Screen Scraping/Working with APIs
Chris Bail, PhD
Computational Sociology
Recap
Over the last two classes, we have learned how to a) work with different types of objects in R; and b) perform repetitive tasks using basic programming tools
Agenda for Today
Today, we will put these tools into action
Agenda for Today
As always we are going to work through messy, real-world examples in order to help demonstrate some of the common pitfalls of collecting and data from the internet using R.
Agenda for Today
1. Introduction
2. Screen Scraping
3. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
The techniques you will learn in this class can be used to scrape text data from websites, extract social media messages or other types of texts from sites such as Twitter, Facebook, or Google, or automate the collection of text using other internet-based tools.
Introduction
…But the revolution in text-based data is not only about the internet.
Do you Need to Collect Data?
There is already a vast amount of data out there that has already been compiled (e.g. The New York Times, Reuters, Google, Wikipedia)
Here is a list of datasets I've been keeping track of
SCREEN-SCRAPING
Screen-Scraping
Once upon a time, you could scrape just about anything from any website…
Screen-Scraping
We are no longer in the “Wild, Wild, West” of the internet.
Screen-Scraping
Screen-scraping many sites is now against the law.
What is Screen Scraping?
Screen scraping refers to a type of computer program that:
- reads in a web page
- finds some information on it
- grabs the information
- stores it in a dataset
Link
Please open this link
Or you can google “Wikipedia” and “World Health Organization Ranking of Health Systems”
What a Website Looks Like to Us
What a Website Looks Like to a Computer
What if we Want the Info in this Table?
What if we Want the Info in this Table?
What if we Want the Info in this Table?
Set Your Working Directory
setwd("/Users/christopherandrewbail/Desktop/Dropbox/Teaching/Computational Soc Fall 2015/Course Dropbox")
Rvest: A Package for Screen Scraping
Install it:
install.packages("rvest")
Then load it into R's memory:
library(rvest)
Grabbing the HTML
wikipedia_page<-html("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000")
Let's Take a Look
wikipedia_page
{xml_document}
<html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr">
[1] <head>\n <meta charset="UTF-8"/>\n <title>World Health Organizatio ...
[2] <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-sub ...
Grabbing the Nodes
Here, we need the xpath we grabbed using Chrome:
//*[@id=“mw-content-text”]/table[1]
section_of_wikipedia_html<-
html_nodes(wikipedia_page, xpath='//*[@id="mw-content-text"]/table[1]')
Let's Take Another Look
section_of_wikipedia_html
{xml_nodeset (1)}
[1] <table class="wikitable sortable">\n <tr><th>Ranking</th>\n<th>Coun ...
Let's Grab the Table from the HTML
health_rankings<-html_table(section_of_wikipedia_html)
Check the Object Class
class(health_rankings)
[1] "list"
Let's Convert the List to a Data Frame
test<-as.data.frame(health_rankings)
...The Xpath Trick Might not Work
...But There is Another Trick
Enter "SelectorGadget"
Another Website
BEHOLD, the CSS Selector!!!
.name-bio
Using the CSS Selector
toptwitter<-html("http://twittercounter.com/pages/100")
toptwitternodes<-html_nodes(toptwitter, css=".name-bio")
names<-html_text(toptwitternodes)
Let's Take a Look
names
[1] "\n \n KATY PERRY\n \n @katyperry\n\n \n "
[2] "\n \n Justin Bieber\n \n @justinbieber\n\n \n "
[3] "\n \n Taylor Swift\n \n @taylorswift13\n\n \n "
[4] "\n \n Barack Obama\n \n @BarackObama\n\n \n "
[5] "\n \n Rihanna\n \n @rihanna\n\n \n "
[6] "\n \n YouTube\n \n @YouTube\n\n \n "
[7] "\n \n Lady Gaga\n \n @ladygaga\n\n \n "
[8] "\n \n Ellen DeGeneres\n \n @TheEllenShow\n\n \n "
[9] "\n \n Twitter\n \n @twitter\n\n \n "
[10] "\n \n Justin Timberlake\n \n @jtimberlake\n\n \n "
[11] "\n \n Kim Kardashian West\n \n @KimKardashian\n\n \n "
[12] "\n \n Britney Spears\n \n @britneyspears\n\n \n "
[13] "\n \n Cristiano Ronaldo\n \n @Cristiano\n\n \n "
[14] "\n \n Selena Gomez\n \n @selenagomez\n\n \n "
[15] "\n \n jimmy fallon\n \n @jimmyfallon\n\n \n "
[16] "\n \n CNN Breaking News\n \n @cnnbrk\n\n \n "
[17] "\n \n Ariana Grande\n \n @ArianaGrande\n\n \n "
[18] "\n \n Instagram\n \n @instagram\n\n \n "
[19] "\n \n Shakira\n \n @shakira\n\n \n "
[20] "\n \n Demi Lovato\n \n @ddlovato\n\n \n "
[21] "\n \n Jennifer Lopez\n \n @JLo\n\n \n "
[22] "\n \n Oprah Winfrey\n \n @Oprah\n\n \n "
[23] "\n \n Drizzy\n \n @Drake\n\n \n "
[24] "\n \n LeBron James\n \n @KingJames\n\n \n "
[25] "\n \n Bill Gates\n \n @BillGates\n\n \n "
[26] "\n \n Kevin Hart\n \n @KevinHart4real\n\n \n "
[27] "\n \n Miley Ray Cyrus\n \n @MileyCyrus\n\n \n "
[28] "\n \n One Direction\n \n @onedirection\n\n \n "
[29] "\n \n The New York Times\n \n @nytimes\n\n \n "
[30] "\n \n SportsCenter\n \n @SportsCenter\n\n \n "
[31] "\n \n ESPN\n \n @espn\n\n \n "
[32] "\n \n Harry Styles.\n \n @Harry_Styles\n\n \n "
[33] "\n \n P!nk\n \n @Pink\n\n \n "
[34] "\n \n CNN\n \n @CNN\n\n \n "
[35] "\n \n Lil Wayne WEEZY F\n \n @LilTunechi\n\n \n "
[36] "\n \n Wiz Khalifa\n \n @wizkhalifa\n\n \n "
[37] "\n \n Adele\n \n @Adele\n\n \n "
[38] "\n \n Niall Horan\n \n @NiallOfficial\n\n \n "
[39] "\n \n Bruno Mars\n \n @BrunoMars\n\n \n "
[40] "\n \n KANYE WEST\n \n @kanyewest\n\n \n "
[41] "\n \n Kaka\n \n @KAKA\n\n \n "
[42] "\n \n Neil Patrick Harris\n \n @ActuallyNPH\n\n \n "
[43] "\n \n BBC Breaking News\n \n @BBCBreaking\n\n \n "
[44] "\n \n Neymar Jr\n \n @neymarjr\n\n \n "
[45] "\n \n daniel tosh\n \n @danieltosh\n\n \n "
[46] "\n \n Alicia Keys\n \n @aliciakeys\n\n \n "
[47] "\n \n Liam\n \n @LiamPayne\n\n \n "
[48] "\n \n Louis Tomlinson\n \n @Louis_Tomlinson\n\n \n "
[49] "\n \n NBA\n \n @NBA\n\n \n "
[50] "\n \n Narendra Modi\n \n @narendramodi\n\n \n "
[51] "\n \n Emma Watson\n \n @EmWatson\n\n \n "
[52] "\n \n Pitbull\n \n @pitbull\n\n \n "
[53] "\n \n Amitabh Bachchan\n \n @SrBachchan\n\n \n "
[54] "\n \n Khloé\n \n @khloekardashian\n\n \n "
[55] "\n \n Conan O'Brien\n \n @ConanOBrien\n\n \n "
[56] "\n \n Shah Rukh Khan\n \n @iamsrk\n\n \n "
[57] "\n \n Kourtney Kardashian\n \n @kourtneykardash\n\n \n "
[58] "\n \n Marshall Mathers\n \n @Eminem\n\n \n "
[59] "\n \n Real Madrid C. F.\n \n @realmadrid\n\n \n "
[60] "\n \n NICKI MINAJ\n \n @NICKIMINAJ\n\n \n "
[61] "\n \n David Guetta\n \n @davidguetta\n\n \n "
[62] "\n \n zayn\n \n @zaynmalik\n\n \n "
[63] "\n \n Avril Lavigne\n \n @AvrilLavigne\n\n \n "
[64] "\n \n NFL\n \n @NFL\n\n \n "
[65] "\n \n Kendall\n \n @KendallJenner\n\n \n "
[66] "\n \n Salman Khan\n \n @BeingSalmanKhan\n\n \n "
[67] "\n \n NASA\n \n @NASA\n\n \n "
[68] "\n \n FC Barcelona\n \n @FCBarcelona\n\n \n "
[69] "\n \n Aamir Khan\n \n @aamir_khan\n\n \n "
[70] "\n \n Kylie Jenner\n \n @KylieJenner\n\n \n "
[71] "\n \n Blake Shelton\n \n @blakeshelton\n\n \n "
[72] "\n \n ashton kutcher\n \n @aplusk\n\n \n "
[73] "\n \n Coldplay\n \n @coldplay\n\n \n "
[74] "\n \n Chris Brown\n \n @chrisbrown\n\n \n "
[75] "\n \n Vine\n \n @vine\n\n \n "
[76] "\n \n Ed Sheeran\n \n @edsheeran\n\n \n "
[77] "\n \n Mariah Carey\n \n @MariahCarey\n\n \n "
[78] "\n \n Christina Aguilera\n \n @xtina\n\n \n "
[79] "\n \n Leonardo DiCaprio\n \n @LeoDiCaprio\n\n \n "
[80] "\n \n The Economist\n \n @TheEconomist\n\n \n "
[81] "\n \n Deepika Padukone\n \n @deepikapadukone\n\n \n "
[82] "\n \n BBC News (World)\n \n @BBCWorld\n\n \n "
[83] "\n \n AGNEZ MO\n \n @agnezmo\n\n \n "
[84] "\n \n Google\n \n @google\n\n \n "
[85] "\n \n د. محمد #العريفي\n \n @MohamadAlarefe\n\n \n "
[86] "\n \n Twitter en español\n \n @TwitterEspanol\n\n \n "
[87] "\n \n أحمد الشقيري\n \n @shugairi\n\n \n "
[88] "\n \n Jim Carrey\n \n @JimCarrey\n\n \n "
[89] "\n \n PRIYANKA\n \n @priyankachopra\n\n \n "
[90] "\n \n Kevin Durant\n \n @KDTrey5\n\n \n "
[91] "\n \n Ivete Sangalo\n \n @ivetesangalo\n\n \n "
[92] "\n \n Hrithik Roshan\n \n @iHrithik\n\n \n "
[93] "\n \n Ryan Seacrest\n \n @RyanSeacrest\n\n \n "
[94] "\n \n Ricky Martin\n \n @ricky_martin\n\n \n "
[95] "\n \n Reuters Top News\n \n @Reuters\n\n \n "
[96] "\n \n Twitter Sports\n \n @TwitterSports\n\n \n "
[97] "\n \n BEYONCÉ\n \n @Beyonce\n\n \n "
[98] "\n \n Snoop Dogg\n \n @SnoopDogg\n\n \n "
[99] "\n \n Alejandro Sanz\n \n @AlejandroSanz\n\n \n "
[100] "\n \n raditya dika\n \n @radityadika\n\n \n "
Time to Clean it Up
Getting rid of the \n
names<-gsub("\n","", names)
Still Messy
names
[1] " KATY PERRY @katyperry "
[2] " Justin Bieber @justinbieber "
[3] " Taylor Swift @taylorswift13 "
[4] " Barack Obama @BarackObama "
[5] " Rihanna @rihanna "
[6] " YouTube @YouTube "
[7] " Lady Gaga @ladygaga "
[8] " Ellen DeGeneres @TheEllenShow "
[9] " Twitter @twitter "
[10] " Justin Timberlake @jtimberlake "
[11] " Kim Kardashian West @KimKardashian "
[12] " Britney Spears @britneyspears "
[13] " Cristiano Ronaldo @Cristiano "
[14] " Selena Gomez @selenagomez "
[15] " jimmy fallon @jimmyfallon "
[16] " CNN Breaking News @cnnbrk "
[17] " Ariana Grande @ArianaGrande "
[18] " Instagram @instagram "
[19] " Shakira @shakira "
[20] " Demi Lovato @ddlovato "
[21] " Jennifer Lopez @JLo "
[22] " Oprah Winfrey @Oprah "
[23] " Drizzy @Drake "
[24] " LeBron James @KingJames "
[25] " Bill Gates @BillGates "
[26] " Kevin Hart @KevinHart4real "
[27] " Miley Ray Cyrus @MileyCyrus "
[28] " One Direction @onedirection "
[29] " The New York Times @nytimes "
[30] " SportsCenter @SportsCenter "
[31] " ESPN @espn "
[32] " Harry Styles. @Harry_Styles "
[33] " P!nk @Pink "
[34] " CNN @CNN "
[35] " Lil Wayne WEEZY F @LilTunechi "
[36] " Wiz Khalifa @wizkhalifa "
[37] " Adele @Adele "
[38] " Niall Horan @NiallOfficial "
[39] " Bruno Mars @BrunoMars "
[40] " KANYE WEST @kanyewest "
[41] " Kaka @KAKA "
[42] " Neil Patrick Harris @ActuallyNPH "
[43] " BBC Breaking News @BBCBreaking "
[44] " Neymar Jr @neymarjr "
[45] " daniel tosh @danieltosh "
[46] " Alicia Keys @aliciakeys "
[47] " Liam @LiamPayne "
[48] " Louis Tomlinson @Louis_Tomlinson "
[49] " NBA @NBA "
[50] " Narendra Modi @narendramodi "
[51] " Emma Watson @EmWatson "
[52] " Pitbull @pitbull "
[53] " Amitabh Bachchan @SrBachchan "
[54] " Khloé @khloekardashian "
[55] " Conan O'Brien @ConanOBrien "
[56] " Shah Rukh Khan @iamsrk "
[57] " Kourtney Kardashian @kourtneykardash "
[58] " Marshall Mathers @Eminem "
[59] " Real Madrid C. F. @realmadrid "
[60] " NICKI MINAJ @NICKIMINAJ "
[61] " David Guetta @davidguetta "
[62] " zayn @zaynmalik "
[63] " Avril Lavigne @AvrilLavigne "
[64] " NFL @NFL "
[65] " Kendall @KendallJenner "
[66] " Salman Khan @BeingSalmanKhan "
[67] " NASA @NASA "
[68] " FC Barcelona @FCBarcelona "
[69] " Aamir Khan @aamir_khan "
[70] " Kylie Jenner @KylieJenner "
[71] " Blake Shelton @blakeshelton "
[72] " ashton kutcher @aplusk "
[73] " Coldplay @coldplay "
[74] " Chris Brown @chrisbrown "
[75] " Vine @vine "
[76] " Ed Sheeran @edsheeran "
[77] " Mariah Carey @MariahCarey "
[78] " Christina Aguilera @xtina "
[79] " Leonardo DiCaprio @LeoDiCaprio "
[80] " The Economist @TheEconomist "
[81] " Deepika Padukone @deepikapadukone "
[82] " BBC News (World) @BBCWorld "
[83] " AGNEZ MO @agnezmo "
[84] " Google @google "
[85] " د. محمد #العريفي @MohamadAlarefe "
[86] " Twitter en español @TwitterEspanol "
[87] " أحمد الشقيري @shugairi "
[88] " Jim Carrey @JimCarrey "
[89] " PRIYANKA @priyankachopra "
[90] " Kevin Durant @KDTrey5 "
[91] " Ivete Sangalo @ivetesangalo "
[92] " Hrithik Roshan @iHrithik "
[93] " Ryan Seacrest @RyanSeacrest "
[94] " Ricky Martin @ricky_martin "
[95] " Reuters Top News @Reuters "
[96] " Twitter Sports @TwitterSports "
[97] " BEYONCÉ @Beyonce "
[98] " Snoop Dogg @SnoopDogg "
[99] " Alejandro Sanz @AlejandroSanz "
[100] " raditya dika @radityadika "
Fixing the rest
names<-gsub("\t","", names)
Almost There...
names
[1] " KATY PERRY @katyperry "
[2] " Justin Bieber @justinbieber "
[3] " Taylor Swift @taylorswift13 "
[4] " Barack Obama @BarackObama "
[5] " Rihanna @rihanna "
[6] " YouTube @YouTube "
[7] " Lady Gaga @ladygaga "
[8] " Ellen DeGeneres @TheEllenShow "
[9] " Twitter @twitter "
[10] " Justin Timberlake @jtimberlake "
[11] " Kim Kardashian West @KimKardashian "
[12] " Britney Spears @britneyspears "
[13] " Cristiano Ronaldo @Cristiano "
[14] " Selena Gomez @selenagomez "
[15] " jimmy fallon @jimmyfallon "
[16] " CNN Breaking News @cnnbrk "
[17] " Ariana Grande @ArianaGrande "
[18] " Instagram @instagram "
[19] " Shakira @shakira "
[20] " Demi Lovato @ddlovato "
[21] " Jennifer Lopez @JLo "
[22] " Oprah Winfrey @Oprah "
[23] " Drizzy @Drake "
[24] " LeBron James @KingJames "
[25] " Bill Gates @BillGates "
[26] " Kevin Hart @KevinHart4real "
[27] " Miley Ray Cyrus @MileyCyrus "
[28] " One Direction @onedirection "
[29] " The New York Times @nytimes "
[30] " SportsCenter @SportsCenter "
[31] " ESPN @espn "
[32] " Harry Styles. @Harry_Styles "
[33] " P!nk @Pink "
[34] " CNN @CNN "
[35] " Lil Wayne WEEZY F @LilTunechi "
[36] " Wiz Khalifa @wizkhalifa "
[37] " Adele @Adele "
[38] " Niall Horan @NiallOfficial "
[39] " Bruno Mars @BrunoMars "
[40] " KANYE WEST @kanyewest "
[41] " Kaka @KAKA "
[42] " Neil Patrick Harris @ActuallyNPH "
[43] " BBC Breaking News @BBCBreaking "
[44] " Neymar Jr @neymarjr "
[45] " daniel tosh @danieltosh "
[46] " Alicia Keys @aliciakeys "
[47] " Liam @LiamPayne "
[48] " Louis Tomlinson @Louis_Tomlinson "
[49] " NBA @NBA "
[50] " Narendra Modi @narendramodi "
[51] " Emma Watson @EmWatson "
[52] " Pitbull @pitbull "
[53] " Amitabh Bachchan @SrBachchan "
[54] " Khloé @khloekardashian "
[55] " Conan O'Brien @ConanOBrien "
[56] " Shah Rukh Khan @iamsrk "
[57] " Kourtney Kardashian @kourtneykardash "
[58] " Marshall Mathers @Eminem "
[59] " Real Madrid C. F. @realmadrid "
[60] " NICKI MINAJ @NICKIMINAJ "
[61] " David Guetta @davidguetta "
[62] " zayn @zaynmalik "
[63] " Avril Lavigne @AvrilLavigne "
[64] " NFL @NFL "
[65] " Kendall @KendallJenner "
[66] " Salman Khan @BeingSalmanKhan "
[67] " NASA @NASA "
[68] " FC Barcelona @FCBarcelona "
[69] " Aamir Khan @aamir_khan "
[70] " Kylie Jenner @KylieJenner "
[71] " Blake Shelton @blakeshelton "
[72] " ashton kutcher @aplusk "
[73] " Coldplay @coldplay "
[74] " Chris Brown @chrisbrown "
[75] " Vine @vine "
[76] " Ed Sheeran @edsheeran "
[77] " Mariah Carey @MariahCarey "
[78] " Christina Aguilera @xtina "
[79] " Leonardo DiCaprio @LeoDiCaprio "
[80] " The Economist @TheEconomist "
[81] " Deepika Padukone @deepikapadukone "
[82] " BBC News (World) @BBCWorld "
[83] " AGNEZ MO @agnezmo "
[84] " Google @google "
[85] " د. محمد #العريفي @MohamadAlarefe "
[86] " Twitter en español @TwitterEspanol "
[87] " أحمد الشقيري @shugairi "
[88] " Jim Carrey @JimCarrey "
[89] " PRIYANKA @priyankachopra "
[90] " Kevin Durant @KDTrey5 "
[91] " Ivete Sangalo @ivetesangalo "
[92] " Hrithik Roshan @iHrithik "
[93] " Ryan Seacrest @RyanSeacrest "
[94] " Ricky Martin @ricky_martin "
[95] " Reuters Top News @Reuters "
[96] " Twitter Sports @TwitterSports "
[97] " BEYONCÉ @Beyonce "
[98] " Snoop Dogg @SnoopDogg "
[99] " Alejandro Sanz @AlejandroSanz "
[100] " raditya dika @radityadika "
Almost There...
names_data<-(strsplit(names,"@"))
Almost There...
names_data
[[1]]
[1] " KATY PERRY "
[2] "katyperry "
[[2]]
[1] " Justin Bieber "
[2] "justinbieber "
[[3]]
[1] " Taylor Swift "
[2] "taylorswift13 "
[[4]]
[1] " Barack Obama "
[2] "BarackObama "
[[5]]
[1] " Rihanna "
[2] "rihanna "
[[6]]
[1] " YouTube "
[2] "YouTube "
[[7]]
[1] " Lady Gaga "
[2] "ladygaga "
[[8]]
[1] " Ellen DeGeneres "
[2] "TheEllenShow "
[[9]]
[1] " Twitter "
[2] "twitter "
[[10]]
[1] " Justin Timberlake "
[2] "jtimberlake "
[[11]]
[1] " Kim Kardashian West "
[2] "KimKardashian "
[[12]]
[1] " Britney Spears "
[2] "britneyspears "
[[13]]
[1] " Cristiano Ronaldo "
[2] "Cristiano "
[[14]]
[1] " Selena Gomez "
[2] "selenagomez "
[[15]]
[1] " jimmy fallon "
[2] "jimmyfallon "
[[16]]
[1] " CNN Breaking News "
[2] "cnnbrk "
[[17]]
[1] " Ariana Grande "
[2] "ArianaGrande "
[[18]]
[1] " Instagram "
[2] "instagram "
[[19]]
[1] " Shakira "
[2] "shakira "
[[20]]
[1] " Demi Lovato "
[2] "ddlovato "
[[21]]
[1] " Jennifer Lopez "
[2] "JLo "
[[22]]
[1] " Oprah Winfrey "
[2] "Oprah "
[[23]]
[1] " Drizzy "
[2] "Drake "
[[24]]
[1] " LeBron James "
[2] "KingJames "
[[25]]
[1] " Bill Gates "
[2] "BillGates "
[[26]]
[1] " Kevin Hart "
[2] "KevinHart4real "
[[27]]
[1] " Miley Ray Cyrus "
[2] "MileyCyrus "
[[28]]
[1] " One Direction "
[2] "onedirection "
[[29]]
[1] " The New York Times "
[2] "nytimes "
[[30]]
[1] " SportsCenter "
[2] "SportsCenter "
[[31]]
[1] " ESPN "
[2] "espn "
[[32]]
[1] " Harry Styles. "
[2] "Harry_Styles "
[[33]]
[1] " P!nk "
[2] "Pink "
[[34]]
[1] " CNN "
[2] "CNN "
[[35]]
[1] " Lil Wayne WEEZY F "
[2] "LilTunechi "
[[36]]
[1] " Wiz Khalifa "
[2] "wizkhalifa "
[[37]]
[1] " Adele "
[2] "Adele "
[[38]]
[1] " Niall Horan "
[2] "NiallOfficial "
[[39]]
[1] " Bruno Mars "
[2] "BrunoMars "
[[40]]
[1] " KANYE WEST "
[2] "kanyewest "
[[41]]
[1] " Kaka "
[2] "KAKA "
[[42]]
[1] " Neil Patrick Harris "
[2] "ActuallyNPH "
[[43]]
[1] " BBC Breaking News "
[2] "BBCBreaking "
[[44]]
[1] " Neymar Jr "
[2] "neymarjr "
[[45]]
[1] " daniel tosh "
[2] "danieltosh "
[[46]]
[1] " Alicia Keys "
[2] "aliciakeys "
[[47]]
[1] " Liam "
[2] "LiamPayne "
[[48]]
[1] " Louis Tomlinson "
[2] "Louis_Tomlinson "
[[49]]
[1] " NBA "
[2] "NBA "
[[50]]
[1] " Narendra Modi "
[2] "narendramodi "
[[51]]
[1] " Emma Watson "
[2] "EmWatson "
[[52]]
[1] " Pitbull "
[2] "pitbull "
[[53]]
[1] " Amitabh Bachchan "
[2] "SrBachchan "
[[54]]
[1] " Khloé "
[2] "khloekardashian "
[[55]]
[1] " Conan O'Brien "
[2] "ConanOBrien "
[[56]]
[1] " Shah Rukh Khan "
[2] "iamsrk "
[[57]]
[1] " Kourtney Kardashian "
[2] "kourtneykardash "
[[58]]
[1] " Marshall Mathers "
[2] "Eminem "
[[59]]
[1] " Real Madrid C. F. "
[2] "realmadrid "
[[60]]
[1] " NICKI MINAJ "
[2] "NICKIMINAJ "
[[61]]
[1] " David Guetta "
[2] "davidguetta "
[[62]]
[1] " zayn "
[2] "zaynmalik "
[[63]]
[1] " Avril Lavigne "
[2] "AvrilLavigne "
[[64]]
[1] " NFL "
[2] "NFL "
[[65]]
[1] " Kendall "
[2] "KendallJenner "
[[66]]
[1] " Salman Khan "
[2] "BeingSalmanKhan "
[[67]]
[1] " NASA "
[2] "NASA "
[[68]]
[1] " FC Barcelona "
[2] "FCBarcelona "
[[69]]
[1] " Aamir Khan "
[2] "aamir_khan "
[[70]]
[1] " Kylie Jenner "
[2] "KylieJenner "
[[71]]
[1] " Blake Shelton "
[2] "blakeshelton "
[[72]]
[1] " ashton kutcher "
[2] "aplusk "
[[73]]
[1] " Coldplay "
[2] "coldplay "
[[74]]
[1] " Chris Brown "
[2] "chrisbrown "
[[75]]
[1] " Vine "
[2] "vine "
[[76]]
[1] " Ed Sheeran "
[2] "edsheeran "
[[77]]
[1] " Mariah Carey "
[2] "MariahCarey "
[[78]]
[1] " Christina Aguilera "
[2] "xtina "
[[79]]
[1] " Leonardo DiCaprio "
[2] "LeoDiCaprio "
[[80]]
[1] " The Economist "
[2] "TheEconomist "
[[81]]
[1] " Deepika Padukone "
[2] "deepikapadukone "
[[82]]
[1] " BBC News (World) "
[2] "BBCWorld "
[[83]]
[1] " AGNEZ MO "
[2] "agnezmo "
[[84]]
[1] " Google "
[2] "google "
[[85]]
[1] " د. محمد #العريفي "
[2] "MohamadAlarefe "
[[86]]
[1] " Twitter en español "
[2] "TwitterEspanol "
[[87]]
[1] " أحمد الشقيري "
[2] "shugairi "
[[88]]
[1] " Jim Carrey "
[2] "JimCarrey "
[[89]]
[1] " PRIYANKA "
[2] "priyankachopra "
[[90]]
[1] " Kevin Durant "
[2] "KDTrey5 "
[[91]]
[1] " Ivete Sangalo "
[2] "ivetesangalo "
[[92]]
[1] " Hrithik Roshan "
[2] "iHrithik "
[[93]]
[1] " Ryan Seacrest "
[2] "RyanSeacrest "
[[94]]
[1] " Ricky Martin "
[2] "ricky_martin "
[[95]]
[1] " Reuters Top News "
[2] "Reuters "
[[96]]
[1] " Twitter Sports "
[2] "TwitterSports "
[[97]]
[1] " BEYONCÉ "
[2] "Beyonce "
[[98]]
[1] " Snoop Dogg "
[2] "SnoopDogg "
[[99]]
[1] " Alejandro Sanz "
[2] "AlejandroSanz "
[[100]]
[1] " raditya dika "
[2] "radityadika "
What Class?
class(names_data)
[1] "list"
Un-Listing
twitter_names<-sapply(names_data,"[",1)
twitter_handles<-sapply(names_data, "[", 2)
class(twitter_names)
[1] "character"
Make a Data Frame
twitter_data<-as.data.frame(cbind(twitter_names, twitter_handles))
If you want to scrape XML...
install.packages("XML2R")
Now... Repeat
All of these commands can be placed within loops
If you get SSL or OAuth errors, you are being blocked by the site you are trying to scrape.
WORKING WITH APIS
What is an API?
The API Explosion
Let's Look at an API
The Facebook Graph API Explorer
R Packages Work with APIs
install.packages("twitteR")
And load it:
library(twitteR)
..But first you need "credentials"
..You need to register as a Developer
Go here:
apps.twitter.com
Sign Up Here
Create a New App
Name it Whatever you Want
Get your "Credentials"
Get your Keys and Tokens!
Passing Credentials to R
The Twitter package requires that you pass your “credentials” before you make any data requests. After you run the code below, choose 'Using direct authentication.'
setup_twitter_oauth(consumer_key="TEXTOFYOURKEYHERE",
consumer_secret="TEXTOFYOURSECRETHERE",
access_token="TEXTOFACCESSTOKENHERE",
access_secret="TEXTOFACCESSSECRETHERE")
[1] "Using direct authentication"
Now Let's Try it out
user <- getUser("chris_bail")
Let's Grab my Tweets
tweets<-userTimeline(user)
tweets
[[1]]
[1] "chris_bail: Compuational social scientists: let's crowd source a list of promising APIs for social science research here: https://t.co/ccaHHe9DoQ"
[[2]]
[1] "chris_bail: Computational social scientists: let's crowd source a list of interesting datasets for text analysis here: https://t.co/aJH4VP1ign"
[[3]]
[1] "chris_bail: Learn to program in R via slides from my third Computational Sociology class @Duke (+ tips on cloud computing): https://t.co/Cd091WaJiR"
[[4]]
[1] "chris_bail: Checked out https://t.co/siA7mJN1uJ by @msalganik with my computational sociology class yesterday- highly recommended!"
[[5]]
[1] "chris_bail: Learn basic data processing in R via slides from the second week of my computational #sociology course at #duke: https://t.co/R09wYzfUcO"
[[6]]
[1] "chris_bail: Follow along with my computational #sociology course this fall: https://t.co/K1vld9ul5x (Syllabus), https://t.co/z2ejGsGpAZ (Week 1 Slides)"
[[7]]
[1] "chris_bail: In which an author meets his hero-deeply honored to speak before Khizr Kahn's inspiring speech at #ISNA53 https://t.co/FzyL46Zin1"
[[8]]
[1] "chris_bail: @jeffguhin Nobody can say I didn't warn us ;)"
Who do I follow?
friends<-user$getFriends()
Let's view it
friends
$`20167623`
[1] "kdnuggets"
$`57187580`
[1] "chrishwiggins"
$`94850603`
[1] "jasonjones_jjj"
$`19202628`
[1] "winteram"
$`151620679`
[1] "KAGoss"
$`1198481`
[1] "sewellchan"
$`353153122`
[1] "PamOliver1180"
$`14773649`
[1] "alexleavitt"
$`312862050`
[1] "juergensmeyer"
$`158106469`
[1] "haldaume3"
$`15166546`
[1] "brendan642"
$`199354165`
[1] "cptrandomfact"
$`64219646`
[1] "schradie"
$`39010299`
[1] "xieyihui"
$`3546415996`
[1] "fmerhout89"
$`2170361156`
[1] "shapingjazz"
$`228807035`
[1] "ned_smith"
$`252397899`
[1] "henryfarrell"
$`213798878`
[1] "C_Orsborn"
$`358286981`
[1] "S2Scampaign"
$`229564414`
[1] "minebocek"
$`29757971`
[1] "j_a_tucker"
$`1376401838`
[1] "iyadrahwan"
$`14184263`
[1] "jasonrhody"
$`2162955902`
[1] "DaveASiegel"
$`405579653`
[1] "BraniffBill"
$`33741541`
[1] "mpac_national"
$`2291498240`
[1] "QWiktorowicz"
$`6218162`
[1] "shahed"
$`3015527669`
[1] "affinislabs"
$`56341402`
[1] "barabasi"
$`138523104`
[1] "schanzerdavid"
$`1365580770`
[1] "AaronPanofsky"
$`1516854644`
[1] "dawn_t_robinson"
$`1517777833`
[1] "PennyEMN"
$`2460460178`
[1] "FitzGeraldUCSD"
$`2533353349`
[1] "YuXie3"
$`3309160537`
[1] "ProfEarl"
$`3384561472`
[1] "abortionpolitic"
$`1268764082`
[1] "RBrulle"
$`382214208`
[1] "Jdos_WoT"
$`2329657867`
[1] "JurgenPfeffer"
$`46694973`
[1] "jgerteis"
$`417314061`
[1] "jphdedieu"
$`1049660520`
[1] "jdawncarlson"
$`718219691`
[1] "DobbinFrank"
$`2375787932`
[1] "rjemigh"
$`726552444625408000`
[1] "socarxiv"
$`27911117`
[1] "tysonbrown"
$`21563045`
[1] "lisa_pearce"
$`423696286`
[1] "mgmcquarrie"
$`53191194`
[1] "pardoguerra"
$`262484862`
[1] "hartm021"
$`2906820023`
[1] "EnglandPaula"
$`46243937`
[1] "tony_jack"
$`3214181795`
[1] "hedwig_lee"
$`1415713328`
[1] "jennbkane"
$`3947882843`
[1] "vantrannyc"
$`1478673560`
[1] "stamp"
$`324405898`
[1] "kevankharris"
$`562017267`
[1] "TPTrost"
$`151845677`
[1] "davideaglephd"
$`2645602164`
[1] "AcademiaObscura"
$`2303751216`
[1] "FiveThirtyEight"
$`2505271093`
[1] "R_Programming"
$`96141429`
[1] "jsssms"
$`627030795`
[1] "JennieBrand1"
$`16330659`
[1] "sgonzalezbailon"
$`429393561`
[1] "davidsmeyer1"
$`342250615`
[1] "rOpenSci"
$`14109167`
[1] "flowingdata"
$`2598162997`
[1] "TextMining_r"
$`3632690835`
[1] "devah_pager"
$`566734344`
[1] "MattLWilliams"
$`217171485`
[1] "SethNYTimes"
$`4597853354`
[1] "d3js_org"
$`27566718`
[1] "Emirbayer"
$`23450421`
[1] "DukeU"
$`4795519550`
[1] "NaomiUCPress"
$`295256096`
[1] "CarrboroTownGov"
$`2497369819`
[1] "AllisonLazard"
$`14245341`
[1] "Chanders"
$`4731316813`
[1] "cristobalyoung5"
$`188046229`
[1] "benjbach"
$`3256486623`
[1] "Meagan_Levinson"
$`22877176`
[1] "bartbonikowski"
$`587078135`
[1] "YPPDana"
$`4194943109`
[1] "tedstanekIV"
$`4245547949`
[1] "just_shelter"
$`2894084200`
[1] "WesternBruce"
$`2355356828`
[1] "SReckhow"
$`234490460`
[1] "dtchimp"
$`1418809092`
[1] "rochelle_layla"
$`130810427`
[1] "benmhennilina"
$`104360244`
[1] "nateschenkkan"
$`4179884525`
[1] "BestLaidPlansTM"
$`4149767075`
[1] "NMDeterding"
$`673953`
[1] "nytlabs"
$`3119988399`
[1] "GoogleTrends"
$`16047639`
[1] "thosjleeper"
$`2613859267`
[1] "rstudiotips"
$`43593`
[1] "mbostock"
$`2720877595`
[1] "r2d3us"
$`46486816`
[1] "ramnath_vaidya"
$`316842679`
[1] "cpsievert"
$`626153374`
[1] "mcramosflor"
$`322586448`
[1] "mckennapsean"
$`14517538`
[1] "derekwillis"
$`12307352`
[1] "achoifitz"
$`3257443497`
[1] "mtaylor_soc"
$`2727652140`
[1] "allison_pugh"
$`2925595632`
[1] "ForrestDStuart"
$`3386939842`
[1] "davidgrusky"
$`2679770888`
[1] "RNPitt"
$`3357208594`
[1] "asr_journal"
$`3349632491`
[1] "jlegewie"
$`3293218804`
[1] "McwWaters"
$`2800873811`
[1] "opatters1"
$`2835428081`
[1] "LauraK_Nelson"
$`3299359349`
[1] "frye_maggie"
$`46276118`
[1] "dmimno"
$`152862026`
[1] "EdwardTufte"
$`16427613`
[1] "DukeSSRI"
$`49484498`
[1] "Yangguobin"
$`2506880772`
[1] "NapNeverSlept"
$`3070233150`
[1] "RProgLangRR"
$`2835152008`
[1] "achimedelmann"
$`29711511`
[1] "chapelhillgov"
$`373639969`
[1] "IngridMattson"
$`3018500140`
[1] "rahsaanmax"
$`21733692`
[1] "WajahatAli"
$`612515893`
[1] "Yang_Tiantian"
$`2821330426`
[1] "JLeeSoc"
$`579299426`
[1] "stevenstrogatz"
$`2980617490`
[1] "BailVR"
$`351843868`
[1] "Mrmurphy32"
$`759249`
[1] "deaneckles"
$`607585401`
[1] "DukeSociology"
$`2905248605`
[1] "carolinewlee"
$`2507326398`
[1] "DeanaRohlinger1"
$`1699604941`
[1] "rasmus_kleis"
$`1382875202`
[1] "CharlesKurzman"
$`62777265`
[1] "fgilardi"
$`2793375561`
[1] "mdesoucey"
$`216122857`
[1] "robfordmancs"
$`1729893264`
[1] "KnowLab"
$`263122187`
[1] "liamswiss"
$`2781092388`
[1] "povertyscholar"
$`2782798418`
[1] "JohnWMohr"
$`18309026`
[1] "mcorey"
$`513729516`
[1] "RobertWuthnow"
$`157100906`
[1] "bogdanstate"
$`76228303`
[1] "SolomonMg"
$`20963651`
[1] "seanjtaylor"
$`29509441`
[1] "atfmt"
$`6334772`
[1] "eytan"
$`2740582008`
[1] "AVerdery"
$`2707409988`
[1] "GhostfaceWiller"
$`9963832`
[1] "alondra"
$`247975042`
[1] "Prof_Kennedy"
$`42812812`
[1] "azarias"
$`237254045`
[1] "treycausey"
$`71643224`
[1] "conradhackett"
$`1158907603`
[1] "StackOverflowR"
$`2544703982`
[1] "epopppp"
$`16278030`
[1] "nicholasbloom"
$`2527635985`
[1] "mabelberezin"
$`377423498`
[1] "jswelburn"
$`2510542189`
[1] "ProfessorWherry"
$`16174144`
[1] "peterdodds"
$`776995651`
[1] "RobVargas21"
$`1018910414`
[1] "johnskrentny"
$`33838201`
[1] "googleresearch"
$`2427652800`
[1] "DaveBrady72"
$`1615252842`
[1] "WeedenKim"
$`368930508`
[1] "SarahDamaske"
$`983978676`
[1] "MAliKadivar"
$`2159593434`
[1] "accidental__aRt"
$`2359997047`
[1] "Amin_Ghaziani"
$`2333551188`
[1] "Steve_McD1"
$`34249543`
[1] "jsradford"
$`2288529516`
[1] "TayWhittenBrown"
$`2234743396`
[1] "_Roscigno"
$`18165124`
[1] "davekarpf"
$`93476253`
[1] "dfreelon"
$`1891806212`
[1] "AcademicsSay"
$`75641981`
[1] "Ognyanova"
$`21457294`
[1] "kevinkarpiak"
$`39739372`
[1] "hambrickb"
$`18171033`
[1] "j_farrell"
$`110050273`
[1] "justingrimmer"
$`703642807`
[1] "ryanalight"
$`48178296`
[1] "jpdig"
$`214272214`
[1] "sinanaral"
$`17071048`
[1] "pewinternet"
$`235261861`
[1] "rstudio"
$`15379361`
[1] "johnmyleswhite"
$`144592995`
[1] "Rbloggers"
$`69133574`
[1] "hadleywickham"
$`16629994`
[1] "bkeegan"
$`134970902`
[1] "nkwarikoo"
$`17001490`
[1] "jricole"
$`216602910`
[1] "M_P_Jeffries"
$`60462205`
[1] "ProfHacker"
$`1084834597`
[1] "sgadarian"
$`145097709`
[1] "toddgitlin"
$`20715956`
[1] "PrincetonUPress"
$`18463930`
[1] "drewconway"
$`118263124`
[1] "stanfordnlp"
$`11975742`
[1] "SocProf"
$`661613`
[1] "alexhanna"
$`16017475`
[1] "NateSilver538"
$`9893772`
[1] "zotero"
$`768147122`
[1] "CharlieSeguin"
$`272618560`
[1] "adam_slez"
$`1415772073`
[1] "AVPapachristos"
$`1934637625`
[1] "sobieraj"
$`1441548582`
[1] "elarmstr"
$`353468497`
[1] "ErikBleich1"
$`14075928`
[1] "TheOnion"
$`35773039`
[1] "TheAtlantic"
$`12413032`
[1] "chronicle"
$`78533358`
[1] "contextsmag"
$`321563970`
[1] "JessicaCalarco"
$`1631373060`
[1] "gabe_ignatow"
$`15649207`
[1] "jimiadams"
$`152143`
[1] "eszter"
$`64001425`
[1] "craigjcalhoun"
$`54980057`
[1] "chrisuggen"
$`186317110`
[1] "asociologist"
$`51113995`
[1] "smgaddis"
$`577378564`
[1] "AndrewJPerrin"
$`37213193`
[1] "davidlazer"
$`26000689`
[1] "duncanjwatts"
$`788363167`
[1] "NAChristakis"
$`153551872`
[1] "TheSocietyPages"
$`1450594406`
[1] "SociologicalSci"
$`54958940`
[1] "jeffswin"
$`1151477612`
[1] "profmattwray"
$`1458440143`
[1] "mlamont6"
$`409259089`
[1] "Haj_Y"
$`4509741`
[1] "msalganik"
$`4111281`
[1] "fetner"
$`32386320`
[1] "fabiorojas"
$`22749856`
[1] "Gephi"
$`360746350`
[1] "emily_erikson"
$`2329921`
[1] "ladamic"
$`7144422`
[1] "lifehacker"
$`477336353`
[1] "kreissdaniel"
$`61905793`
[1] "kta_nc"
$`111412844`
[1] "mintytem"
$`919294448`
[1] "paul_dimaggio"
$`383896635`
[1] "matthewDmathias"
$`65375759`
[1] "zeynep"
$`18250336`
[1] "ASAnews"
$`381592902`
[1] "GabrielRossman"
$`4044061`
[1] "braydenk"
$`17580275`
[1] "ei_schwartz"
$`29193463`
[1] "shamuskhan"
$`38047391`
[1] "familyunequal"
$`116630713`
[1] "monkeycageblog"
$`572883472`
[1] "HowardAldrich"
$`594565064`
[1] "HaphazardSoc"
$`605426336`
[1] "patrick_sharkey"
$`551230758`
[1] "SociologistRay"
$`16298958`
[1] "rarinald"
$`15959904`
[1] "tommedvetz"
$`19188515`
[1] "edwardwalker"
$`29354944`
[1] "kinggary"
$`782325`
[1] "kjhealy"
$`351906466`
[1] "vaiseys"
$`7966972`
[1] "jeremyfreese"
$`104071865`
[1] "WITWhat"
$`442480428`
[1] "omar_lizardo"
$`84653850`
[1] "BrendanNyhan"
Who Follows Me?
followers<-user$getFollowers()
followers
$`10950512`
[1] "jrosenberg6432"
$`188018605`
[1] "collinwmueller"
$`2831921`
[1] "jhamner"
$`17153994`
[1] "misternaxal"
$`33627703`
[1] "allkost"
$`244217654`
[1] "mpohara"
$`724575901648822272`
[1] "DataScienceFest"
$`1921213796`
[1] "DukeCSPCS"
$`2786339009`
[1] "phaseeeee"
$`3001293370`
[1] "Dr_JenHunt"
$`47835353`
[1] "lvrdg"
$`277550185`
[1] "ymoten"
$`146214804`
[1] "gkosgei"
$`326572895`
[1] "shreya_parikh"
$`2440557416`
[1] "iptamai"
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$`4509741`
[1] "msalganik"
$`18309026`
[1] "mcorey"
$`954340220`
[1] "bbconfusion"
$`17093617`
[1] "hootsuite"
$`661613`
[1] "alexhanna"
$`111412844`
[1] "mintytem"
$`1380409315`
[1] "plkirsch"
$`1128976639`
[1] "ShawnBauldry"
$`590222866`
[1] "JournalCFS"
$`983978676`
[1] "MAliKadivar"
$`13294782`
[1] "rjm328"
$`52193647`
[1] "smallact"
$`351906466`
[1] "vaiseys"
$`995147677`
[1] "bonilhapesquisa"
$`7966972`
[1] "jeremyfreese"
$`1478673560`
[1] "stamp"
$`18537994`
[1] "BuiltEnvHealth"
$`1458440143`
[1] "mlamont6"
$`22034883`
[1] "Jeremy_Levine"
$`596567206`
[1] "Dill_A_Taunt"
$`1151477612`
[1] "profmattwray"
$`1196619548`
[1] "CIRNetwork"
$`1441548582`
[1] "elarmstr"
$`16631984`
[1] "lillyp"
$`1411132370`
[1] "kimberlybrogers"
$`550443211`
[1] "brandoncgorman"
$`774304586`
[1] "sean_mccarron"
$`1388112362`
[1] "brsepulvado"
$`239152453`
[1] "NoEasyProps"
$`442480428`
[1] "omar_lizardo"
$`263264823`
[1] "EllisMonk"
$`360746350`
[1] "emily_erikson"
$`1046881362`
[1] "Sociologix_pjb"
$`1256528269`
[1] "MaliqMatthew"
$`78403448`
[1] "christinahewes"
$`546918703`
[1] "chiragkasbekar"
$`182542362`
[1] "dbtindall"
$`16106294`
[1] "JesseHolcomb"
$`305602716`
[1] "DrKhalidMehmood"
$`23623046`
[1] "timelfen"
$`181027681`
[1] "Goofy_Inc"
$`299660811`
[1] "stuartbasten"
$`21457294`
[1] "kevinkarpiak"
$`145843788`
[1] "anthropoliteia"
$`328944228`
[1] "Podology1"
$`477336353`
[1] "kreissdaniel"
$`42945514`
[1] "noahgrand"
$`1093408603`
[1] "jrupertProctorU"
$`51113995`
[1] "smgaddis"
$`894152054`
[1] "PopSocialSci"
$`543978339`
[1] "JessicaLBurke18"
$`357988438`
[1] "simmelian"
$`61905793`
[1] "kta_nc"
$`16163217`
[1] "lukasneville"
$`18788476`
[1] "BradleyAKoch"
$`1126846274`
[1] "MackRyann"
$`21563045`
[1] "lisa_pearce"
$`25511340`
[1] "CorinneReczek"
$`121796196`
[1] "boysenandrew"
$`572189872`
[1] "cshartnett"
$`15684801`
[1] "mike_bader"
$`68857862`
[1] "robertvesco"
$`331765086`
[1] "AllisonMcKim"
$`436584129`
[1] "greenhiller42"
$`17236753`
[1] "_kellyhamilton"
$`594565064`
[1] "HaphazardSoc"
$`538576963`
[1] "DavidFeltmate"
$`627030795`
[1] "JennieBrand1"
$`383896635`
[1] "matthewDmathias"
$`703642807`
[1] "ryanalight"
$`605426336`
[1] "patrick_sharkey"
$`293790444`
[1] "drlongest"
$`263122187`
[1] "liamswiss"
$`888495474`
[1] "KaliRadical"
$`15975894`
[1] "gerryharrington"
$`60842052`
[1] "mattrevers"
$`15649207`
[1] "jimiadams"
$`186317110`
[1] "asociologist"
$`768147122`
[1] "CharlieSeguin"
$`4044061`
[1] "braydenk"
$`206479660`
[1] "tylerreny"
$`531071556`
[1] "TrevonDLogan"
$`899929926`
[1] "rwjfshpr"
$`922149835`
[1] "icicleking"
$`285229381`
[1] "GilesHC"
$`352779756`
[1] "drdavidjleonard"
$`15959904`
[1] "tommedvetz"
$`24879041`
[1] "sobierajs"
$`104071865`
[1] "WITWhat"
$`244661584`
[1] "emanabdelhadi"
$`16298958`
[1] "rarinald"
$`54980057`
[1] "chrisuggen"
$`919294448`
[1] "paul_dimaggio"
$`19188515`
[1] "edwardwalker"
$`321563970`
[1] "JessicaCalarco"
$`17580275`
[1] "ei_schwartz"
$`551230758`
[1] "SociologistRay"
$`381592902`
[1] "GabrielRossman"
$`38047391`
[1] "familyunequal"
$`29193463`
[1] "shamuskhan"
$`84653850`
[1] "BrendanNyhan"
What are My Favorite Tweets?
favorites<-favorites(user)
favorites
[[1]]
[1] "fetner: @chris_bail ha! I just RT'd that like I am a part of this. Just passing it along..."
[[2]]
[1] "vbacak: @chris_bail @duke this looks excellent. Looking forward to see how your week four looks like"
[[3]]
[1] "kjhealy: Chapel Hill is usually pretty quiet, but this petrol shortage is having some negative effects on the look and feel… https://t.co/CQ2kQqBfoi"
[[4]]
[1] "braydenk: Son #1 coaching son #2. It was adorable. https://t.co/14wLCb7o6v"
[[5]]
[1] "braydenk: new iTunes update is a spectacular failure. never thought I'd say this but I'm getting used to feeling disappointed in Apple."
[[6]]
[1] "wrbucla: just published by Princeton University Press: https://t.co/AW4A8VDdQD https://t.co/InAhrYpKaM"
[[7]]
[1] "sgadarian: We've all had that feeling! https://t.co/bUfkbHUttY"
[[8]]
[1] "iptamai: An attempt to badmouth and obscure pioneering research that exposes hateful warmongering types. @chris_bail. https://t.co/1Wx0HyP23N"
[[9]]
[1] "LauraK_Nelson: I'm happy to finally announce my new faculty appointment! I'm thrilled to be included in such an amazing cohort. https://t.co/JWqLagZsNg"
[[10]]
[1] "sgadarian: Data analysis students were surprised we're using 2014 GSS because it's \"old\". These kids & their desire for new, artisinal data."
[[11]]
[1] "karlbakeman: Thinking of you, Uncle Pete https://t.co/exTMuheiNU"
[[12]]
[1] "jlegewie: Crazy finding: Judges give harsher sentences after their college football team lost and blacks bear the burden. https://t.co/B87ACTvc82"
[[13]]
[1] "mlamont6: @chris_bail @WhatsWrongwFat @RobVargas21 @mattuclair @mabelberezin check our new Social Science and medicine issue https://t.co/ePUJ3X3Bhm"
[[14]]
[1] "NatureNews: New: All papers accepted by @nature must incl. info on how others can access underlying data https://t.co/twufJFDW3z https://t.co/NZ0FzVbfH2"
[[15]]
[1] "chrisalbon: Data Science:\n\nThe dream: “I can see the Matrix”\n\nThe reality: “MISSING VALUES ALL OVER THE F’ING PLACE AND WTF DOES var_sales_39 EVEN MEAN”"
[[16]]
[1] "rasmus_kleis: Nice. https://t.co/bYPUf3wJiU"
[[17]]
[1] "texasinafrica: Thinking of changing the weekly headings on my syllabi to clickbait. \"You won't believe this one thing France & Britain did to Africa!\""
[[18]]
[1] "saebahsan: @chris_bail just watched your presentation at the Interfaith banquet, incredible, thank you! \n#ISNA53"
[[19]]
[1] "timbrauhn: Author of \"Terrified\" @chris_bail speaking on mainstreaming of anti-Muslim bigotry. Fascinating use of Big Data to detect trends. #ISNA53"
[[20]]
[1] "profmichelson: Jane Mansbridge affixing her #WomenAlsoKnowStuff sticker! @womenalsoknow #WomenAlsoAPSA https://t.co/ojFoKM8a9D"
And Move it to Data Frame...
friendsdata <- twListToDF(friends)
followersdata <- twListToDF(followers)
Find the Rate Limits
getCurRateLimitInfo()
...And if we want to look:
head(twitter_data)
Let's use the data we scraped...
Now let's take the data we scraped earlier and create a network of celebrities. First, we create a blank data frame to store data we get from the Twitter API:
twitter_network_data<-as.data.frame(NULL)
Figure out how many rows we have to scrape:
z<-nrow(twitter_data)
Our Loop
for(i in 1:z){
user <- getUser(twitter_data$twitter_handles[i])
people_user_follows <- user$getFriends()
people_user_follows<-twListToDF(people_user_follows)
people_user_follows$name_of_user<-twitter_data$twitter_handles[i]
twitter_network_data<-rbind(twitter_network_data, people_user_follows)
Sys.sleep(60)
print(i)
}
But this would take too long
I've already scraped the data and saved it in our Dropbox:
load("Twitter Network Data.Rdata")
There are R packages for other APIs
Here are a few: RgoogleMaps, Rfacebook, rOpenSci(this one combines many different APIs e.g. the Internet Archive), WDI,rOpenGov,rtimes
Many more are available but not yet on CRAN (install from github or using devtools)
There are also APIs that do Analysis for You!
For example, visualization (plotly)
Working with APIs from "scratch"
What if you want to collect data from an API that does not have an R package?
Let's pretend there is no R package for Google Maps
We can look for patterns in API queries in the documentation:
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/geocode/json?address=Durham,NorthCarolina&sensor=false
In this case, address goes between the first = and the &
Let's write a function
findGPS <- function(address) {
beginning <- "http://maps.google.com/maps/api/geocode/json?"
paster <- paste0(beginning,"address=", address, "&sensor=false")
return(URLencode(paster))
}
Let's try our function
findGPS("Durham, North Carolina")
[1] "http://maps.google.com/maps/api/geocode/json?address=Durham,%20North%20Carolina&sensor=false"
Sweet sweet JSON!
Now we need to get the JSON
We need the RJSONIO package- or alternatively the more recent jsonlite package:
library(RJSONIO)
page<-findGPS("Durham, North Carolina")
gpscoordinates <- fromJSON(page)
latitude <- gpscoordinates$results[[1]]$geometry$location["lat"]
longitude <- gpscoordinates$results[[1]]$geometry$location["lng"]
gps<-c(latitude, longitude)
gps
Loop away...
We good then write a loop where we pass a list of different town/state names through a loop with our findGPS function.
One Final Tip: Unix Time/Dates
At some point you will probably need to work with time stamps- particularly if you collect data from a social media site
One Final Tip: Unix Time/Dates
Unix time is seconds that have elapsed since 1/1/1970. Handy because it is a consistent format that can be grouped easily, but most time stamps will look like dates. To handle these use strptime
x <- strptime(c("2006-01-08 10:07:52", "2006-08-07 19:33:02"),"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", tz = "EST5EDT")
x
[1] "2006-01-08 10:07:52 EST" "2006-08-07 19:33:02 EDT"
QUESTIONS?
Wrapping Up
Screen-scraping has become “old-school.” It is probably only useful if you want to scrape data from older web pages, or decidedly public pages such as Wikipedia
Wrapping Up
APIs are much more promising, but they have significant limitations as well (e.g. data owneserhip issues, rate limiting)
Wrapping Up
Read the terms of service!
Homework: Help me crowd-source a list of APIs
New APIs pop up all the time, I've started a list here
1) Please help me add to it as you go off to explore!!
2) Pick one and try to grab some data
NEXT WEEK:
Natural Language Processing
Once you collect vast amounts of text, you can easily become overwhelmed. Fortunately, the field of natural language processing has provided us with some exciting new tools for reading such as topic models that assign unstructured texts into latent categories. We will learn how to code up these models, and discuss some exciting new network-based text methods as well, if we have time