# Importing the SPSS dataset to R and making a R dataframe
##These libraries need to be installed, write install("foreign", "FactoMineR"... etc) if needed
library(foreign)
library(FactoMineR)
library(Rcmdr)
## Loading required package: splines
## Loading required package: RcmdrMisc
## Loading required package: car
## Loading required package: sandwich
## Warning: koyring av kommandoen <<'/usr/bin/otool' -L '/Library/Frameworks/
## R.framework/Resources/library/tcltk/libs//tcltk.so'>> gav statusen 1
## The Commander GUI is launched only in interactive sessions
wjsn<-read.spss("~/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT FINAL.sav", to.data.frame=TRUE)
## Warning in read.spss("~/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/
## Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT FINAL.sav", : ~/Dropbox/
## DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT
## FINAL.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 14 encountered in system
## file
## Warning in read.spss("~/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/
## Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT FINAL.sav", : ~/Dropbox/
## DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT
## FINAL.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 17 encountered in system
## file
## Warning in read.spss("~/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/
## Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT FINAL.sav", : ~/Dropbox/
## DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT
## FINAL.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 18 encountered in system
## file
## Warning in read.spss("~/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/
## Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT FINAL.sav", : ~/Dropbox/
## DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT
## FINAL.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 22 encountered in system
## file
## Warning in read.spss("~/Dropbox/DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/
## Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT FINAL.sav", : ~/Dropbox/
## DBXPAGAANDEARBEID/Statistikk/Rworkdir/WJSNordic/WJS_Nordic Countries_NOT
## FINAL.sav: Unrecognized record type 7, subtype 24 encountered in system
## file
save (wjsn, file="wjsorginal.Rdata")
load("wjsorginal.Rdata")
# Recoding
## Making a simplified country variable only including the Nordic data
wjsn <- within(wjsn, {nordic <- Recode(COUNTRY, '"Norway"="NOR"; "Sweden"="SWE"; "Denmark"="DEN"; "Finland"="FIN"; else=NA; ; ;', as.factor.result=TRUE)})
# Distribution of main variables in dataset, by country
#Which of the following categories best describes your current position in your newsroom?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C1+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C1 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Editor in chief 2.9 3.3 4.5 6.8
## Managing editor 2.9 0.8 4.2 0.0
## Desk head or assignment editor 5.4 6.8 3.0 13.7
## Department head 6.7 3.3 1.6 0.0
## Senior editor 8.2 3.0 0.5 0.0
## Producer 1.3 5.8 0.0 0.0
## Reporter 55.7 14.5 66.5 63.3
## News writer 0.0 57.5 0.0 0.0
## Trainee 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.0
## Other 16.7 4.7 18.4 16.2
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1362.0 365.0 642.0 630.0
#Which of the following categories best describes your current employment: full-time, part-time, freelancer, or other?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C2+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C2 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Full-time employment 71.1 78.1 72.6 74.4
## Part-time employment 5.4 3.6 4.7 7.3
## Freelancer 20.5 17.5 18.8 17.0
## Other 3.0 0.8 3.9 1.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1362.0 366.0 643.0 589.0
#For how many newsrooms do you work at present? Different news outlets produced by the same newsroom count as one.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C3+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C3 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## 0 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 1 18.0 83.0 88.1 13.3
## 2 20.7 4.4 4.8 13.3
## 3 21.3 1.4 3.4 28.9
## 4 10.0 1.6 1.1 10.8
## 5 12.7 3.8 1.1 9.6
## 6 2.7 0.3 0.5 4.8
## 7 3.3 0.8 0.3 6.0
## 8 2.0 1.1 0.2 3.6
## 9 0.7 0.3 0.0 1.2
## 10 4.0 2.2 0.6 6.0
## 12 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
## 13 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0
## 15 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0
## 20 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2
## 25 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 40 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 150.0 364.0 649.0 83.0
#Besides working as a journalist, do you engage in any other paid activities?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C4+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C4 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 17.5 13.2 25.9 12.6
## No 82.5 86.8 74.1 87.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1356.0 365.0 652.0 589.0
#Do you belong to any organizations or associations that are primarily for people in journalism or the communications field??#
colPercents(xtabs(~C5+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C5 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 100 91.3 100 68.9
## No 0 8.7 0 31.1
## Total 100 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 1362 366.0 656 589.0
#Do you usually work on or supervise a specific beat or subject area (such as politics, economy or sports), or do you usually work on or supervise various types of stories?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C6+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C6 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Work on a specific beat 40.8 47.9 37 65.9
## Work on various topic and subjects 59.2 52.1 63 34.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 1359.0 365.0 652 675.0
#Which beat or area do you primarily supervise or work on? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C7+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C7 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## News/current affairs 3.6 23.4 3.2 0.0
## Politics 10.5 9.7 6.3 0.0
## Foreign politics 7.0 1.7 9.0 4.5
## Domestic politics 8.3 0.6 2.7 35.3
## Economy 9.7 6.9 7.2 9.5
## Crime & law 2.5 1.7 1.8 4.8
## Culture 11.7 10.3 26.1 9.3
## Sports 8.5 5.7 10.4 7.7
## Health 7.2 4.0 12.2 0.0
## Entertainment 3.2 1.7 5.4 2.7
## Other 27.7 34.3 15.8 26.3
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.1
## Count 555.0 175.0 222.0 377.0
#Thinking of your work overall, how much freedom do you personally have in selecting news stories you work on? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C9+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C9 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## no freedom at all 2.2 0.0 2.2 0.8
## little freedom 6.8 2.5 6.8 3.6
## some freedom 21.3 23.1 30.4 15.6
## a great deal of freedom 51.6 63.2 49.6 55.6
## complete freedom 18.0 11.3 10.9 24.5
## Total 99.9 100.1 99.9 100.1
## Count 1358.0 364.0 631.0 646.0
#How much freedom do you personally have in deciding which aspects of a story should be emphasized? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C10+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C10 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## no freedom at all 1.5 0.0 0.6 0.5
## little freedom 4.7 1.4 2.8 3.1
## some freedom 18.3 18.7 21.3 12.1
## a great deal of freedom 50.1 65.1 61.5 58.1
## complete freedom 25.3 14.8 13.7 26.2
## Total 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 1350.0 364.0 634.0 621.0
#How often do you participate in editorial and newsroom coordination, such as attending editorial meetings or assigning reporters? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C11+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C11 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## almost never NaN 8.5 10.1 10.1
## rarely NaN 6.3 7.5 11.5
## sometimes NaN 11.2 16.8 12.6
## very often NaN 39.6 36.3 29.0
## always NaN 34.4 29.3 36.9
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 366.0 642.0 645.0
#Please tell me how important each of these things is in your work.#
#Be a detached observer.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 3.1 0.5 4.5 0.7
## little important 9.6 1.4 9.0 2.1
## somewhat important 24.0 6.6 23.7 6.8
## very important 31.0 29.2 43.5 36.8
## extremely important 32.2 62.3 19.2 53.7
## Total 99.9 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 1340.0 366.0 620.0 585.0
#Report things as they are.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.1 0.3 3.4 0.2
## little important 0.7 1.9 1.1 0.2
## somewhat important 8.3 6.3 7.7 3.2
## very important 29.4 26.0 41.8 32.9
## extremely important 61.4 65.6 46.1 63.6
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.1 100.1
## Count 1345.0 366.0 625.0 590.0
#Provide analysis of current affairs.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.8 0.5 7.4 2.2
## little important 5.1 1.9 18.2 2.9
## somewhat important 20.1 11.7 26.6 17.5
## very important 42.9 39.1 33.0 42.6
## extremely important 31.2 46.7 14.8 34.8
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1345.0 366.0 609.0 587.0
#Monitor and scrutinize political leaders.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12D+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12D DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 1.0 9.3 16.0 2.6
## little important 3.5 9.3 22.2 2.9
## somewhat important 15.1 17.5 23.2 7.5
## very important 37.3 27.1 26.7 30.8
## extremely important 43.1 36.7 11.9 56.2
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1342.0 365.0 599.0 587.0
#Monitor and scrutinize business.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12E+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12E DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.8 7.4 16.5 2.2
## little important 3.2 14.0 26.2 4.3
## somewhat important 21.7 22.8 23.2 11.1
## very important 40.2 28.0 23.3 36.5
## extremely important 34.1 27.7 10.8 46.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 1339.0 364.0 600.0 587.0
#Set the political agenda.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12F+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12F DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 8.9 24.9 13.9 24.5
## little important 26.5 30.3 23.0 24.7
## somewhat important 34.5 29.7 26.2 32.4
## very important 22.6 12.5 27.7 13.6
## extremely important 7.5 2.5 9.2 4.8
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1338.0 353.0 599.0 559.0
#Influence public opinion.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12G+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12G DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 17.5 4.2 13.7 22.9
## little important 30.0 22.2 25.9 23.6
## somewhat important 28.8 39.6 32.3 28.6
## very important 17.1 26.0 21.7 18.9
## extremely important 6.6 8.0 6.4 6.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1337.0 361.0 591.0 560.0
#Advocate for social change.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12H+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12H DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 17.3 8.3 11.8 16.6
## little important 29.9 23.7 22.5 17.8
## somewhat important 26.9 37.2 32.8 27.0
## very important 18.5 24.0 24.0 27.9
## extremely important 7.5 6.9 9.0 10.6
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.1 99.9
## Count 1333.0 363.0 592.0 566.0
#Be an adversary of the government.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12J+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12J DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 9.6 38.0 22.9 27.1
## little important 18.4 30.5 27.3 15.7
## somewhat important 28.3 20.5 26.4 21.2
## very important 25.3 7.5 17.8 23.6
## extremely important 18.4 3.5 5.6 12.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1334.0 347.0 594.0 572.0
#Support national development.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12K+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12K DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 14.4 8.1 21.2 42.7
## little important 29.9 24.0 23.8 21.9
## somewhat important 28.7 40.4 30.8 21.0
## very important 19.9 20.9 19.0 11.1
## extremely important 7.1 6.7 5.1 3.3
## Total 100.0 100.1 99.9 100.0
## Count 1329.0 359.0 584.0 548.0
#Convey a positive image of political leadership.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12L+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12L DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 79.5 79.9 58.6 73.8
## little important 18.3 16.5 29.8 17.7
## somewhat important 1.7 2.5 9.2 7.1
## very important 0.4 1.1 1.7 0.9
## extremely important 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1348.0 364.0 587.0 565.0
#Support government policy.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12M+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12M DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 90.4 82.1 71.7 97.0
## little important 8.3 15.7 25.6 2.6
## somewhat important 1.1 2.2 2.4 0.3
## very important 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0
## extremely important 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1348.0 357.0 586.0 572.0
#Provide entertainment and relaxation.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12O+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12O DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 19.4 9.3 16.4 15.2
## little important 43.6 20.1 20.2 33.2
## somewhat important 27.0 42.3 31.4 36.3
## very important 9.0 19.0 23.8 12.8
## extremely important 1.1 9.3 8.2 2.6
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1350.0 364.0 525.0 579.0
#Provide the kind of news that attracts the largest audience.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12P+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12P DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 23.4 2.7 11.5 35.4
## little important 42.1 17.2 17.9 35.0
## somewhat important 27.1 37.4 40.5 24.3
## very important 6.4 28.4 23.3 5.0
## extremely important 1.0 14.2 6.9 0.3
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 1350.0 366.0 610.0 577.0
#Provide advice, orientation and direction for daily life.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12R+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12R DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 7.0 4.6 16.7 4.8
## little important 28.0 17.8 25.5 14.8
## somewhat important 37.0 39.6 35.3 40.6
## very important 21.8 26.8 17.1 31.9
## extremely important 6.1 11.2 5.5 7.8
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 1355.0 366.0 604.0 586.0
#Provide information people need to make political decisions.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12S+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12S DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 0.6 10.7 16.7 2.5
## little important 1.5 6.9 13.9 2.9
## somewhat important 9.5 20.1 26.5 10.6
## very important 32.0 35.3 28.2 37.2
## extremely important 56.4 27.0 14.7 46.8
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1352.0 363.0 599.0 592.0
#Motivate people to participate in political activity.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12T+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12T DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 11.0 21.4 19.8 15.5
## little important 24.2 27.1 22.5 21.7
## somewhat important 32.8 30.7 26.6 27.1
## very important 23.6 14.8 22.7 27.1
## extremely important 8.4 6.0 8.4 8.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1349.0 365.0 595.0 580.0
#Let people express their views.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C12U+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C12U DEN FIN NOR SWE
## unimportant 3.2 3.0 7.4 0.7
## little important 12.7 6.8 5.9 1.4
## somewhat important 33.5 21.0 24.7 7.6
## very important 34.0 41.0 37.0 36.8
## extremely important 16.5 28.1 25.0 53.6
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 1354.0 366.0 608.0 590.0
#The following statements describe different approaches to journalism. For each of them, please tell me how strongly you agree or disagree.#
#Journalists should always adhere to codes of professional ethics, regardless of situation and context.#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C13A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 3.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
## somewhat disagree 10.7 0.5 1.0 0.7
## undecided 9.9 1.1 2.1 0.7
## somewhat agree 36.6 29.0 22.8 37.0
## strongly agree 39.3 68.9 73.7 61.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1360.0 366.0 631.0 592.0
#What is ethical inn journalism depends on the specific situation#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C13B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 15.4 30.1 14.5 11.4
## somewhat disagree 24.6 22.7 22.8 22.4
## undecided 14.1 11.0 9.2 4.3
## somewhat agree 34.5 29.0 38.1 48.3
## strongly agree 11.4 7.1 15.3 13.6
## Total 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 1355.0 365.0 619.0 588.0
#What is ethical in journalism is a matter of personal judgment#
colPercents(xtabs(~C13C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C13C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## strongly disagree 25.9 29.6 18.3 16.8
## somewhat disagree 32.8 31.0 28.0 29.3
## undecided 14.0 13.7 11.3 4.1
## somewhat agree 23.6 21.4 34.1 43.8
## strongly agree 3.8 4.4 8.3 6.1
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.1
## Count 1361.0 365.0 618.0 591.0
#Given an important story, which of the following, if any, do you think may be justified on occasion and which would you not approve of under any circumstances?#
#Paying people for confidential information#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.6
## justified on occasion 20.5 40.3 25.9 48.4
## not approve under any circumstances 78.9 58.5 73.2 51.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1354.0 357.0 559.0 529.0
#Using confidential business or government documents without authorization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 9.4 11.1 7.8 11.8
## justified on occasion 81.4 73.0 82.3 84.7
## not approve under any circumstances 9.1 15.9 9.9 3.5
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1358.0 352.0 586.0 577.0
#Claiming to be somebody else#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 1.5 2.5 0.2 1.7
## justified on occasion 68.9 62.1 67.4 83.4
## not approve under any circumstances 29.6 35.4 32.5 14.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1359.0 356.0 579.0 578.0
#Exerting pressure on unwilling informants to get a story#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14D+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14D DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 6.5 10.1 3 1.5
## justified on occasion 65.4 55.1 62 46.8
## not approve under any circumstances 28.1 34.8 35 51.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100 100.0
## Count 1356.0 356.0 560 549.0
#Making use of personal documents such as letters and pictures without permission#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14E+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14E DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 0.8 0.8 0.4 NaN
## justified on occasion 53.5 29.9 51.0 NaN
## not approve under any circumstances 45.7 69.3 48.6 NaN
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 NaN
## Count 1357.0 355.0 553.0 0
#Getting employed in a firm or organization to gain inside information#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14F+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14F DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 5.2 9.6 1.5 7.9
## justified on occasion 75.8 67.7 69.6 87.1
## not approve under any circumstances 19.1 22.8 28.9 5.0
## Total 100.1 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 1358.0 356.0 543.0 556.0
#Using hidden microphones or cameras#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14G+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14G DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 2.4 3.3 1.0 4.5
## justified on occasion 92.7 66.9 92.7 93.6
## not approve under any circumstances 4.9 29.8 6.3 1.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1358.0 362.0 590.0 582.0
#Using re-creations or dramatizations of news by actors#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14H+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14H DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 6.0 17.7 3.8 2.4
## justified on occasion 70.9 61.9 47.1 79.3
## not approve under any circumstances 23.0 20.4 49.1 18.3
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1345.0 333.0 497.0 497.0
#Publishing stories with unverified content#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14J+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14J DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 1.1 2.2 0.2 0.2
## justified on occasion 39.9 43.8 27.3 42.8
## not approve under any circumstances 59.0 54.0 72.5 57.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1357.0 363.0 568.0 573.0
#Accepting money from sources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C14K+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C14K DEN FIN NOR SWE
## always justified 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.2
## justified on occasion 2.3 0.0 0.3 0.7
## not approve under any circumstances 97.0 99.5 99.7 99.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1353.0 365.0 598.0 583.0
#Here is a list of potential sources of influence. Please tell me how much influence each of the following has on your work#
#Your personal values and beliefs#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 4.7 2.8 2.1 1.8
## little influential 14.6 12.7 5.7 16.3
## somewhat influential 30.9 42.1 48.3 34.2
## very influential 29.2 28.9 34.6 38.8
## extremely influential 20.7 13.5 9.3 8.8
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1330.0 363.0 561.0 649.0
#Your peers on the staff#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 6.2 6.0 2.0 4.3
## little influential 16.9 23.1 9.4 27.7
## somewhat influential 35.3 49.1 59.9 46.6
## very influential 29.9 18.3 27.4 20.5
## extremely influential 11.8 3.4 1.3 1.0
## Total 100.1 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 1279.0 350.0 544.0 611.0
#Your editorial supervisors and higher editors#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 3.5 0.8 1.9 1.5
## little influential 13.9 10.8 9.6 10.0
## somewhat influential 31.1 41.0 51.1 34.6
## very influential 35.2 38.8 33.5 45.9
## extremely influential 16.3 8.6 3.9 7.9
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1285.0 361.0 534.0 592.0
#The managers of your news organization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15D+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15D DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 15.7 33.3 41.5 12.6
## little influential 29.7 37.5 39.6 37.1
## somewhat influential 28.3 21.5 15.9 25.2
## very influential 17.3 6.2 2.8 19.5
## extremely influential 9.0 1.5 0.2 5.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1279.0 339.0 508.0 595.0
#The owners of your news organization#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15E+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15E DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 46.6 46.7 57.5 34.5
## little influential 23.5 32.2 28.8 37.4
## somewhat influential 15.6 13.6 10.0 14.5
## very influential 8.8 5.9 3.5 9.0
## extremely influential 5.5 1.5 0.2 4.6
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1211.0 338.0 489.0 545.0
#Editorial policy#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15F+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15F DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 4.3 1.4 1.5 3.4
## little influential 10.5 7.7 8.1 15.6
## somewhat influential 25.4 24.8 35.2 34.3
## very influential 37.6 43.8 48.0 39.3
## extremely influential 22.1 22.3 7.3 7.4
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1311.0 363.0 546.0 623.0
#Advertising considerations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15G+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15G DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 62.3 56.7 63.9 45.9
## little influential 18.5 30.5 21.5 34.0
## somewhat influential 12.6 11.3 10.7 12.5
## very influential 4.4 0.9 2.6 5.7
## extremely influential 2.2 0.6 1.3 2.0
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1197.0 328.0 466.0 512.0
#Profit expectations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15H+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15H DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 39.7 41.0 45.7 33.3
## little influential 21.1 25.9 24.0 26.9
## somewhat influential 21.6 23.2 20.9 18.8
## very influential 10.6 8.1 7.7 11.8
## extremely influential 7.0 1.8 1.7 9.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1227.0 332.0 479.0 510.0
#Audience research and data#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15J+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15J DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 15.7 4.5 26.1 13.1
## little influential 29.0 18.5 24.2 37.2
## somewhat influential 34.2 52.1 38.0 31.4
## very influential 15.5 20.4 9.5 15.0
## extremely influential 5.5 4.5 2.2 3.3
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1281.0 357.0 505.0 602.0
#Availability of news-gathering resources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15K+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15K DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 4.0 0.8 9.9 3.9
## little influential 9.4 5.9 21.1 9.8
## somewhat influential 30.5 24.7 44.7 29.5
## very influential 34.6 42.1 20.9 40.4
## extremely influential 21.4 26.4 3.4 16.4
## Total 99.9 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1293.0 356.0 474.0 611.0
#Time limits#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15L+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15L DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 2.5 0.5 2.0 2.2
## little influential 7.8 5.2 6.0 14.9
## somewhat influential 23.5 25.1 40.3 28.9
## very influential 31.9 45.9 38.7 38.5
## extremely influential 34.3 23.2 13.1 15.5
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.0
## Count 1334.0 366.0 551.0 650.0
#Journalism ethics#
colPercents(xtabs(~C15M+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C15M DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 1.1 0.3 1.1 0.8
## little influential 7.6 1.4 3.3 6.9
## somewhat influential 20.6 9.6 18.1 22.9
## very influential 36.5 41.8 57.3 52.1
## extremely influential 34.2 47.0 20.3 17.3
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.1 100.0
## Count 1322.0 366.0 548.0 652.0
#Here is another list. Again, please tell me on a scale of 5 to 1 how influential each of the following is in your work.#
#Your friends, acquaintances and family#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 40.5 15.5 13.7 15.8
## little influential 35.9 36.7 58.8 55.5
## somewhat influential 18.1 36.7 22.2 22.4
## very influential 4.7 8.3 4.2 6.3
## extremely influential 0.7 2.8 1.1 0.0
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1268.0 362.0 554.0 647.0
#Colleagues in other media#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 39.5 19.1 14.7 14.0
## little influential 34.6 38.8 58.5 54.6
## somewhat influential 20.1 36.9 23.4 25.4
## very influential 5.3 5.2 2.5 5.9
## extremely influential 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.2
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1275.0 366.0 552.0 645.0
#Feedback from the audience#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 13.6 5.7 2.5 3.1
## little influential 32.0 25.1 35.4 31.9
## somewhat influential 35.3 48.1 49.8 46.5
## very influential 14.3 16.9 10.6 17.5
## extremely influential 4.8 4.1 1.6 0.9
## Total 100.0 99.9 99.9 99.9
## Count 1303.0 366.0 554.0 645.0
#Competing news organizations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16D+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16D DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 20.6 4.9 7.1 5.8
## little influential 32.0 22.1 36.9 28.5
## somewhat influential 34.2 53.8 42.8 43.5
## very influential 10.4 16.7 12.4 21.8
## extremely influential 2.8 2.5 0.7 0.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.1
## Count 1276.0 366.0 547.0 643.0
#Media laws and regulation#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16E+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16E DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 16.9 1.4 1.5 3.6
## little influential 26.6 9.3 8.2 30.0
## somewhat influential 28.3 13.4 31.8 31.7
## very influential 19.8 40.3 42.7 28.9
## extremely influential 8.4 35.6 15.9 5.7
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 1265.0 365.0 548.0 646.0
#Information access#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16F+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16F DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 13.0 14.1 1.3 1.6
## little influential 20.6 16.1 4.4 7.8
## somewhat influential 33.0 29.1 31.9 27.7
## very influential 24.1 29.1 51.1 51.4
## extremely influential 9.2 11.6 11.3 11.5
## Total 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1247.0 361.0 542.0 642.0
#Censorship#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16G+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16G DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 78.6 75.1 57.8 63.0
## little influential 15.0 18.5 33.0 30.4
## somewhat influential 5.2 3.9 6.0 3.9
## very influential 1.2 1.1 2.1 2.3
## extremely influential 0.1 1.4 1.2 0.3
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 1203.0 357.0 521.0 644.0
#Government officials#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16H+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16H DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 45.0 30.5 38.5 65.4
## little influential 30.4 32.7 43.7 28.6
## somewhat influential 17.6 22.2 13.7 4.7
## very influential 5.5 11.6 3.7 1.1
## extremely influential 1.5 3.0 0.4 0.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1224.0 361.0 540.0 644.0
#Politicians#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16J+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16J DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 39.7 41.8 33.9 44.5
## little influential 28.2 29.4 44.7 40.3
## somewhat influential 21.9 20.5 16.1 12.8
## very influential 7.9 7.5 4.9 1.9
## extremely influential 2.3 0.8 0.4 0.5
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1229.0 361.0 546.0 642.0
#Pressure groups#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16K+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16K DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 35.4 43.0 35.4 37.8
## little influential 31.8 30.9 49.4 50.1
## somewhat influential 22.5 22.3 13.4 10.4
## very influential 7.9 3.3 1.5 1.4
## extremely influential 2.3 0.6 0.4 0.3
## Total 99.9 100.1 100.1 100.0
## Count 1256.0 363.0 539.0 643.0
#Business people#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16L+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16L DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 48.3 42.0 45.6 37.8
## little influential 27.5 37.9 44.7 48.5
## somewhat influential 17.0 16.2 7.4 12.1
## very influential 5.5 3.6 2.0 1.4
## extremely influential 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.2
## Total 100.1 100.0 99.9 100.0
## Count 1238.0 364.0 539.0 643.0
#Public relations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16M+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16M DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 25.7 26.2 33.6 32.1
## little influential 37.3 47.1 48.9 54.3
## somewhat influential 27.9 21.7 14.7 10.7
## very influential 6.7 3.9 2.2 2.3
## extremely influential 2.4 1.1 0.6 0.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1260.0 359.0 538.0 645.0
#Relationships with news sources#
colPercents(xtabs(~C16N+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C16N DEN FIN NOR SWE
## not influential 7.5 6.8 12.6 12.3
## little influential 16.3 22.2 28.6 27.5
## somewhat influential 32.5 37.5 40.9 35.1
## very influential 29.9 25.2 14.9 21.1
## extremely influential 13.8 8.2 3.0 4.0
## Total 100.0 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 1286.0 365.0 531.0 644.0
#How many years have you been working in journalism? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C17+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C17 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## 0 0.0 0.0 0.9 NaN
## 1 1.3 1.1 3.3 NaN
## 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 NaN
## 2 2.6 1.6 4.2 NaN
## 2.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 NaN
## 3 4.3 1.9 4.9 NaN
## 4 3.2 2.2 1.6 NaN
## 5 4.4 1.6 3.1 NaN
## 6 2.3 7.1 5.6 NaN
## 7 3.9 3.0 3.3 NaN
## 8 3.7 2.7 3.3 NaN
## 8.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 NaN
## 9 2.6 2.5 1.4 NaN
## 10 5.8 8.2 5.3 NaN
## 11 2.5 2.7 1.6 NaN
## 12 2.8 2.7 2.8 NaN
## 13 1.7 3.8 2.0 NaN
## 14 1.6 2.2 2.4 NaN
## 15 5.8 6.6 6.7 NaN
## 16 2.1 2.5 2.2 NaN
## 17 1.8 1.1 2.0 NaN
## 18 1.9 2.5 2.4 NaN
## 19 2.1 1.6 1.3 NaN
## 20 4.2 7.4 5.0 NaN
## 21 1.3 0.5 1.6 NaN
## 22 1.7 1.4 1.9 NaN
## 23 2.2 2.2 2.4 NaN
## 24 1.2 1.6 1.3 NaN
## 25 5.6 6.3 3.6 NaN
## 26 1.6 1.9 3.1 NaN
## 27 2.0 1.6 1.9 NaN
## 28 1.4 2.2 1.4 NaN
## 29 1.5 1.9 1.1 NaN
## 30 4.9 6.0 3.6 NaN
## 31 1.4 0.8 0.8 NaN
## 32 1.2 0.5 2.4 NaN
## 33 1.2 1.1 0.9 NaN
## 34 1.2 0.5 0.8 NaN
## 35 2.3 2.2 1.6 NaN
## 36 0.5 0.3 1.6 NaN
## 37 0.8 0.8 0.9 NaN
## 38 1.2 0.3 0.3 NaN
## 39 0.5 0.3 0.6 NaN
## 40 1.9 0.5 1.9 NaN
## 41 0.5 0.3 0.3 NaN
## 42 0.2 0.3 0.0 NaN
## 43 0.5 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 44 0.4 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 45 0.7 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 46 0.1 0.3 0.0 NaN
## 47 0.2 0.3 0.2 NaN
## 48 0.5 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 49 0.2 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 50 0.3 0.0 0.2 NaN
## 51 0.1 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 53 0.1 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 54 0.1 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 55 0.2 0.0 0.0 NaN
## 58 0.1 0.0 0.0 NaN
## Total 100.5 100.0 100.3 NaN
## Count 1286.0 366.0 638.0 0
#The importance of some influences on journalism may have changed over time. Please tell me to what extent these influences have become stronger or weaker during the past five years in [add country]#
#Journalism education#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.7 0.6 3.1
## somewhat weakened NaN 14.6 12.7 16.6
## did not change NaN 39.5 32.8 50.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 36.2 47.0 22.0
## strengthened a lot NaN 8.0 6.9 8.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 301.0 332.0 622.0
#Ethical standards#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 2.4 1.2 4.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 28.0 20.6 27.7
## did not change NaN 36.4 30.4 49.9
## somewhat strengthened NaN 31.3 41.9 16.7
## strengthened a lot NaN 1.8 6.0 1.3
## Total NaN 99.9 100.1 99.9
## Count 0 332.0 418.0 621.0
#Competition#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.9 0.5 0.8
## somewhat weakened NaN 1.2 4.6 4.8
## did not change NaN 4.1 9.0 14.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 37.6 56.4 47.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 56.2 29.5 32.5
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 338.0 431.0 624.0
#Advertising considerations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18D+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18D DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 1.0 0.3 1.6
## somewhat weakened NaN 5.8 5.0 1.8
## did not change NaN 26.5 28.2 36.6
## somewhat strengthened NaN 50.2 49.1 43.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 16.6 17.4 16.8
## Total NaN 100.1 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 313.0 397.0 620.0
#Profit making pressures#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18E+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18E DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0.5 1.5
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.6 2.9 0.2
## did not change NaN 7.7 11.9 25.0
## somewhat strengthened NaN 41.2 46.4 37.6
## strengthened a lot NaN 50.4 38.3 35.8
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 337.0 412.0 620.0
#Public relations#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18F+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18F DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.9 0.8 1.0
## somewhat weakened NaN 9.0 2.6 2.4
## did not change NaN 45.5 25.5 42.9
## somewhat strengthened NaN 39.3 53.8 42.7
## strengthened a lot NaN 5.3 17.4 11.1
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 100.1
## Count 0 321.0 385.0 623.0
#Audience research#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18G+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18G DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.9 0.0 0.6
## somewhat weakened NaN 2.8 2.1 1.8
## did not change NaN 33.6 23.5 34.5
## somewhat strengthened NaN 52.5 59.8 46.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 10.2 14.7 16.7
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 324.0 388.0 623.0
#User-generated contents, such as blogs#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18H+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18H DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.3 0.2 0.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.3 2.4 1.1
## did not change NaN 6.2 8.6 8.8
## somewhat strengthened NaN 41.6 54.5 49.4
## strengthened a lot NaN 51.6 34.3 40.4
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 339.0 420.0 622.0
#Social media, such as [add 1 or 2 examples]#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18J+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18J DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.0 0.5 0.2
## somewhat weakened NaN 0.3 0.2 0.2
## did not change NaN 2.4 2.3 3.7
## somewhat strengthened NaN 22.4 40.2 35.1
## strengthened a lot NaN 74.9 56.8 60.9
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 339.0 440.0 626.0
#Audience involvement in news production#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18K+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18K DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.3 0.7 0.3
## somewhat weakened NaN 2.1 0.7 1.1
## did not change NaN 15.1 23.9 22.2
## somewhat strengthened NaN 62.1 61.5 52.6
## strengthened a lot NaN 20.4 13.2 23.8
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 338.0 410.0 618.0
#Audience feedback#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18L+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18L DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.9 0.5 0.6
## somewhat weakened NaN 7.5 1.6 1.0
## did not change NaN 39.9 22.4 29.4
## somewhat strengthened NaN 45.0 61.6 53.2
## strengthened a lot NaN 6.6 13.9 15.8
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 333.0 425.0 620.0
#Pressure toward sensational news#
colPercents(xtabs(~C18M+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C18M DEN FIN NOR SWE
## weakened a lot NaN 0.6 1.0 0.6
## somewhat weakened NaN 3.9 4.1 1.0
## did not change NaN 23.9 33.3 38.8
## somewhat strengthened NaN 49.0 40.5 40.9
## strengthened a lot NaN 22.7 21.1 18.6
## Total NaN 100.1 100.0 99.9
## Count 0 335.0 417.0 618.0
#Journalism is in a state of change. Please tell me whether you think there has been an increase or a decrease in the following aspects of work in [add country]. #
#Journalists’ freedom to make editorial decisions#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19A+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19A DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 4.6 2.3 6.8
## somewhat decreased NaN 39.7 35.5 34.6
## did not change NaN 41.8 44.4 51.0
## somewhat increased NaN 12.9 16.4 6.8
## increased a lot NaN 0.9 1.3 0.8
## Total NaN 99.9 99.9 100.0
## Count 0 325.0 383.0 621.0
#Average working hours of journalists#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19B+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19B DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 1.2 1.3 1.1
## somewhat decreased NaN 3.1 11.1 2.9
## did not change NaN 29.4 29.8 37.5
## somewhat increased NaN 54.3 51.4 45.3
## increased a lot NaN 12.0 6.4 13.2
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 326.0 389.0 622.0
#Time available for researching stories#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19C+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19C DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 25.2 27.0 30.2
## somewhat decreased NaN 54.6 54.9 53.7
## did not change NaN 13.4 13.4 13.0
## somewhat increased NaN 5.6 4.1 2.7
## increased a lot NaN 1.2 0.7 0.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 0 337.0 419.0 622.0
#Interactions of journalists with their audiences#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19D+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19D DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 1.5 2.8 3.1
## somewhat decreased NaN 7.2 12.6 11.2
## did not change NaN 12.3 23.1 28.8
## somewhat increased NaN 55.1 49.5 44.5
## increased a lot NaN 23.8 12.1 12.5
## Total NaN 99.9 100.1 100.1
## Count 0 332.0 398.0 618.0
#The importance of technical skills#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19E+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19E DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 0.0 0.7 0.3
## somewhat decreased NaN 0.3 1.2 0.3
## did not change NaN 4.4 3.1 7.4
## somewhat increased NaN 42.9 50.6 44.7
## increased a lot NaN 52.4 44.5 47.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 0 338.0 425.0 624.0
#The use of search engines#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19F+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19F DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 0.3 0.2 0.2
## somewhat decreased NaN 0.3 0.5 0.0
## did not change NaN 5.9 4.5 7.2
## somewhat increased NaN 33.4 44.3 38.4
## increased a lot NaN 60.1 50.5 54.3
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 0 338.0 424.0 623.0
#The importance of having a university degree#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19G+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19G DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 4.4 1.5 3.4
## somewhat decreased NaN 14.2 4.7 8.2
## did not change NaN 49.4 32.6 56.3
## somewhat increased NaN 26.6 49.8 25.5
## increased a lot NaN 5.4 11.4 6.6
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 316.0 402.0 620.0
#The importance of having a degree in journalism or a related field#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19H+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19H DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 4.2 1.2 2.9
## somewhat decreased NaN 17.4 5.0 11.1
## did not change NaN 54.3 37.7 44.9
## somewhat increased NaN 22.2 44.4 29.5
## increased a lot NaN 1.9 11.7 11.6
## Total NaN 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 311.0 401.0 621.0
#The credibility of journalism#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19J+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19J DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 5.1 4.3 7.2
## somewhat decreased NaN 49.5 39.1 40.3
## did not change NaN 34.4 37.9 39.8
## somewhat increased NaN 8.8 17.0 11.1
## increased a lot NaN 2.1 1.7 1.6
## Total NaN 99.9 100.0 100.0
## Count 0 331.0 417.0 621.0
#The relevance of journalism for society#
colPercents(xtabs(~C19K+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C19K DEN FIN NOR SWE
## decreased a lot NaN 1.2 1.2 2.9
## somewhat decreased NaN 23.1 23.4 29.5
## did not change NaN 42.9 44.3 38.4
## somewhat increased NaN 28.4 26.8 23.5
## increased a lot NaN 4.4 4.4 5.6
## Total NaN 100.0 100.1 99.9
## Count 0 338.0 411.0 620.0
#What is the highest grade of school or level of education you have completed? #
colPercents(xtabs(~C20+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C20 DEN FIN NOR
## Not completed high school 0.4 0.8 0.7
## Completed high school 5.4 11.5 7.4
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 65.1 26.5 67.0
## Master's degree or equivalent 28.1 47.0 22.2
## Doctorate 0.0 1.1 0.0
## some university studies, but no degree 1.0 13.1 2.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 99.9
## Count 1285.0 366.0 540.0
## nordic
## C20 SWE
## Not completed high school 1.1
## Completed high school 12.0
## College/Bachelor\342\200\231s degree or equivalent 52.0
## Master's degree or equivalent 8.0
## Doctorate 0.5
## some university studies, but no degree 26.4
## Total 100.0
## Count 640.0
#During your studies, did you specialize in journalism or another communication field?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C21+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C21 DEN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 78.3
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 8.8
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 0.1
## No, did not specialize in these fields 12.8
## Total 100.0
## Count 1211.0
## nordic
## C21 FIN
## Yes, specialized in journalism 45.0
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 10.6
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.8
## No, did not specialize in these fields 36.6
## Total 100.0
## Count 320.0
## nordic
## C21 NOR
## Yes, specialized in journalism 48.6
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 16.4
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 7.5
## No, did not specialize in these fields 27.5
## Total 100.0
## Count 360.0
## nordic
## C21 SWE
## Yes, specialized in journalism 60.7
## Yes, specialized in other communication field 7.4
## Yes, specialized both in journalism and another communication field 10.2
## No, did not specialize in these fields 21.7
## Total 100.0
## Count 557.0
#What is your gender?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C22+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C22 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Female 43.1 55.2 50.4 45.9
## Male 56.9 44.8 49.6 54.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1298.0 366.0 478.0 673.0
#In what year were you born?#
colPercents(xtabs(~C23+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## C23 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## 18 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
## 19 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
## 20 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
## 21 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
## 22 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0
## 23 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
## 24 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.0
## 25 0.8 1.1 2.1 0.1
## 26 1.2 1.1 2.7 0.1
## 27 1.4 0.5 2.3 0.1
## 28 2.5 1.6 2.3 0.3
## 29 2.2 1.6 1.9 0.4
## 30 2.9 4.1 2.3 0.7
## 31 3.0 2.7 2.1 0.9
## 32 2.4 2.5 1.5 0.9
## 33 2.8 3.6 1.7 0.9
## 34 2.0 2.7 1.1 1.3
## 35 2.6 4.1 1.7 0.6
## 36 2.7 4.9 3.1 1.6
## 37 2.4 3.8 2.9 2.4
## 38 2.6 3.8 4.4 1.9
## 39 2.8 1.6 2.9 2.8
## 40 2.3 4.1 2.5 1.5
## 41 3.2 2.2 2.5 2.2
## 42 3.1 3.3 5.0 3.4
## 43 2.3 1.1 3.1 2.8
## 44 2.6 2.2 2.9 3.1
## 45 1.9 4.7 1.0 2.1
## 46 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.4
## 47 1.9 1.9 2.9 2.7
## 48 1.5 2.7 4.0 1.6
## 49 2.7 4.1 2.5 4.2
## 50 3.0 3.0 1.9 3.6
## 51 2.2 2.2 1.5 2.2
## 52 3.1 3.3 1.7 3.1
## 53 3.3 4.1 3.4 3.7
## 54 3.2 3.0 2.1 2.7
## 55 2.6 3.0 2.9 2.2
## 56 2.3 1.6 2.5 4.5
## 57 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.7
## 58 2.2 3.3 4.6 4.9
## 59 3.2 0.8 2.1 3.7
## 60 1.6 0.8 1.7 3.6
## 61 3.0 1.4 1.5 2.7
## 62 2.0 0.3 0.8 4.5
## 63 1.6 0.5 2.1 3.6
## 64 1.7 1.1 0.8 3.0
## 65 1.2 0.0 0.0 2.8
## 66 1.2 0.5 0.0 1.9
## 67 0.6 0.0 0.0 1.6
## 68 0.4 0.3 1.0 0.4
## 69 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7
## 70 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 71 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
## 72 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 73 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1
## 75 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 78 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
## 79 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
## Total 100.0 99.3 100.4 99.3
## Count 1284.0 364.0 523.0 671.0
#Rank of respondent#
colPercents(xtabs(~T5+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T5 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Senior/executive manager 6.2 7.1 10.7 4.1
## "Junior" manager 22.8 20.2 6.1 18.2
## Rank-and-file 71.1 72.7 83.2 77.8
## Total 100.1 100.0 100.0 100.1
## Count 1362.0 366.0 524.0 666.0
#Type of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.1+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.1 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 39.2 30.9 44.1 57.4
## No 60.8 69.1 55.9 42.6
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 526.0
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.2+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.2 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 5.2 11.2 7.7 0
## No 94.8 88.8 92.3 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.3+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.3 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 27.1 27.3 12.3 14.2
## No 72.9 72.7 87.7 85.8
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527.0
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.4+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.4 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 22.7 10.7 17.9 10.6
## No 77.3 89.3 82.1 89.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527.0
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.5+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.5 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 13.5 12.8 9.9 15.9
## No 86.5 87.2 90.1 84.1
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527.0
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.6+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.6 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 0.7 2.7 2.3 1.7
## No 99.3 97.3 97.7 98.3
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527.0
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.7+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.7 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 7.8 0.5 2.5 0
## No 92.2 99.5 97.5 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527
colPercents(xtabs(~T7.8+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T7.8 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Yes 8.8 3.8 3.3 0
## No 91.2 96.2 96.7 100
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100
## Count 1357.0 366.0 608.0 527
#Reach of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T8+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T8 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Local 10.1 13.1 26.8 27.4
## Regional 19.7 27.3 22.5 32.2
## National 69.8 57.4 46.3 39.0
## Transnational 0.4 2.2 4.5 1.4
## Total 100.0 100.0 100.1 100.0
## Count 1329.0 366.0 512.0 636.0
#Ownership of medium#
colPercents(xtabs(~T9+nordic, data=wjsn))
## nordic
## T9 DEN FIN NOR SWE
## Purely private ownership 66.4 76.5 93.8 43.4
## Purely public ownership 27.0 10.1 0.0 17.6
## Purely state ownership 0.0 5.9 6.2 4.8
## Mixed ownership but mostly private 3.0 3.4 0.0 28.5
## Mixed ownership but mostly public 3.6 1.7 0.0 4.8
## Mixed ownership but mostly state-owned 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.0
## Total 100.0 100.1 100.0 100.1
## Count 1274.0 358.0 608.0 625.0