flooding",
"Heat/Dryness/Drought", "Thunderstorms and hail",
"Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts",
"Tsunamis and wave damage", "Winter Storms"),]
storm.totals3 <- storm.totals[storm.totals$Event %in% c("Flooding",
"Heat/Dryness/Drought", "Thunderstorms and hail",
"Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts",
"Wind Damage", "Winter Storms"),]
storm.totals4 <- storm.totals[storm.totals$Event %in% c("Flooding",
"Fires", "Thunderstorms and hail",
"Tornados/waterspouts/microbursts",
"Wind Damage", "Winter Storms"),]Results
Fatalities
The total annual fatalities as a result of flooding, excessive heat, thunderstorms and hail, tornados, tsunamis and wave damage, and winter storms are shown below:
qplot(Year, Fatalities, data=storm.totals2, geom=c("line"),
group=Event, color=Event, main="Total Annual Fatalities by Event")
Note: Total fatalities caused by each event in each year. Only the 6 events with the highest average number of fatalities are shown.
By and large, most of the fatalities year to year are caused by excessive heat, especiall prior to 2007. In 2011 the number of fatalities due to thunderstorms and hail spiked.
Injuries
The total annual injuries as a result of flooding, excessive heat, thunderstorms and hail, tornados, wind damage, and winter storms are shown below:
qplot(Year, Injuries, data=storm.totals3, geom=c("line"),
group=Event, color=Event, main="Total Annual Injuries by Event")
Note: Total injuries caused by each event in each year. Only the 6 events with the highest average number of injuries are shown.
For the most part, and especially in 2011, most injuries year to year are due to tornados, waterspouts, microbursts, and other similar events. 1994 saw a spike in injuries due to winter storms, and 1998 saw increased injuries due to flooding.
Property damage
The total annual cost in property damage as a result of flooding, fires, thunderstorms and hail, tornados, wind damage, and winter storms are shown below:
qplot(Year, Property.damage, data=storm.totals4, geom=c("line"),
group=Event, color=Event, main="Total Annual Cost in Property Damage by Event")
Note: Total cost in property damage caused by each event in each year. Only the 6 events with the highest average costs are shown.
In every year, most of the cost in property damage is due to thunderstorms and hail. Flooding accounts for the second most cost in property damage.