A summary of the results of jumping Spotted Frogs and Bullfrogs at two different acclimations, and at two temperatures 5C, 25C. The results are compiled from the experiments performed during 2014-2015. Frogs are acclimated for three days.

Sub-Adult Versus Adult Bullfrogs

The following analysis is to determine if the sub-adult warrant their own classification, or if they should be considered adults for the purposes of this study.

Jumping Distributions

  • Shaded regions are 95% confidence interval.
    • Linear fits are indistinguishable.
  • Medians are within confidence
  • Distributions are similar save zero jumps of Sub-Adults at 5
  • Suggests populations are not different

T- and Mann-Whitney Tests

The initial test is a t-test comparing the cold and warm-acclimated and 5 and 25C normalized by SUL jumps.

T-tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 0.2347248
  • cold-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.9949234
  • warm-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 0.8331162
  • warm-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.824458

Mann-Whitney tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 0.3809524
  • cold-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.8571429
  • warm-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 1
  • warm-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.8115316

These p-values suggest their is no motivation to segregate these populations. Therefore, the following analysis merge these populations into a single ‘Adult’ category.

Maximum Jumps: All Acclimations

Maximum Jump: Cold Acclimations

Maximum Jump: Warm Acclimations

Significance Testing

The following analysis determines if the three category of frog jumps (Adult Bullfrog, Juvenile Bullfrog, and Spotted Frog) come from different populations.

T-tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog    0.274880231                NA
## Spotted Frog         0.001400557       0.003889798
  • cold-acclimated, 25C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog     0.03018328                NA
## Spotted Frog          0.02209329         0.5668571
  • warm-acclimated, 5C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog    0.907984830                NA
## Spotted Frog         0.003417782       0.002382226
  • warm-acclimated, 25C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog     0.04020293                NA
## Spotted Frog          0.02446009         0.1938726

Mann-Whitney tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog   0.1571672384                NA
## Spotted Frog        0.0001428912       0.002825837
  • cold-acclimated, 25C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog     0.01758745                NA
## Spotted Frog          0.01952846         0.3625739
  • warm-acclimated, 5C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog    0.978613708                NA
## Spotted Frog         0.006570578        0.00536961
  • warm-acclimated, 25C:
##                   Adult Bullfrog Juvenile Bullfrog
## Juvenile Bullfrog    0.091572232                NA
## Spotted Frog         0.006749382         0.1183658

Observations

These results suggest the following

  • At 5C the spotted frogs jumps are distinct from the bullfrogs
    • However, their is no distinct difference between Adult and Juvenile bullfrogs.
  • At 25C, the spotted and juvenile frogs are distinct from the adults
    • However, their is no distinct difference between Spotted Frogs and Juvenile

Normalized Jumps: Maximum

The following results are for normalized, maximum jumps. Normalized in this case means the means jumping distance divided by the frogs SUL. Maximum means the maximum jump of the triplicate.

Observations

  • Cold acclimated Spotted Frogs significantly outperform all juveline through adult bullfrogs at both temperatures.
  • At warm temperatures, Juveniles jump significantly further than Adults according to SUL.
  • At cold temperatures, Juveniles and adults jump about the same distance according to SUL.
  • There is more spread in the jumps of warm acclimated frogs than cold acclimated frogs.
  • There is greater spread in the maximum jumps for adult bullfrogs than for juvenile and sub-adult bullfrogs and spotted frogs for cold acclimation.

Normalized Jumps: All

All jumps from the triplicate are included in the following results.

Observations

  • Similar to the maximum jumps, cold acclimated Spotted Frogs outperform Bullfrogs.
  • The spread at 25C in jumping distance is similar across all frog types. Juveniles are jumping significantly further w.r.t. SUL @ 25C.
  • Sub-adult Bullfrogs perform similarly to adults at 25C.
  • All Bullfrogs perform similarly at 5C.
  • Juveniles have similar max jumps in cold acclimated tests but are spread out more in the warm tests.
  • The majority of juveniles jump zero distance in warm acclimated tests at 5C.

Absolute Jumps: All

The unnormalized, measured jumping distance is used in the following results.

Observations

  • Cold acclimated Spotted Frogs perform slightly better at 5C, but perform worse than adults at 25C.
  • Cold acclimated spotted frogs outperform Juvenile and Sub-Adult bullfrogs at all temperatures.
  • Adult bullfrogs perform similarly to younger bullfrogs at 5C.
  • Adult bullfrogs jump further than younger bullfrogs from at 25C.
  • Adult Bullfrogs perform similar to smaller frogs in the cold tests but do much better than juveniles or sub-adults in the warm tests.
    • The effect is greatest for warm acclimated frogs