白戸則道® 白戸則道®The purpose of this assignment is to give you the opportunity to apply the concepts you have learned in this module and to discuss some of the key ideas of the module in your own words. Follow the instructions provided and respond to each question. This a required activity for this module. The activity is peer reviewed, so after you submit your responses, you will review submissions by fellow learners in the course.
For Assignment #1, you will be responsible for evaluating the submissions of THREE of your peers. Before evaluating, please see the video I prepared with my discussion of the answers to Assignment #1.
Assignment #1 is worth 100 points total. Points are only given for correct/reasonable answers in the manner specified below, incorrect/unreasonable answers get zero points. Points should be allocated as follows:
Question 1
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
Question 6
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9
Recommendations for Fair Peer Review:
There are multiple steps to this assignment.
First, you will submit your answers to each of the 9 questions based on the information in the Assignment Details section. Enter your answers directly in the spaces provided in the My submission tab. You may save a draft of your work as you go, and you can come back later to continue working on your draft. When you are finished working, click the Preview button, verify your identity, and then Submit the assignment. Please answer each question fully and concisely.
Then, you will evaluate the submissions of at least THREE of your peers based on the instructions provided. You may begin giving feedback to other students as soon as you submit your assignment, click the Review peers tab to begin. Feel free to provide additional reviews beyond the three required!
Assignment 1 is described in Video Lesson 1-10, you should watch this video before doing the assignment.
For questions 3-9 you will need data from the Nike Inc and V.F. Corporation spreadsheets.
table 1.3.1: Financial statement of stock counter NKE.
table 1.3.2: Financial statement of stock counter VFC.
The discussion of the assignment solution is provided in Video Lesson 1-11. Do the assignment on your own first, before viewing the assignment discussion video! Please view the assignment discussion video before completing the review of your peers.
Your fellow students are a great resource, and we encourage you to sharpen your ideas against them in the forums. You can post your arguments in the Module 1 Forum and receive feedback before submitting this assignment. Additionally, make sure to pay attention to posts from the instructors, which are intended to spur conversation on topics related to the week’s theme.
Please remember that you have agreed to the Honor Code, and your submission should be entirely yours. Our definition of plagiarism follows from standard literature: passing off someone else’s work as your own, whether from your peers or Wikipedia. If you need to quote material, remember to cite your source, for example: “But, as expressed by Spinoza, all things excellent are as difficult as they are rare (Baruch Spinoza,”Ethica" source: thinkexist.com)."
Explain why maximizing current stockholder wealth is a reasonable objective for the corporation (1 paragraph maximum). A company’s board of directors must choose between two alternative compensation packages for top executives. Package 1 includes a fixed salary and an yearly bonus that depends on profits on that year. For example, the CEO gets paid a bonus if profits are higher than a certain target. Package 2 includes a fixed salary, and a certain amount of stock in the company. Which package is likely to be better from the point of view of shareholder value maximization? (1 paragraph maximum).Normally a small and medium conservative busissness group do not take the high risk will offer the package 1. Some companies with a stable and certain business income might also offer package 1.
For example, not only Ladbrokes, William Hill prefer package 2… Maxbet, SBOBet and Crown offer package 2 to the management level and most of them work more than 10 to 20 years compare to William Hill and Ladbrokes.
Questions 3-9 will ask you to compute, compare, and analyze financial ratios for Nike Inc and V.F. Corporation. The data you need are in the linked spreadsheets.
Here is some information about the companies from Capital IQ :
NIKE, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, designs, develops, markets, and sells athletic footwear, apparel, equipment, and accessories for men, women, and kids worldwide. NIKE, Inc. was founded in 1964 and is headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon.
V.F. Corporation was founded in 1899 and is headquartered in Greensboro, North Carolina. V.F. Corporation designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes branded lifestyle apparel, footwear, and accessories in the United States and Europe.
Compute the main liquidity ratios for both Nike and V.F.Corporation (current ratios, quick ratios, and cash ratios). Do this for the last 3 years available. For Nike they will be May 2015, May 2014 and May 2013. For V.F.Corporation they will be July 2015 (latest-twelve months), January 2015, and December 2013.table 2.3.1: Current ratio of stock NKE.
table 2.3.2: Current ratio of stock VFC.
What is the ‘Current Ratio’?
The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures a company’s ability to pay short-term and long-term obligations. To gauge this ability, the current ratio considers the current total assets of a company (both liquid and illiquid) relative to that company’s current total liabilities.
The formula for calculating a company’s current ratio, then, is:
\[Current\ Ratio = Current\ Assets / Current\ Liabilities\]
The current ratio is called “current” because, unlike some other liquidity ratios, it incorporates all current assets and liabilities.
You can refer to What is the ‘Current Ratio’ for further details.
What is the ‘Quick Ratio’?
The quick ratio is an indicator of a company’s short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. For this reason, the ratio excludes inventories from current assets, and is calculated as follows:
\(Quick\ ratio = (current\ assets – inventories) / current\ liabilities\), or \(Quick\ ratio = (cash\ and\ equivalents + marketable\ securities + accounts receivable) / current\ liabilities\)
The quick ratio measures the dollar amount of liquid assets available for each dollar of current liabilities. Thus, a quick ratio of 1.5 means that a company has $1.50 of liquid assets available to cover each $1 of current liabilities. The higher the quick ratio, the better the company’s liquidity position. Also known as the “acid-test ratio” or “quick assets ratio.”
Read more: Quick Ratio Definition | Investopedia
Liquidity Measurement Ratios: Cash Ratio
The cash ratio is an indicator of a company’s liquidity that further refines both the current ratio and the quick ratio by measuring the amount of cash, cash equivalents or invested funds there are in current assets to cover current liabilities…
Very few companies will have enough cash and cash equivalents to fully cover current liabilities, which isn’t necessarily a bad thing, so don’t focus on this ratio being above 1:1…
Read more: Liquidity Measurement Ratios: Cash Ratio | Investopedia
Comparison
When we compare the liquidity of both companies from table 2.3.1 and table 2.3.2: - Current Ratio: The current ratio of both companies are consider healthy since greater than 1. However we can know from the assets and liabilities and know that the assets and liabilities of NKE is increasing over the years but VFC reduced in assets but increase in liabilities. It might indicate VFC sold some assets to settle the debts and the company size is shrinking. - Quick Ratio: The quick ratio of NKE is greater than 1 but VFC faced liquidity problem in year 2015. - Cash Ratio: The cash ratio of NKE is around 1 indicates it is a healthy company but VFC has insufficient cash to cover liabilities but that is consider a normal phenomena.
Compute the main balance sheet leverage ratios for both Nike and V.F.Corporation (Debt/(Debt + Equity), and Liabilities/Assets). You only need to do this using the most recently available data so as to reflect the current valuation of the companies.
\[\frac{Debt}{Debt + Market\ Value\ of\ Assets} \cdots equation\ 2.4.1\]
\[\frac{Total\ Liabilities}{Market\ Value\ of\ Assets} \cdots equation\ 2.4.2\]
\[Market\ Value\ of\ Assets = Market\ Value\ of\ Equity + Total\ Liabilities \cdots equation\ 2.4.3\]
table 2.4.1A: Key stats of stock counter NKE.
table 2.4.1B: Main balance sheet of stock counter NKE.
table 2.4.2A: Key stats of stock counter VFC.
table 2.4.2B: Main balance sheet leverage ratios of stock counter VFC.
Understanding Leverage Ratio
While some businesses pride themselves on being debt-free, most companies have had to borrow at one point or another to buy equipment, build new offices or cut payroll checks. For the investor, the challenge is determining whether the organization’s debt level is sustainable.
Is having debt, in and of itself, harmful? Well, yes and no. In some cases, borrowing may actually be a positive sign. Consider a company that wants to build a new plant because of increased demand for its products. It may have to take out a loan or sell bonds to pay for the construction and equipment costs, but it’s expecting future sales to more than make up for any associated borrowing costs. And because interest expenses are tax-deductible, debt can be a cheaper way to increase assets than equity.
The problem is when the use of debt, also known as leveraging, becomes excessive. With interest payments taking a large chunk out of top-line sales, a company will have less cash to fund marketing, research and development and other important investments.
Large debt loads can make businesses particularly vulnerable during an economic downturn. If the corporation struggles to make regular interest payments, investors are likely to lose confidence and bid down the share price. In more extreme cases, bankruptcy becomes a very real possibility.
For these reasons, seasoned investors take a good look at liabilities before purchasing corporate stock or bonds. As a way to quickly size up businesses in this regard, traders have developed a number of ratios that help separate healthy borrowers from those swimming in debt.
Debt and Debt-to-Equity Ratios
Two of the most popular calculations, the debt ratio and debt-to-equity ratio, rely on information readily available on the company’s balance sheet. To determine the debt ratio, simply divide the firm’s total liabilities by its total assets:
\[Debt\ Ratio = Total\ Liabilities / Total\ Assets \cdots equation\ 2.4.4\]
A figure of 0.5 or less is ideal. In other words, no more than half of the company’s assets should be financed by debt. In reality, many investors tolerate significantly higher ratios. Capital-intensive industries like heavy manufacturing depend more on debt than service-based firms, for example, and debt ratios in excess of 0.7 are common.
As its name implies, the debt-to-equity ratio instead compares the company’s debt to its stockholder equity. It’s calculated as follows:
\[Debt-to-equity\ Ratio = Total\ Liabilities / Stockholders'\ Equity \cdots equation\ 2.4.5\]
If you consider the basic accounting equation (Assets – Liabilities = Equity), you may realize that these two equations are really looking at the same thing. In other words, a debt ratio of 0.5 will necessarily mean a debt-to-equity ratio of 1. In both cases, a lower number indicates a company less dependent on borrowing for its operations.
While both these ratios can be useful tools, they’re not without shortcomings. For example, both calculations include short-term liabilities in the numerator. Most investors, however, are more interested in long-term debt. For this reason, some traders will substitute “total liabilities” with “long-term liabilities” when crunching the numbers.
In addition, some liabilities may not even appear on the balance sheet, and thus don’t enter into the ratio. Operating leases, commonly used by retailers, are one example. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP, doesn’t require companies to report these on the balance sheet, but they do show up in the footnotes. Investors who want a more accurate look at debt will want to comb through financial statements for this valuable information.
Interest Coverage Ratio
Perhaps the biggest limitation of the debt and debt-to-equity ratios is that they look at the total amount of borrowing, not the company’s ability to actually service its debt. Some organizations may carry what looks like a significant amount of debt, but they generate enough cash to easily handle interest payments.
Furthermore, not all corporations borrow at the same rate. A company that has never defaulted on its obligations may be able to borrow at a 3 percent interest rate, while its competitor pays a 6 percent rate.
To account for these factors, investors often use the interest coverage ratio. Rather than looking at the sum total of debt, the calculation factors in the actual cost of interest payments in relation to operating income (considered one of the best indicators of long-term profit potential). It’s determined with this straightforward formula:
\[Interest\ Coverage\ Ratio = Operating\ Income / Interest\ Expense \cdots equation\ 2.4.6\]
In this case, higher numbers are seen as favorable. In general, a ratio of 3 and above represents a strong ability to pay off debt, although here, too, the threshold varies from one industry to another.
Read more: Understanding Leverage Ratios | Investopedia
Comparison
When we observe from the table 2.4.1B and table 2.4.2B, we can know the company NKE is growing since assets, liabilities, equity all increase beyond the years but VFC almost fluctuate within a range.
figure 2.4.1: Solvency (leverage) ratio.
table 2.4.3: Leverage ratios of stock counter NKE and VFC.
We can know from above table where both companies have low leverage ratio.
Compute the main profitability ratios for both Nike and V.F.Corporation (Asset turnover, profit margin, and ROA). Do this for the last 3 years available.
figure 2.5.1: Profitability ratio.
Kindly refer to Operations Management: Module 1: Operations Strategy Assignment 2 by ®γσ, Eng Lian Hu 20161 refer to reference paper 02 in 4.4 References to know about: - Asset Turnover - Operating Margin - Return of Equity
table 2.5.1A: Key financial statement of NKE.
table 2.5.1B: Key financial statement of VFC.
table 2.5.2A: Profitability ratio of NKE.
table 2.5.2B: Profitability ratio of VFC.
Comparison
By refer to table 2.5.2A and table 2.5.2B:
Compute the cash profitability ratio for both Nike and V.F.Corporation. Do this for the last 3 years available.
figure 2.6.1: Cash profitability ratio.
table 2.6.1A: Cash profitability ratio of NKE.
table 2.6.1B: Cash profitability ratio of VFC.
Comparison
From above tables, CFOA of both companies have no big range difference on making profit but latest year 2015 NKE has greater cash profitability ratio.
Analyze the cash flow statement of both Nike and V.F.Corporation in the last 3 years. Are the companies investing to grow the business? Are they raising cash from investors or are they returning cash to investors?table 2.7.1A: cash flow statement of NKE.
table 2.7.1B: cash flow statement of VFC.
What is ‘Cash Flow From Operating Activities (CFO)’?
Cash flow from operating activities (CFO) is an accounting item indicating the money a company brings in from ongoing, regular business activities, such as manufacturing and selling goods or providing a service. Cash flow from operating activities does not include long-term capital or investment costs. It does include earnings before interest and taxes plus depreciation minus taxes.
Also called operating cash flow or net cash from operating activities, it can be calculated as follows:
\[Cash\ Flow\ From\ Operating\ Activities = EBIT + Depreciation - Taxes \cdots equation\ 2.7.1\]
Read more: Cash Flow From Operating Activities Definition | Investopedia
What is ‘Cash Flow From Investing Activities’?
Cash flow from investing activities is an item on the cash flow statement that reports the aggregate change in a company’s cash position resulting from any gains (or losses) from investments in the financial markets and operating subsidiaries and changes resulting from amounts spent on investments in capital assets such as plant and equipment.
When analyzing a company’s cash flow statement, it is important to consider each of the various sections which contribute to the overall change in cash position. In many cases, a firm may have negative overall cash flow for a given quarter, but if the company can generate positive cash flow from business operations, the negative overall cash.
Read more: Cash Flow From Investing Activities Definition | Investopedia
What is ‘Cash Flow From Financing Activities’?
A category in a company’s cash flow statement that accounts for external activities that allow a firm to raise capital and repay investors, such as issuing cash dividends, adding or changing loans or issuing more stock. Cash flow from financing activities shows investors the company’s financial strength. A company that frequently turns to new debt or equity for cash, for example, could have problems if the capital markets become less liquid.
The formula for cash flow from financing activities is as follows:
\[Cash\ Received\ from\ Issuing\ Stock\ or\ Debt - Cash\ Paid\ as\ Dividends\ and Re-Acquisition\ of\ Debt/Stock \cdots equation\ 2.7.2\]
Read more: Cash Flow from Financing Activities Definition | Investopedia
Comparison
From above tables, we observed that both companies make profit from the cash flow, while NKE had refinanced and repurchased the stock in year 2014.
Compute the main valuation ratios for Nike and V.F.Corporation (Value/OPAT and Market/Book). You only need to do this using the most recently available data so as to reflect the current valuation of the companies.
figure 2.8.1: Valuation ratio.
Market Value Versus Book Value
Understanding the difference between book value and market value is a simple yet fundamentally critical component of any attempt to analyze a company for investment. After all, when you invest in a share of stock or an entire business, you want to know you are paying a sensible price.
Book value literally means the value of the business according to its “books” or financial statements. In this case, book value is calculated from the balance sheet, and it is the difference between a company’s total assets and total liabilities. Note that this is also the term for shareholders’ equity. For example, if Company XYZ has total assets of $100 million and total liabilities of $80 million, the book value of the company is $20 million. In a very broad sense, this means that if the company sold off its assets and paid down its liabilities, the equity value or net worth of the business, would be $20 million.
Market value is the value of a company according to the stock market. Market value is calculated by multiplying a company’s shares outstanding by its current market price. If Company XYZ has 1 million shares outstanding and each share trades for $50, then the company’s market value is $50 million. Market value is most often the number analysts, newspapers and investors refer to when they mention the value of the business.
Implications of Each
Book value simply implies the value of the company on its books, often referred to as accounting value. It’s the accounting value once assets and liabilities have been accounted for by a company’s auditors. Whether book value is an accurate assessment of a company’s value is determined by stock market investors who buy and sell the stock. Market value has a more meaningful implication in the sense that it is the price you have to pay to own a part of the business regardless of what book value is stated.
As you can see from our fictitious example from Company XYZ above, market value and book value differ substantially. In the actual financial markets, you will find that book value and market value differ the vast majority of the time. The difference between market value and book value can depend on various factors such as the company’s industry, the nature of a company’s assets and liabilities, and the company’s specific attributes. There are three basic generalizations about the relationships between book value and market value:
It’s important to note that on any given day, a company’s market value will fluctuate in relation to book value. The metric that tells this is known as the price-to-book ratio, or the P/B ratio:
\[P/B\ Ratio = Share\ Price/Book\ Value\ Per\ Share \cdots equation\ 2.8.1\]
(where Book Value Per Share equals shareholders’ equity divided by number of shares outstanding)
So one day, a company can have a P/B of 1, meaning that BV and MV are equal. The next day, the market price drops and the P/B ratio is less than 1, meaning market value is less than book value. The following day the market price zooms higher and creates a P/B ratio of greater than 1, meaning market value now exceeds book value. To an investor, whether the P/B ratio is 0.95, 1 or 1.1, the underlying stock trades at book value. In other words, P/B becomes more meaningful the greater the number differs from 1. To a value-seeking investor, a company that trades for a P/B ratio of 0.5 implies that the market value is one-half of the company’s stated book value. In other words, the market is selling you each $1 of net assets (net assets = assets - liabilities) for 50 cents. Everyone likes to buy things on sale, right?
Read more: Market Value Versus Book Value | Investopedia
table 2.8.1: Valuation ratio of company NKE and VFC.
Discuss the implications of your results. How do the two companies compare to each other? What have you learned from the comparison of financial ratios for these two companies? (2 paragraphs maximum)As conclusion to compare with these two companies:
Here is the video, you can refer to the answer from the lecturer after finished the assignment. Below are some questions and understanding to the assignment.
The Total Liabilities / Total Assets ratio inside table 2.4.3 different with above answer.
…The tools you need to understand Buffett's definition of intrinsic value go by the soporific moniker of discounted cash flow analysis. But when the richest guy in the world says it's the most important thing you can know if you want to get rich, I'll bet it's worth staying awake for…quote 3.1: source taken from Cash Flow Analysis
The measured ratio in table 2.8.1 different with the answer from the video. I tried to looking for some reference.
Further learning required in order to understand an applicable and realizable evaluation skills for investment in our real life in evaluation of corporates and the interpretation of intrinsic value from Warren Buffet.
It’s useful to record some information about how your file was created.
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sysname release version nodename “Windows” “10 x64” “build 10586” “RSTUDIO-SCIBROK” machine login user effective_user “x86-64” “scibr” “scibr” “scibr”
I do appreciate that University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign provides the Improving Business Finances and Operations specialization via Coursera. I used to study Certified Accounting Technician (CAT) course at PAAC more more decade. Now I need to review the finance and accounting course prior to conduct my research Analyse the Finance and Stocks Price of Bookmakers.
There are few books stated in 3. Conclusion and below references that I need to read for further understanding.