Data Science Practicum Assignment 4 - Variable Selection
Author
Arthur Zefanya Lauale (M0501261052)
Question.
Do variable selection in empiric data College from package ISLR2, by following these syntax: (1) data preparation, (2) application of variable selection, (3) model evaluation, and (4) answering analytics question.
Answer.
(0).Library.
library(broom)library(car)
Loading required package: carData
library(caret)
Loading required package: ggplot2
Loading required package: lattice
library(ggplot2)library(glmnet)
Loading required package: Matrix
Loaded glmnet 5.1
library(ISLR2)library(knitr)library(lmtest)
Loading required package: zoo
Attaching package: 'zoo'
The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
as.Date, as.Date.numeric
library(MASS)
Attaching package: 'MASS'
The following object is masked from 'package:ISLR2':
Boston
library(nortest)library(olsrr)
Attaching package: 'olsrr'
The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
cement
The following object is masked from 'package:datasets':
rivers
library(patchwork)
Attaching package: 'patchwork'
The following object is masked from 'package:MASS':
area
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ readr::col_factor() masks scales::col_factor()
✖ purrr::discard() masks scales::discard()
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✖ stringr::fixed() masks recipes::fixed()
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✖ tidyr::unpack() masks Matrix::unpack()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
(1) Data Preparation.
Data that we use is data College from package ISLR2. This data loads characteristic from \(777\) university in USA based on the information in \(1995\). Response variable that will be used is Outstate (tuition fee for students who came from out of state where the university exist). Here are some data preparations that will be done.
Change value of variable Private with rule: \(0\) for “No” (not private school) and \(1\) for “Yes” ( private school). After changing the value of variable Private, change class of variable Private into integer. So through this process, we have changed variable Private to be a numeric dummy variable.
From the summary of model basic_l_reg above we can know several things like these.
Model basic_l_reg produces R-squared value as big as \(0,768\) and Adjusted R-squared value as big as \(0,7614\). It means that model basic_l_reg is able to explain around \(76,8 \: \%\) variations of response variable (Outstate) inside the data which is used for estimation.
There are eight predictor variables who do not have significant relation with variable Outstate, it can be shown from their \(Pr(>|t|)\) which are \(\geq \, \alpha \,(0,05)\), those are Enroll, Top25perc, F.Undergrad, P.undergrad, Books, Personal, PhD, and S.F.Ratio.
There are nine predictor variables who have significant relation with variable Outstate, it can be shown from theirs \(Pr(>|t|)\) which are \(< \, \alpha \, (0,05)\), they are Private, Apps, Accept, Top10perc, Room.Board, Terminal, perc.alumni, Expend, and Grad.rate.
From the things that we have declared before, at a glance appears intuition to use only predictor variables who have significant relation with response variable Outstate . But need to be noticed: that intuition is not always right. Let us overview the multicolinearity existence in model basic_l_reg.
By using threshold \(VIF \leq 10\) , we can obtain four predictor variables with multicolinearity issues, those are Apps, Accept, Enroll, and F.Undergrad. Since there are multicolinearity issues, then partial effects of those four variables may be obscured, so the partial test result as like as what we have obtained before may be not fully right. Be noticed that there are two of those four variables which are parts of predictor variables with significant relation with response variable Outstate. Those two variables are Apps and Accept. Since they have the multicolinearity issues, then the significant-relation-with-response-variables status can be doubted, so it will be felt like not-too-right to follow our previous intuition, that is intuition to create a new model using nine predictor variables with significant relation with response variable Outstate. It means that we need other methods for handling this issue, one of them is by doing variable selection.
Filtering Method: Pearson Correlation.
Counting Pearson Correlation.
# correlation coefficient# of all variables# corcor <-as.data.frame(cor( empiric_data_train ))# correlation coefficient# of variable Outstate# cor_outstatecor_outstate <- cor %>% dplyr::select(Outstate) cor_outstate
# correlation coefficient# of variable Outstate# without correlated# with its self# cor_outstate_newcor_outstate_new <- cor_outstate %>% dplyr::slice(-9) %>% dplyr::arrange(desc(Outstate) )cor_outstate_new
From the counting-correlation syntax above we could obtain six predictor variables with highest Pearson correlation coefficient, those are variables Room.Board, Expend, Grad.Rate, perc.alumni, Top10perc, and Private. On the next process, we will use these chosen variables for generating a new linear regression model.
Generating Model Using Chosen Predictor Variables.
Before we generate a new model using those six chosen predictor variables, let us firstly constitute a new formula special to be used in this modelling process.
# take chosen # predictor variables# cor_predictorcor_predictor <- cor_outstate_complete %>% dplyr::pull(predictor)# contitute a new formula# special for this # modelling process# which covers# six chosen predictor variables# cor_l_reg_formulacor_l_reg_formula <- stats::reformulate( cor_predictor,response ="Outstate" )cor_l_reg_formula
After we have defined our special formula cor_l_reg_formula, then we continue to generate a new linear regression model using six chosen predictor variables (Room.Board, Expend, Grad.Rate, perc.alumni, Top10perc, and Private)
Call:
lm(formula = cor_l_reg_formula, data = empiric_data_train)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-7614.6 -1281.9 -146.9 1201.5 6611.2
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -1.815e+03 3.945e+02 -4.599 5.15e-06 ***
Room.Board 1.142e+00 9.611e-02 11.882 < 2e-16 ***
Expend 2.191e-01 2.475e-02 8.854 < 2e-16 ***
Grad.Rate 3.051e+01 6.187e+00 4.932 1.05e-06 ***
perc.alumni 4.394e+01 8.630e+00 5.091 4.73e-07 ***
Top10perc 2.018e+01 6.873e+00 2.936 0.00345 **
Private 2.213e+03 2.148e+02 10.302 < 2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 2055 on 614 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared: 0.7326, Adjusted R-squared: 0.73
F-statistic: 280.4 on 6 and 614 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
Interpretation.
From the summary of model cor_l_reg_model above we can know several things like these.
Model cor_l_reg_model produces R-squared value as big as \(0,7326\) and Adjusted R-squared value as big as \(0,73\). It means that model cor_l_reg_model is able to explain around \(73,26 \: \%\) variations of response variable (Outstate) inside the data which is used for estimation.
All predictor variables who have significant relation with variable Outstate, it can be shown from theirs \(Pr(>|t|)\) which are \(< \, \alpha \, (0,05)\).
To make sure that previous findings are right, let us overview the multicolinearity existence in model cor_l_reg_model.
By using threshold \(VIF \leq 10\) , we can know that there is no any predictor variables which has multicolinearity issues because their each \(VIF\) value is \(\leq 10\).
To make sure again findings is really good, let us overview also the heteroscedasticity circumstance in model cor_l_reg_model.
bptest(cor_l_reg_model)
studentized Breusch-Pagan test
data: cor_l_reg_model
BP = 68.407, df = 6, p-value = 8.671e-13
By using rule: \(p-value\) which must be \(\geq \: \alpha \: (0,05)\) - meanwhile our real \(p-value < 0.05\), then with-a-heavy-heart we will say that residuals as the result as from model cor_l_reg_model is really varied (a.k.a not homogen). Residuals is defined as the difference between actual Outstate value and predicted Outstate value, where predicted Outstate value is obtained by predicting Oustate value using model cor_l_reg_model. Since residuals of cor_l_reg_model is really varied, then may there will be incosistency of prediction results, sometimes predicted values can be close to the actual, but sometimes predicted values can be far from the acutal. It means that our model is not as good as what we thought. Therefore we need to find other (variable selections) methods for giving better findings.
Wrapper Method: Forward Selection.
Constituting model_null, model_full, and formula_full.
# model without predictormodel_null <-lm( Outstate ~1,data = empiric_data_train )summary(model_null)
Call:
lm(formula = Outstate ~ 1, data = empiric_data_train)
Residuals:
Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
-8013.1 -3009.1 -453.1 2326.9 9746.9
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 10353.1 158.7 65.22 <2e-16 ***
---
Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
Residual standard error: 3956 on 620 degrees of freedom
# model with all predictorsmodel_full <-lm( Outstate ~.,data = empiric_data_train )summary(model_full)
# formula which cover # all predictor variables# formula_fullformula_full <- stats::reformulate(setdiff(names(empiric_data_train),"Outstate" ),response ="Outstate" )formula_full
# forward selection # based on AIC# model_forwardmodel_forward <- MASS::stepAIC(object = model_null,scope =list(lower =~1,upper = formula_full ),direction ="forward",trace =FALSE)
# table which shows# steps of adding-predictor-variablesknitr::kable( model_forward$anova,digits =3,caption =paste("Steps of Adding-Predictor-Variables"," (Steps of Forward Selection Based on AIC)") )
Steps of Adding-Predictor-Variables (Steps of Forward Selection Based on AIC)
Step
Df
Deviance
Resid. Df
Resid. Dev
AIC
NA
NA
620
9701338617
10288.367
+ Room.Board
1
4486864632
619
5214473985
9904.835
+ Expend
1
1294020912
618
3920453073
9729.706
+ Private
1
847159880
617
3073293193
9580.519
+ PhD
1
310479962
616
2762813231
9516.382
+ Grad.Rate
1
193605091
615
2569208140
9473.266
+ perc.alumni
1
90055789
614
2479152352
9453.108
+ Personal
1
32606358
613
2446545994
9446.886
+ Terminal
1
15456532
612
2431089462
9444.950
+ S.F.Ratio
1
13650964
611
2417438498
9443.453
+ Books
1
11094597
610
2406343901
9442.597
+ Top25perc
1
10729989
609
2395613912
9441.822
+ F.Undergrad
1
8914266
608
2386699645
9441.507
+ Accept
1
58245765
607
2328453880
9428.163
+ Apps
1
54295471
606
2274158409
9415.511
+ Top10perc
1
12369547
605
2261788862
9414.124
+ Enroll
1
10382734
604
2251406128
9413.267
# show chosen variablesattr(terms(model_forward),"term.labels")
studentized Breusch-Pagan test
data: model_forward
BP = 83.362, df = 16, p-value = 4.1e-11
Wrapper Method: Backward Elimination.
Doing Backward Elimination Based on AIC.
# backward elimination# based on AIC# model_backwardmodel_backward <- MASS::stepAIC(object = model_full,direction ="backward",trace =FALSE)
# table which shows# steps of eliminating-predictor-variablesknitr::kable( model_backward$anova,digits =3,caption =paste("Steps of Eliminating-Predictor-Variables"," (Steps of Back Elimination Based on AIC)"))
Steps of Eliminating-Predictor-Variables (Steps of Back Elimination Based on AIC)
Step
Df
Deviance
Resid. Df
Resid. Dev
AIC
NA
NA
603
2250837929
9415.110
- Top25perc
1
111025.6
604
2250948954
9413.141
- P.Undergrad
1
563636.4
605
2251512591
9411.296
- F.Undergrad
1
6356974.9
606
2257869566
9411.047
# show chosen variablesattr(terms(model_backward),"term.labels")
studentized Breusch-Pagan test
data: model_backward
BP = 79.916, df = 14, p-value = 2.933e-11
Wrapper Method: Biderictional Stepwise Selection.
Doing Biderictional Stepwise Based on AIC.
# biderictional stepwise# based on AIC# model_stepwisemodel_stepwise <- MASS::stepAIC(object = model_full,scope =list(lower =~1,upper = formula_full ),direction ="both",trace =FALSE)
# table which shows# steps of selectionknitr::kable( model_stepwise$anova,digits =3,caption =paste("Steps of Selection"," (Steps of Bidirectional Stepwise Based on AIC)"))
Steps of Selection (Steps of Bidirectional Stepwise Based on AIC)
Step
Df
Deviance
Resid. Df
Resid. Dev
AIC
NA
NA
603
2250837929
9415.110
- Top25perc
1
111025.6
604
2250948954
9413.141
- P.Undergrad
1
563636.4
605
2251512591
9411.296
- F.Undergrad
1
6356974.9
606
2257869566
9411.047
# show chosen variablesattr(terms(model_stepwise),"term.labels")
From the result of chosen predictor variables above, we can know that by using this Recursive Features Elimination (RFE) we obtained seventeen predictor variables, those are Private, S.F.Ratio, Terminal, Grad.Rate, Top10perc, perc.alumni, PhD, Top25perc, Room.Board, Books, Enroll, Accept, Apps,Personal, Expend, F.Undergrad, and P.Undergrad.
Model.
# regression model based # on predictors as the result# of RFE# model_rfemodel_rfe <-lm( stats::reformulate( rfe_predictor,response ="Outstate" ),data = empiric_data_train)# summary of model_rfesummary(model_rfe)
Private Apps Accept Enroll
Webster University 1 665 462 226
University of Maryland at Baltimore County 0 4269 2594 985
Keuka College 1 461 381 174
Stetson University 1 1557 1227 489
University of Hawaii at Manoa 0 3580 2603 1627
Chapman University 1 959 771 351
DePauw University 1 1994 1656 495
Earlham College 1 1358 1006 274
Morningside College 1 586 533 239
Judson College 1 313 228 137
Lewis and Clark College 1 2774 2092 482
California Polytechnic-San Luis 0 7811 3817 1650
Marymount College Tarrytown 1 478 327 117
Chestnut Hill College 1 342 254 126
Murray State University 0 2225 1910 1190
Kansas Wesleyan University 1 589 575 148
McKendree College 1 1002 555 119
Siena Heights College 1 464 419 183
Lesley College 1 244 198 82
Gordon College 1 674 565 282
Baldwin-Wallace College 1 1690 1366 662
Wilkes University 1 1631 1431 434
Hollins College 1 602 498 215
Rowan College of New Jersey 0 3820 1431 695
St. Paul's College 1 651 581 243
Lincoln University 0 1660 1091 326
University of Connecticut at Storrs 0 9735 7187 2064
Drew University 1 2153 1580 321
Harvey Mudd College 1 1377 572 178
Georgetown College 1 727 693 286
Pembroke State University 0 944 774 440
Greensboro College 1 608 494 176
College of Saint Elizabeth 1 444 359 122
Florida Institute of Technology 1 1947 1580 523
Saint John's University 1 933 800 444
Manchester College 1 1004 802 239
Saint Joseph's University 1 2519 2003 776
North Adams State College 0 1563 1005 240
Lander University 0 1166 1009 510
Center for Creative Studies 1 601 396 203
Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge 0 5996 4993 3079
Green Mountain College 1 780 628 198
Dana College 1 504 482 185
Taylor University 1 1769 1092 437
Livingstone College 1 900 473 217
Marymount University 1 941 772 214
University of Nebraska at Lincoln 0 6277 6003 3526
Mount Mary College 1 235 217 121
Emory & Henry College 1 765 646 226
Wheeling Jesuit College 1 903 755 213
Westmont College 0 950 713 351
Saint Vincent College 1 700 595 278
University of Utah 0 5095 4491 2400
Central Washington University 0 2785 2011 1007
University of Dayton 1 6361 5293 1507
Augustana College 1 761 725 306
Transylvania University 1 759 729 244
York College of Pennsylvania 1 2989 1855 691
Syracuse University 1 10477 7260 2442
Mesa State College 0 1584 1456 891
Agnes Scott College 1 417 349 137
Westfield State College 0 3100 2150 825
Huntington College 1 450 430 125
Our Lady of the Lake University 1 2308 1336 295
MacMurray College 1 740 558 177
Texas A&M Univ. at College Station 0 14474 10519 6392
East Texas Baptist University 1 379 341 265
Hobart and William Smith Colleges 1 2688 2081 500
Incarnate Word College 1 1163 927 386
Trinity College VT 1 222 185 91
Central College 1 1283 1113 401
University of Illinois at Chicago 0 8384 5727 2710
Concordia University CA 1 688 497 144
Queens College 1 516 392 154
University of Denver 1 2974 2001 580
Lebanon Valley College 1 1386 1060 320
Northern Arizona University 0 5891 4931 1973
Capital University 1 1747 1382 449
Westminster College 1 996 866 377
Niagara University 1 2220 1796 467
Oakland University 0 3041 2581 1173
Washington State University 0 6540 5839 2440
Spalding University 1 283 201 97
University of Texas at Arlington 0 3281 2559 1448
University of Charleston 1 682 535 204
University of Puget Sound 1 4044 2826 688
Xavier University of Louisiana 1 2097 1915 695
College Misericordia 1 1432 888 317
Claflin College 1 1196 697 499
Le Moyne College 1 1470 1199 425
Averett College 1 627 556 172
Indiana Wesleyan University 1 735 423 366
Central Wesleyan College 1 174 146 88
Southwestern College 1 213 155 75
St. John's College 1 323 278 122
Whitworth College 1 1121 926 372
Columbia College MO 1 314 158 132
Bluffton College 1 692 514 209
LeTourneau University 1 477 417 204
Union College KY 1 484 384 177
Simmons College 1 1003 782 295
Worcester Polytechnic Institute 1 2768 2314 682
Iona College 1 4892 3530 913
Indiana State University 0 5659 4761 3147
Lafayette College 1 4010 2402 572
North Carolina A. & T. State University 0 4809 3089 1429
University of Maine at Presque Isle 0 461 381 235
Dominican College of Blauvelt 1 360 329 108
Marywood College 1 1107 859 323
Gettysburg College 1 3596 2466 575
Grand Valley State University 0 5165 3887 1561
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville 0 3235 3108 2133
Lewis University 1 1154 1050 395
Marist College 1 4731 3171 830
Simpson College 1 1016 872 300
Eastern Connecticut State University 0 2172 1493 564
Winona State University 0 3325 2047 1301
St. Mary's College of California 1 2643 1611 465
Manhattan College 1 2432 1730 563
Drake University 1 2799 2573 839
Salem College 1 335 284 132
University of Central Florida 0 6986 2959 1918
University of Florida 0 12445 8836 3623
Mankato State University 0 3073 2672 1547
Savannah Coll. of Art and Design 1 1109 688 386
University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 0 5244 3782 1930
Louisiana College 1 2013 1053 212
SUNY College at Brockport 0 7294 3564 904
Delta State University 0 967 945 459
Eastern Nazarene College 1 516 409 200
Louisiana Tech University 0 2397 2144 1525
Oglethorpe University 1 792 649 186
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech. 0 787 601 233
Smith College 1 2925 1598 632
Saint Francis College 1 1046 824 284
Viterbo College 1 647 518 271
Widener University 1 2139 1492 502
Gonzaga University 1 1886 1524 526
Montclair State University 0 5220 2128 865
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1 6411 2140 1078
Guilford College 1 1202 1054 326
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville 0 2540 2195 994
Barnard College 1 2496 1402 531
Piedmont College 1 663 562 127
Talladega College 1 4414 1500 335
Susquehanna University 1 2096 1512 465
Brigham Young University at Provo 1 7365 5402 4615
Missouri Valley College 1 1310 983 316
Franklin Pierce College 1 5187 4471 446
Sioux Falls College 1 437 400 211
Hastings College 1 817 708 262
Prairie View A. and M. University 0 2405 2234 1061
Virginia Commonwealth University 0 4963 3497 1567
La Salle University 1 2929 1834 622
SUNY College at Buffalo 0 5318 3515 1025
University of Wisconsin at Madison 0 14901 10932 4631
University of Scranton 1 4471 2942 910
Anderson University 1 1216 908 423
Indiana University at Bloomington 0 16587 13243 5873
Fayetteville State University 0 1455 1064 452
University of Sci. and Arts of Oklahoma 0 285 280 208
University of Portland 1 1758 1485 419
College of Mount St. Vincent 1 946 648 177
Clarkson University 1 2174 1953 557
Emporia State University 0 1256 1256 853
University of Maryland at College Park 0 14292 10315 3409
Milwaukee School of Engineering 1 1217 1088 496
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 0 4400 3719 1472
Johnson State College 0 833 669 279
Stonehill College 1 3646 2300 585
SUNY College at Purchase 0 2119 1264 390
Northwestern College 1 860 811 366
Merrimack College 1 1981 1541 514
Mississippi College 1 594 385 307
Mississippi University for Women 0 480 405 380
George Fox College 1 809 726 294
College of Santa Fe 1 546 447 189
Aquinas College 1 619 516 219
Point Park College 1 875 744 207
Stephens College 1 450 405 194
University of California at Irvine 0 15698 10775 2478
Macalester College 1 2939 1496 452
Bellarmine College 1 807 707 308
Flagler College 1 1415 714 338
Wheaton College IL 1 1432 920 548
James Madison University 0 11223 5285 2082
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania 0 3570 2215 651
Eastern College 1 458 369 165
Wisconsin Lutheran College 1 152 128 75
Tri-State University 1 1262 1102 276
Centre College 1 1013 888 288
University of Wisconsin at Green Bay 0 2409 1939 759
SUNY at Binghamton 0 14463 6166 1757
New Jersey Institute of Technology 0 1879 1216 483
Loras College 1 1641 1283 527
Pacific University 1 943 849 288
Longwood College 0 2747 1870 724
Mount Saint Mary College 1 1170 695 238
Illinois Institute of Technology 1 1756 1360 478
Marshall University 1 4226 3666 2007
Denison University 1 2762 2279 533
Rutgers State University at Camden 0 3366 1752 232
Saint Olaf College 1 2248 1673 745
Bowling Green State University 0 9251 7333 3076
University of North Carolina at Greensboro 0 5191 4134 1500
Morris College 1 882 730 330
Wentworth Institute of Technology 1 1480 1257 452
Albright College 1 1038 839 227
SUNY at Buffalo 0 15039 9649 3087
Birmingham-Southern College 1 805 588 287
Baylor University 1 6075 5349 2367
Harding University 1 1721 1068 806
Adelphi University 1 2186 1924 512
Whitman College 1 1861 998 359
Hampton University 1 7178 3755 1433
Concordia University 1 528 403 186
Tiffin University 1 845 734 254
Saint Mary's College of Minnesota 1 876 802 367
Georgia State University 0 3793 2341 1238
Andrews University 1 1130 704 322
North Carolina Wesleyan College 1 812 689 195
Buena Vista College 1 860 688 285
Tuskegee University 1 2267 1827 611
Randolph-Macon Woman's College 1 696 616 169
Hartwick College 1 2083 1725 430
Bradley University 1 3767 3414 1061
Rider University 1 3586 2424 730
University of Tulsa 1 1712 1557 696
Huron University 1 600 197 124
St. Martin's College 1 191 165 63
Phillips University 1 692 576 174
Millersville University of Penn. 0 6011 3075 960
University of Cincinnati 0 6855 5553 2408
Augustana College IL 1 1879 1658 497
Brewton-Parker College 1 1436 1228 1202
Dickinson College 1 3014 2539 487
Saint Peter's College 1 1606 1413 530
Boston University 1 20192 13007 3810
Rosary College 1 434 321 141
Albertson College 1 587 479 158
Rutgers State University at Newark 0 5785 2690 499
Brandeis University 1 4186 2743 740
St. John Fisher College 1 1368 1064 354
Lenoir-Rhyne College 1 979 743 259
Central Connecticut State University 0 4158 2532 902
Linfield College 1 1561 1188 458
Trinity College CT 1 3058 1798 478
Assumption College 1 2135 1700 491
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 0 14596 5985 3331
Bluefield College 1 377 358 181
Beaver College 1 1163 850 348
SUNY College at Geneseo 0 8598 4562 1143
Jamestown College 1 472 410 262
Monmouth College 1 2707 1881 478
Campbell University 1 2087 1339 657
University of Georgia 0 11220 7871 3320
Virginia Union University 1 1847 1610 453
Georgia Institute of Technology 0 7837 4527 2276
Coe College 1 1006 742 275
Carnegie Mellon University 1 8728 5201 1191
University of Wisconsin-Superior 0 910 910 342
Angelo State University 0 3540 2001 1016
MidAmerica Nazarene College 1 331 331 225
Coker College 1 604 452 295
Alderson-Broaddus College 1 582 498 172
D'Youville College 1 866 619 157
Bethune Cookman College 1 1646 1150 542
Northwest Nazarene College 1 616 514 385
Alma College 1 1267 1080 385
Siena College 1 2961 1932 628
University of Minnesota at Morris 0 1458 874 588
St. Mary's College of Maryland 0 1340 695 285
Upper Iowa University 1 663 452 192
Bridgewater College 1 838 673 292
Carroll College 1 1160 991 352
Union College NY 1 3495 1712 528
Walsh University 1 1092 890 477
East Carolina University 0 9274 6362 2435
Meredith College 1 857 772 376
Chatham College 1 212 197 91
Hanover College 1 1006 837 317
Mount Saint Mary's College 1 1321 1159 328
Saint Michael's College 1 1910 1380 463
Michigan State University 0 18114 15096 6180
Eckerd College 1 1422 1109 366
University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth 0 3347 2597 1006
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University 1 3151 2584 958
Calvin College 1 1784 1512 913
Winthrop University 0 2320 1805 769
Miami University at Oxford 0 9239 7788 3290
Westminster College MO 1 662 553 184
Western Carolina University 0 3224 2519 1057
Sacred Heart University 1 2307 1896 509
Illinois Benedictine College 1 607 558 269
Baker University 1 602 483 206
Harvard University 1 13865 2165 1606
George Mason University 0 5653 4326 1727
Wellesley College 1 2895 1249 579
Ursinus College 1 1399 1026 308
Bloomsburg Univ. of Pennsylvania 0 6773 3028 1025
Tennessee Wesleyan College 1 232 182 99
Texas Southern University 0 4345 3245 2604
University of Evansville 1 2096 1626 694
University of North Dakota 0 2777 2249 1652
Northwestern University 1 12289 5200 1902
Mount Saint Clare College 1 325 284 95
Ohio Northern University 1 2936 2342 669
Reed College 1 1966 1436 327
Brenau University 1 367 274 158
Arkansas Tech University 0 1734 1729 951
Bemidji State University 0 1208 877 546
Saint Louis University 1 3294 2855 956
Oklahoma Christian University 1 776 765 351
Cabrini College 1 599 494 224
University of Pennsylvania 1 12394 5232 2464
Michigan Technological University 0 2618 2288 1032
Texas Wesleyan University 1 592 501 279
Benedictine College 1 632 620 222
Central Missouri State University 0 4681 4101 1436
Johns Hopkins University 1 8474 3446 911
Furman University 1 2161 1951 685
Wingate College 1 1239 1017 383
University of North Carolina at Charlotte 0 5803 4441 1730
Millikin University 1 1444 1261 456
McMurry University 1 578 411 187
Wagner College 1 1416 1015 417
Loyola University Chicago 1 3579 2959 868
Shippensburg University of Penn. 0 5818 3281 1116
Western State College of Colorado 0 2702 1623 604
Grove City College 1 2491 1110 573
Lycoming College 1 1286 1005 363
Oklahoma Baptist University 1 758 681 484
Rocky Mountain College 1 560 392 270
San Diego State University 0 9402 7020 2151
Southwest State University 0 1047 938 511
Villanova University 1 7759 5588 1477
Grace College and Seminary 1 548 428 167
St. Norbert College 1 1334 1243 568
Samford University 1 1680 1395 691
Mercer University 1 2286 1668 564
St. Bonaventure University 1 1489 1313 375
Gardner Webb University 1 1110 930 332
Northern Illinois University 0 10706 7219 2397
Arkansas College (Lyon College) 1 708 334 166
Centenary College of Louisiana 1 495 434 210
Goshen College 1 440 396 221
Eastern Mennonite College 1 486 440 227
National-Louis University 1 513 347 279
Maryville University 1 549 397 169
Lehigh University 1 6397 4304 1092
Yale University 1 10705 2453 1317
Hillsdale College 1 920 745 347
Westminster College of Salt Lake City 1 917 720 213
Marymount Manhattan College 1 695 535 239
Fresno Pacific College 1 346 274 146
Virginia Tech 0 15712 11719 4277
Colorado College 1 3207 1577 490
Quincy University 1 1025 707 297
University of Mobile 1 452 331 269
Albion College 1 1899 1720 489
West Chester University of Penn. 0 6502 3539 1372
Moorhead State University 0 2442 2164 1189
Worcester State College 0 2197 1515 543
University of Maine at Farmington 0 1208 803 438
Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ. 0 818 700 447
Franklin College 1 804 632 281
University of Missouri at Columbia 0 6574 4637 2940
University of Alabama at Birmingham 0 1797 1260 938
Georgetown University 1 11115 2881 1390
Schreiner College 1 584 413 131
King's College 1 1456 1053 381
Spring Arbor College 1 372 362 181
University of West Florida 0 1558 1254 472
University of Massachusetts at Amherst 0 14438 12414 3816
Stockton College of New Jersey 0 4019 1579 710
Beloit College 1 1320 923 284
Rivier College 1 484 386 141
SUNY College at Potsdam 0 3150 2289 650
Connecticut College 1 3035 1546 438
Radford University 0 5702 4894 1742
Western Washington University 0 5548 3563 1549
College of Mount St. Joseph 1 798 620 238
Graceland College 1 555 414 242
Southern Methodist University 1 4301 3455 1166
Texas Christian University 1 4095 3079 1195
Dordt College 1 604 562 328
Adrian College 1 1428 1097 336
College of Charleston 0 4772 3140 1265
Greenville College 1 510 387 194
Santa Clara University 1 4019 2779 888
University of North Carolina at Wilmington 0 6071 3856 1449
Northeastern University 1 11901 8492 2517
Southwest Baptist University 1 1093 1093 642
Loyola University 1 1891 1698 719
University of La Verne 1 1597 969 226
Fairfield University 1 4784 3346 781
Virginia State University 0 2996 2440 704
Wittenberg University 1 1979 1739 575
Barat College 1 261 192 111
University of Rhode Island 0 9643 7751 1968
Voorhees College 1 1465 1006 188
Ithaca College 1 7259 5526 1368
Albertus Magnus College 1 353 340 103
University of the Pacific 1 2459 1997 582
Elon College 1 3624 2786 858
University of California at Berkeley 0 19873 8252 3215
University of Richmond 1 5892 2718 756
Creighton University 1 2967 2836 876
University of Montevallo 0 1351 892 570
Purdue University at West Lafayette 0 21804 18744 5874
Christian Brothers University 1 880 520 224
Moravian College 1 1232 955 303
Stevens Institute of Technology 1 1768 1249 380
University of San Diego 1 3934 2735 886
The Citadel 0 1500 1242 611
University of North Texas 0 4418 2737 2049
Ohio Wesleyan University 1 2190 1700 458
Webber College 1 280 143 79
Ohio University 0 11023 8298 3183
Grinnell College 1 2039 1389 432
University of Texas at San Antonio 0 4217 3100 1686
West Virginia Wesleyan College 1 1566 1400 483
Cornell College 1 1538 1329 383
University of Dallas 1 681 588 246
Marietta College 1 1611 960 342
Hofstra University 1 7428 5860 1349
Washington University 1 7654 5259 1254
Salem-Teikyo University 1 489 384 120
Concordia Lutheran College 1 232 216 106
Campbellsville College 1 848 587 298
Quinnipiac College 1 3712 2153 806
Canisius College 1 2853 2193 753
Rutgers at New Brunswick 0 48094 26330 4520
Concordia College at St. Paul 1 281 266 139
Southern California College 1 385 340 193
Bentley College 1 3466 2330 640
Caldwell College 1 1011 604 213
Milligan College 1 610 461 189
Capitol College 1 100 90 35
Univ. of Wisconsin at OshKosh 0 4800 2900 1515
University of Virginia 0 15849 5384 2678
Western New England College 1 1650 1471 409
Westminster College PA 1 1738 1373 417
Juniata College 1 1005 859 298
Fontbonne College 1 291 245 126
Illinois Wesleyan University 1 3050 1342 471
Bucknell University 1 6548 3813 862
Pacific Union College 1 940 668 385
Daniel Webster College 1 585 508 153
Austin College 1 948 798 295
Scripps College 1 855 632 139
University of Southern Indiana 0 2379 2133 1292
Trinity University 1 2425 1818 601
Dillard University 1 1998 1376 651
Bryn Mawr College 1 1465 810 313
Dickinson State University 0 434 412 319
Loyola Marymount University 1 3768 2662 753
Augsburg College 1 662 513 257
University of Texas at Austin 0 14752 9572 5329
Tusculum College 1 626 372 145
Pitzer College 1 1133 630 220
Kentucky Wesleyan College 1 584 497 175
Gannon University 1 2464 1908 678
Butler University 1 2362 2037 700
Rockhurst College 1 935 858 345
Trinity College DC 1 247 189 100
Columbia University 1 6756 1930 871
Muskingum College 1 1109 922 375
Georgian Court College 1 348 281 127
Alaska Pacific University 1 193 146 55
Blackburn College 1 500 336 156
Iowa State University 0 8427 7424 3441
Hamline University 1 1006 825 328
Bethel College 1 502 384 104
University of Oklahoma 0 4743 3970 2233
Houghton College 1 949 786 302
College of the Holy Cross 1 2994 1691 659
St. Mary's University of San Antonio 1 1243 1020 414
Point Loma Nazarene College 1 809 687 428
Allegheny College 1 2652 1900 484
West Liberty State College 0 1164 1062 478
Drury College 1 700 650 314
Barry University 1 990 784 279
Cazenovia College 1 3847 3433 527
College of St. Joseph 1 141 118 55
Saint Francis College IN 1 213 166 85
Kansas State University 0 5880 4075 2833
Elmira College 1 1457 1045 345
Norwich University 1 1743 1625 626
Hendrix College 1 823 721 274
University of Oregon 0 8631 6732 2546
East Tennessee State University 0 3330 2730 1303
Montana College of Mineral Sci. & Tech. 0 572 544 320
Amherst College 1 4302 992 418
Berry College 1 1858 1221 480
Goucher College 1 1151 813 248
California Lutheran University 1 563 247 247
Bethany College 1 878 816 200
SUNY College at New Paltz 0 8399 3609 656
Florida State University 0 11651 8683 3023
Clarke College 1 460 340 167
Tulane University 1 7033 5125 1223
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1 4996 4165 936
Clark University 1 2887 2059 457
University of St. Thomas TX 1 374 280 185
College of Saint Catherine 1 511 411 186
Ursuline College 1 325 260 86
Lindenwood College 1 810 484 356
La Roche College 1 361 321 185
Gustavus Adolphus College 1 1709 1385 634
McPherson College 1 420 293 93
Columbia College 1 737 614 242
College of Saint Rose 1 983 664 249
John Brown University 1 605 405 284
Fort Lewis College 0 3440 2823 1123
Messiah College 1 1742 1382 607
Salisbury State University 0 4216 2290 736
University of Northern Colorado 0 5530 4007 1697
University of Louisville 0 4777 3057 1823
Saint Joseph College 1 292 241 96
Saint Joseph's College IN 1 920 684 225
North Park College 1 465 361 176
Bard College 1 1910 838 285
Saint Anselm College 1 2095 1553 514
Husson College 1 723 652 361
Emory University 1 8506 4168 1236
Waynesburg College 1 1190 978 324
Mount St. Mary's College 1 657 537 113
Colorado State University 0 9478 6312 2194
University of Washington 0 12749 7025 3343
Lynchburg College 1 1756 1500 366
Goldey Beacom College 1 633 468 284
SUNY at Albany 0 13528 9198 1843
Carthage College 1 1616 1427 434
SUNY College at Cortland 0 7888 3519 1036
Sarah Lawrence College 1 1380 768 263
University of Vermont 0 7663 6008 1735
Saint Ambrose University 1 897 718 276
Mayville State University 0 233 233 153
College of St. Scholastica 1 672 596 278
Francis Marion University 0 1801 1655 819
Florida International University 0 3306 2079 1071
Maryville College 1 1464 888 176
Vassar College 1 3550 1877 653
University of Miami 1 7122 5386 1643
Presbyterian College 1 1082 832 302
Luther College 1 1549 1392 587
Castleton State College 0 1257 940 363
Wesley College 1 980 807 350
Marian College of Fond du Lac 1 824 670 337
Clinch Valley Coll. of the Univ. of Virginia 0 689 561 250
Valley City State University 0 368 344 212
Eureka College 1 560 454 113
SUNY College at Oswego 0 8000 4556 1464
Hardin-Simmons University 1 467 424 350
University of Rochester 1 8766 5498 1243
Dartmouth College 1 8587 2273 1087
Hamilton College 1 3140 1783 454
Belmont Abbey College 1 632 494 129
Skidmore College 1 4293 2728 591
George Washington University 1 7875 5062 1492
Virginia Wesleyan College 1 1470 900 287
Immaculata College 1 268 253 103
University of San Francisco 1 2306 1721 538
College of Notre Dame 1 344 264 97
Saint Cloud State University 0 3971 3306 1921
Cedarville College 1 1307 1090 616
University of Northern Iowa 0 4144 3379 1853
Lambuth University 1 831 538 224
California State University at Fresno 0 4540 3294 1483
Rhodes College 1 2302 1831 391
Whittier College 1 1681 1069 344
Wilson College 1 167 130 46
Saint Xavier University 1 785 647 295
Polytechnic University 1 1132 847 302
Wayne State College 0 1373 1373 724
Regis College 1 427 385 143
Hiram College 1 922 729 244
Roger Williams University 1 3304 2804 679
University of North Florida 0 1800 1253 560
LaGrange College 1 544 399 177
University of the South 1 1445 966 326
Williams College 1 4186 1245 526
University of South Carolina at Aiken 0 848 560 377
Converse College 1 440 407 149
Bethel College KS 1 202 184 122
Mississippi State University 0 4255 3277 1609
Hampden - Sydney College 1 817 644 307
Northeast Missouri State University 0 6040 4577 1620
Pennsylvania State Univ. Main Campus 0 19315 10344 3450
University of South Florida 0 7589 4676 1876
St. Thomas Aquinas College 1 861 609 215
Saint Joseph's College 1 833 682 217
University of Delaware 1 14446 10516 3252
Alverno College 1 494 313 157
Franciscan University of Steubenville 1 553 452 228
Colgate University 1 4856 2492 727
Seton Hill College 1 936 794 197
Colby College 1 2848 1319 456
Wofford College 1 1501 935 273
Texas Lutheran College 1 497 423 215
Knox College 1 1040 845 286
Randolph-Macon College 1 1771 1325 306
Pfeiffer College 1 838 651 159
University of Mississippi 0 3844 3383 1669
Millsaps College 1 905 834 319
Montreat-Anderson College 1 263 223 103
Davidson College 1 2373 956 452
University of South Carolina at Columbia 0 7693 5815 2328
Lamar University 0 2336 1725 1043
Wesleyan University 1 4772 1973 712
Illinois State University 0 8681 6695 2408
Catholic University of America 1 1754 1465 505
St. Lawrence University 1 2753 1820 505
University of Wisconsin-Stout 0 2593 1966 1030
Occidental College 1 2324 1319 370
Hood College 1 699 565 176
College of William and Mary 0 7117 3106 1217
University of Detroit Mercy 1 927 731 415
University of the Arts 1 974 704 290
Seattle Pacific University 1 1183 1016 411
Top10perc Top25perc F.Undergrad
Webster University 17 44 1739
University of Maryland at Baltimore County 27 57 6476
Keuka College 10 43 738
Stetson University 37 69 1964
University of Hawaii at Manoa 36 69 11028
Chapman University 23 48 1662
DePauw University 50 80 1983
Earlham College 35 63 1028
Morningside College 16 36 950
Judson College 10 30 552
Lewis and Clark College 35 64 1763
California Polytechnic-San Luis 47 73 12911
Marymount College Tarrytown 9 34 731
Chestnut Hill College 25 64 518
Murray State University 29 55 5968
Kansas Wesleyan University 16 40 474
McKendree College 16 43 836
Siena Heights College 10 31 686
Lesley College 12 33 1134
Gordon College 25 54 1151
Baldwin-Wallace College 30 61 2718
Wilkes University 15 36 1803
Hollins College 26 58 795
Rowan College of New Jersey 21 70 5303
St. Paul's College 8 17 617
Lincoln University 15 41 1196
University of Connecticut at Storrs 23 63 12478
Drew University 56 84 1192
Harvey Mudd College 95 100 654
Georgetown College 30 55 1063
Pembroke State University 14 34 2174
Greensboro College 10 31 649
College of Saint Elizabeth 34 53 493
Florida Institute of Technology 39 74 1863
Saint John's University 18 45 1691
Manchester College 23 63 909
Saint Joseph's University 39 71 2473
North Adams State College 1 19 1380
Lander University 9 33 2074
Center for Creative Studies 1 20 525
Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge 29 57 16269
Green Mountain College 7 20 545
Dana College 10 36 550
Taylor University 41 80 1757
Livingstone College 22 47 621
Marymount University 10 30 1247
University of Nebraska at Lincoln 33 63 16454
Mount Mary College 12 32 931
Emory & Henry College 30 60 809
Wheeling Jesuit College 15 49 971
Westmont College 42 72 1276
Saint Vincent College 19 35 1035
University of Utah 27 53 13894
Central Washington University 8 65 6507
University of Dayton 26 51 5889
Augustana College 21 58 1337
Transylvania University 57 81 867
York College of Pennsylvania 28 63 2988
Syracuse University 28 67 10142
Mesa State College 6 18 3471
Agnes Scott College 60 89 510
Westfield State College 3 20 3234
Huntington College 20 46 488
Our Lady of the Lake University 22 46 1202
MacMurray College 12 29 628
Texas A&M Univ. at College Station 49 85 31643
East Texas Baptist University 10 36 1050
Hobart and William Smith Colleges 25 53 1792
Incarnate Word College 16 49 1685
Trinity College VT 16 41 484
Central College 31 65 1355
University of Illinois at Chicago 22 50 13518
Concordia University CA 30 75 641
Queens College 32 62 630
University of Denver 29 60 2666
Lebanon Valley College 28 56 965
Northern Arizona University 23 48 11249
Capital University 34 66 1662
Westminster College 29 58 1411
Niagara University 65 99 1919
Oakland University 16 56 6441
Washington State University 31 70 14445
Spalding University 10 45 589
University of Texas at Arlington 19 43 10975
University of Charleston 22 43 771
University of Puget Sound 51 83 2738
Xavier University of Louisiana 34 61 2793
College Misericordia 29 58 1121
Claflin College 21 47 959
Le Moyne College 21 76 1820
Averett College 16 40 777
Indiana Wesleyan University 20 48 2448
Central Wesleyan College 8 29 1047
Southwestern College 28 66 504
St. John's College 31 51 393
Whitworth College 43 70 1270
Columbia College MO 10 28 690
Bluffton College 20 50 760
LeTourneau University 29 54 1532
Union College KY 9 45 634
Simmons College 23 53 1144
Worcester Polytechnic Institute 49 86 2802
Iona College 13 33 3906
Indiana State University 10 31 8596
Lafayette College 36 59 2018
North Carolina A. & T. State University 12 33 6162
University of Maine at Presque Isle 10 40 974
Dominican College of Blauvelt 4 19 756
Marywood College 13 51 1452
Gettysburg College 42 78 1944
Grand Valley State University 20 60 8234
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville 25 65 9978
Lewis University 12 31 2192
Marist College 12 31 3557
Simpson College 27 57 1116
Eastern Connecticut State University 14 50 2766
Winona State University 20 45 5800
St. Mary's College of California 36 80 2615
Manhattan College 20 63 2578
Drake University 34 65 3322
Salem College 28 69 534
University of Central Florida 25 60 12330
University of Florida 54 85 24470
Mankato State University 9 29 9649
Savannah Coll. of Art and Design 20 65 1897
University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 12 37 11561
Louisiana College 33 61 912
SUNY College at Brockport 7 34 5758
Delta State University 15 48 2806
Eastern Nazarene College 17 40 1238
Louisiana Tech University 22 45 6720
Oglethorpe University 56 87 769
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech. 40 73 1017
Smith College 51 88 2479
Saint Francis College 21 45 1223
Viterbo College 17 43 1014
Widener University 24 64 2186
Gonzaga University 31 67 2523
Montclair State University 19 53 6411
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 96 99 4481
Guilford College 18 44 1410
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville 13 40 6063
Barnard College 53 95 2121
Piedmont College 20 40 641
Talladega College 30 60 908
Susquehanna University 27 59 1442
Brigham Young University at Provo 48 82 27378
Missouri Valley College 5 35 1057
Franklin Pierce College 3 14 1818
Sioux Falls College 13 35 614
Hastings College 22 52 935
Prairie View A. and M. University 10 22 4564
Virginia Commonwealth University 18 45 10262
La Salle University 20 56 2738
SUNY College at Buffalo 8 29 7626
University of Wisconsin at Madison 36 80 23945
University of Scranton 29 60 3674
Anderson University 19 40 1819
Indiana University at Bloomington 25 72 24763
Fayetteville State University 1 16 2632
University of Sci. and Arts of Oklahoma 21 43 1140
University of Portland 27 58 2041
College of Mount St. Vincent 23 46 707
Clarkson University 35 68 2332
Emporia State University 43 79 3957
University of Maryland at College Park 22 53 19340
Milwaukee School of Engineering 36 69 1773
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 12 38 7804
Johnson State College 3 13 1224
Stonehill College 25 69 2022
SUNY College at Purchase 5 33 2478
Northwestern College 22 56 1040
Merrimack College 18 36 1927
Mississippi College 36 57 1695
Mississippi University for Women 19 46 1673
George Fox College 27 52 1271
College of Santa Fe 16 42 873
Aquinas College 20 51 1251
Point Park College 7 38 1173
Stephens College 17 34 614
University of California at Irvine 85 100 12677
Macalester College 56 86 1723
Bellarmine College 39 63 1198
Flagler College 18 52 1345
Wheaton College IL 56 84 2200
James Madison University 32 72 9652
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania 17 41 3390
Eastern College 16 42 1057
Wisconsin Lutheran College 17 41 282
Tri-State University 14 40 978
Centre College 55 82 943
University of Wisconsin at Green Bay 17 50 3819
SUNY at Binghamton 60 94 8544
New Jersey Institute of Technology 27 62 3311
Loras College 20 39 1663
Pacific University 41 71 1041
Longwood College 12 47 2874
Mount Saint Mary College 14 48 1170
Illinois Institute of Technology 42 77 1911
Marshall University 14 60 7703
Denison University 32 60 1835
Rutgers State University at Camden 27 79 2585
Saint Olaf College 38 73 2888
Bowling Green State University 14 45 13699
University of North Carolina at Greensboro 15 44 7532
Morris College 2 13 926
Wentworth Institute of Technology 6 25 2961
Albright College 30 63 973
SUNY at Buffalo 36 100 13963
Birmingham-Southern College 67 88 1376
Baylor University 34 66 9919
Harding University 35 75 3128
Adelphi University 16 29 2683
Whitman College 45 77 1220
Hampton University 25 63 4623
Concordia University 22 56 1168
Tiffin University 5 21 662
Saint Mary's College of Minnesota 14 35 1263
Georgia State University 9 24 7732
Andrews University 14 23 1586
North Carolina Wesleyan College 7 24 646
Buena Vista College 32 70 1928
Tuskegee University 20 59 2825
Randolph-Macon Woman's College 35 66 653
Hartwick College 22 49 1464
Bradley University 30 58 4531
Rider University 16 31 2748
University of Tulsa 41 68 2936
Huron University 3 9 392
St. Martin's College 5 25 494
Phillips University 19 50 597
Millersville University of Penn. 22 60 5146
University of Cincinnati 26 57 11036
Augustana College IL 36 69 1950
Brewton-Parker College 10 26 1320
Dickinson College 31 68 1889
Saint Peter's College 23 38 1921
Boston University 45 80 14971
Rosary College 28 53 624
Albertson College 38 62 678
Rutgers State University at Newark 26 62 4005
Brandeis University 48 77 2819
St. John Fisher College 19 51 1687
Lenoir-Rhyne College 25 46 1188
Central Connecticut State University 6 24 6394
Linfield College 48 72 1548
Trinity College CT 46 84 1737
Assumption College 23 59 1708
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 75 92 14609
Bluefield College 15 30 653
Beaver College 23 56 878
SUNY College at Geneseo 56 93 5060
Jamestown College 14 41 9950
Monmouth College 14 34 1893
Campbell University 20 54 3191
University of Georgia 43 79 19553
Virginia Union University 19 59 1298
Georgia Institute of Technology 89 99 8528
Coe College 29 60 1127
Carnegie Mellon University 60 89 4265
University of Wisconsin-Superior 14 53 1434
Angelo State University 24 54 4190
MidAmerica Nazarene College 15 36 1100
Coker College 15 47 690
Alderson-Broaddus College 21 44 799
D'Youville College 18 47 1074
Bethune Cookman College 12 30 2128
Northwest Nazarene College 29 52 1115
Alma College 44 73 1306
Siena College 24 68 2669
University of Minnesota at Morris 56 86 1846
St. Mary's College of Maryland 42 73 1315
Upper Iowa University 10 35 1481
Bridgewater College 22 53 881
Carroll College 19 55 1357
Union College NY 49 84 1915
Walsh University 27 92 847
East Carolina University 14 44 13171
Meredith College 25 58 1721
Chatham College 28 56 471
Hanover College 33 65 1024
Mount Saint Mary's College 15 36 1243
Saint Michael's College 16 64 1715
Michigan State University 23 57 26640
Eckerd College 33 65 1363
University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth 10 37 4664
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University 14 40 4772
Calvin College 29 56 3401
Winthrop University 24 61 3395
Miami University at Oxford 35 39 13606
Westminster College MO 20 43 665
Western Carolina University 11 31 5000
Sacred Heart University 19 51 1707
Illinois Benedictine College 22 47 1222
Baker University 21 47 958
Harvard University 90 100 6862
George Mason University 17 29 9528
Wellesley College 80 96 2195
Ursinus College 44 77 1131
Bloomsburg Univ. of Pennsylvania 15 55 5847
Tennessee Wesleyan College 7 29 402
Texas Southern University 15 85 5584
University of Evansville 35 67 2551
University of North Dakota 20 54 8334
Northwestern University 85 98 7450
Mount Saint Clare College 16 33 364
Ohio Northern University 35 62 2502
Reed College 47 80 1199
Brenau University 12 41 917
Arkansas Tech University 12 52 3602
Bemidji State University 12 36 3796
Saint Louis University 44 67 4576
Oklahoma Christian University 22 44 1419
Cabrini College 8 28 1035
University of Pennsylvania 85 100 9205
Michigan Technological University 42 77 5524
Texas Wesleyan University 19 44 1204
Benedictine College 14 24 702
Central Missouri State University 10 35 8094
Johns Hopkins University 75 94 3566
Furman University 56 82 2371
Wingate College 10 34 1207
University of North Carolina at Charlotte 19 62 10099
Millikin University 29 62 1788
McMurry University 25 50 880
Wagner College 10 44 1324
Loyola University Chicago 25 55 5244
Shippensburg University of Penn. 14 53 5268
Western State College of Colorado 7 24 2315
Grove City College 57 88 2213
Lycoming College 16 37 1363
Oklahoma Baptist University 35 59 1707
Rocky Mountain College 11 31 743
San Diego State University 20 70 16407
Southwest State University 13 33 2091
Villanova University 30 68 6362
Grace College and Seminary 18 46 618
St. Norbert College 30 56 1946
Samford University 34 76 2959
Mercer University 37 70 2943
St. Bonaventure University 13 45 1688
Gardner Webb University 18 36 1603
Northern Illinois University 12 37 14826
Arkansas College (Lyon College) 46 74 530
Centenary College of Louisiana 35 55 775
Goshen College 26 51 910
Eastern Mennonite College 19 48 903
National-Louis University 23 48 2508
Maryville University 26 51 1343
Lehigh University 40 84 4298
Yale University 95 99 5217
Hillsdale College 35 66 1133
Westminster College of Salt Lake City 21 60 979
Marymount Manhattan College 21 30 988
Fresno Pacific College 51 87 704
Virginia Tech 29 53 18511
Colorado College 56 87 1892
Quincy University 22 66 1070
University of Mobile 17 54 1417
Albion College 37 68 1594
West Chester University of Penn. 11 51 7484
Moorhead State University 12 37 5983
Worcester State College 4 26 3089
University of Maine at Farmington 20 48 1906
Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ. 20 50 2962
Franklin College 29 72 840
University of Missouri at Columbia 32 62 14782
University of Alabama at Birmingham 24 35 6960
Georgetown University 71 93 5881
Schreiner College 19 51 521
King's College 20 45 500
Spring Arbor College 15 32 1501
University of West Florida 20 57 3754
University of Massachusetts at Amherst 12 39 16282
Stockton College of New Jersey 23 65 4365
Beloit College 26 54 1085
Rivier College 6 28 590
SUNY College at Potsdam 16 51 3598
Connecticut College 42 93 1630
Radford University 15 37 8077
Western Washington University 30 71 8909
College of Mount St. Joseph 14 41 1165
Graceland College 14 41 996
Southern Methodist University 41 69 4892
Texas Christian University 33 64 5064
Dordt College 25 50 1048
Adrian College 22 50 1036
College of Charleston 22 55 6851
Greenville College 20 46 771
Santa Clara University 40 73 3891
University of North Carolina at Wilmington 15 67 6635
Northeastern University 16 42 11160
Southwest Baptist University 12 32 1770
Loyola University 24 80 2740
University of La Verne 16 38 1431
Fairfield University 30 66 2984
Virginia State University 2 30 3006
Wittenberg University 42 68 1980
Barat College 15 36 453
University of Rhode Island 12 40 8894
Voorhees College 10 30 703
Ithaca College 23 52 5612
Albertus Magnus College 17 45 416
University of the Pacific 36 66 2664
Elon College 11 39 2933
University of California at Berkeley 95 100 19532
University of Richmond 46 72 2854
Creighton University 30 60 3450
University of Montevallo 18 78 2385
Purdue University at West Lafayette 29 60 26213
Christian Brothers University 16 42 1068
Moravian College 23 58 1241
Stevens Institute of Technology 51 93 1263
University of San Diego 40 70 3698
The Citadel 12 36 2024
University of North Texas 23 51 14047
Ohio Wesleyan University 36 65 1780
Webber College 5 27 327
Ohio University 21 54 14861
Grinnell College 56 91 1333
University of Texas at San Antonio 17 46 9375
West Virginia Wesleyan College 28 55 1509
Cornell College 33 68 1140
University of Dallas 44 74 1058
Marietta College 27 60 1089
Hofstra University 25 63 6534
Washington University 62 93 4879
Salem-Teikyo University 23 52 700
Concordia Lutheran College 16 34 534
Campbellsville College 25 55 935
Quinnipiac College 17 45 2677
Canisius College 16 34 2978
Rutgers at New Brunswick 36 79 21401
Concordia College at St. Paul 13 29 1049
Southern California College 18 38 784
Bentley College 20 60 3095
Caldwell College 17 42 693
Milligan College 26 52 685
Capitol College 10 52 282
Univ. of Wisconsin at OshKosh 14 48 7764
University of Virginia 74 95 11278
Western New England College 7 21 1803
Westminster College PA 21 55 1335
Juniata College 36 55 1075
Fontbonne College 16 49 981
Illinois Wesleyan University 55 86 1818
Bucknell University 49 85 3316
Pacific Union College 20 48 1316
Daniel Webster College 12 30 460
Austin College 42 74 1120
Scripps College 60 83 569
University of Southern Indiana 8 25 4283
Trinity University 62 93 2110
Dillard University 41 88 1539
Bryn Mawr College 71 95 1088
Dickinson State University 10 30 1376
Loyola Marymount University 42 64 3558
Augsburg College 12 30 2074
University of Texas at Austin 48 85 30017
Tusculum College 12 34 983
Pitzer College 37 73 750
Kentucky Wesleyan College 20 49 662
Gannon University 24 57 2693
Butler University 40 68 2607
Rockhurst College 22 50 1127
Trinity College DC 19 49 309
Columbia University 78 96 3376
Muskingum College 24 46 1115
Georgian Court College 12 52 1095
Alaska Pacific University 16 44 249
Blackburn College 25 55 421
Iowa State University 26 59 18676
Hamline University 34 73 1362
Bethel College 11 28 347
University of Oklahoma 32 63 13436
Houghton College 30 70 1210
College of the Holy Cross 70 95 2675
St. Mary's University of San Antonio 33 60 2149
Point Loma Nazarene College 20 43 1889
Allegheny College 44 77 1707
West Liberty State College 12 25 2138
Drury College 33 66 1065
Barry University 18 45 1811
Cazenovia College 9 35 1010
College of St. Joseph 12 21 201
Saint Francis College IN 13 36 513
Kansas State University 25 55 14914
Elmira College 27 50 1109
Norwich University 8 29 1862
Hendrix College 52 87 954
University of Oregon 25 61 11669
East Tennessee State University 15 36 6706
Montana College of Mineral Sci. & Tech. 45 72 1470
Amherst College 83 96 1593
Berry College 37 68 1620
Goucher College 40 64 850
California Lutheran University 23 52 1427
Bethany College 16 41 706
SUNY College at New Paltz 19 53 4658
Florida State University 50 90 18906
Clarke College 14 45 604
Tulane University 47 75 4941
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 53 82 4291
Clark University 30 61 1928
University of St. Thomas TX 45 77 995
College of Saint Catherine 23 51 1692
Ursuline College 21 47 699
Lindenwood College 6 33 2155
La Roche College 10 41 650
Gustavus Adolphus College 36 72 2281
McPherson College 11 32 336
Columbia College 21 67 968
College of Saint Rose 23 57 1698
John Brown University 24 53 961
Fort Lewis College 16 35 3793
Messiah College 30 64 2258
Salisbury State University 20 52 4296
University of Northern Colorado 12 37 8463
University of Louisville 16 33 9844
Saint Joseph College 20 52 543
Saint Joseph's College IN 24 42 815
North Park College 19 39 879
Bard College 50 85 1004
Saint Anselm College 15 40 1873
Husson College 10 30 951
Emory University 76 97 5544
Waynesburg College 12 30 1280
Mount St. Mary's College 37 90 1039
Colorado State University 29 65 15646
University of Washington 40 81 20356
Lynchburg College 3 21 1524
Goldey Beacom College 10 27 823
SUNY at Albany 16 61 10168
Carthage College 20 43 1405
SUNY College at Cortland 6 40 5011
Sarah Lawrence College 57 82 1000
University of Vermont 18 51 7353
Saint Ambrose University 12 48 1345
Mayville State University 5 12 658
College of St. Scholastica 29 60 1350
Francis Marion University 13 38 3224
Florida International University 42 89 10208
Maryville College 26 52 624
Vassar College 53 87 2164
University of Miami 42 69 7760
Presbyterian College 34 63 1133
Luther College 38 72 2269
Castleton State College 9 22 1547
Wesley College 10 25 872
Marian College of Fond du Lac 15 41 1160
Clinch Valley Coll. of the Univ. of Virginia 15 30 1125
Valley City State University 5 27 863
Eureka College 36 56 484
SUNY College at Oswego 17 70 6943
Hardin-Simmons University 16 40 1365
University of Rochester 56 75 5071
Dartmouth College 87 99 3918
Hamilton College 40 82 1646
Belmont Abbey College 17 36 709
Skidmore College 25 62 2322
George Washington University 38 71 5471
Virginia Wesleyan College 20 49 1130
Immaculata College 16 44 494
University of San Francisco 23 48 4309
College of Notre Dame 11 42 500
Saint Cloud State University 10 34 11493
Cedarville College 25 55 2196
University of Northern Iowa 18 52 10135
Lambuth University 15 35 840
California State University at Fresno 5 60 13494
Rhodes College 58 82 1345
Whittier College 35 63 1235
Wilson College 16 50 199
Saint Xavier University 15 65 1670
Polytechnic University 58 89 1379
Wayne State College 6 21 2754
Regis College 18 38 581
Hiram College 37 66 1000
Roger Williams University 10 20 2111
University of North Florida 44 85 3876
LaGrange College 15 35 600
University of the South 46 83 1129
Williams College 81 96 1988
University of South Carolina at Aiken 14 24 1855
Converse College 35 70 643
Bethel College KS 19 42 537
Mississippi State University 18 57 10094
Hampden - Sydney College 20 40 945
Northeast Missouri State University 36 72 5640
Pennsylvania State Univ. Main Campus 48 93 28938
University of South Florida 29 63 14770
St. Thomas Aquinas College 10 27 1117
Saint Joseph's College 12 33 716
University of Delaware 22 57 14130
Alverno College 23 46 1317
Franciscan University of Steubenville 22 49 1301
Colgate University 46 75 2649
Seton Hill College 24 56 752
Colby College 58 84 1720
Wofford College 51 83 1059
Texas Lutheran College 27 57 895
Knox College 48 77 967
Randolph-Macon College 21 46 1071
Pfeiffer College 11 25 654
University of Mississippi 26 47 7524
Millsaps College 32 61 1073
Montreat-Anderson College 10 24 316
Davidson College 77 96 1601
University of South Carolina at Columbia 30 66 12594
Lamar University 10 27 5438
Wesleyan University 60 86 2714
Illinois State University 10 35 15701
Catholic University of America 24 49 2159
St. Lawrence University 31 56 1801
University of Wisconsin-Stout 9 32 6038
Occidental College 52 81 1686
Hood College 36 64 710
College of William and Mary 68 88 5186
University of Detroit Mercy 24 50 2149
University of the Arts 5 22 1145
Seattle Pacific University 42 82 1922
P.Undergrad Room.Board Books
Webster University 1550 4340 500
University of Maryland at Baltimore County 2592 4408 494
Keuka College 55 4550 600
Stetson University 81 4565 600
University of Hawaii at Manoa 2411 3038 687
Chapman University 209 5895 600
DePauw University 36 5020 550
Earlham College 13 4056 600
Morningside College 228 3678 500
Judson College 67 4554 500
Lewis and Clark College 59 4790 450
California Polytechnic-San Luis 1404 4877 612
Marymount College Tarrytown 370 6450 575
Chestnut Hill College 232 5015 700
Murray State University 955 3110 700
Kansas Wesleyan University 258 3250 500
McKendree College 684 3740 500
Siena Heights College 287 3880 475
Lesley College 336 5300 550
Gordon College 39 4070 400
Baldwin-Wallace College 1460 4410 1000
Wilkes University 603 5130 550
Hollins College 74 5515 500
Rowan College of New Jersey 3942 4830 800
St. Paul's College 34 3650 600
Lincoln University 33 3400 350
University of Connecticut at Storrs 1660 5072 700
Drew University 87 5616 520
Harvey Mudd College 5 6690 700
Georgetown College 48 3950 550
Pembroke State University 529 2760 550
Greensboro College 314 3770 550
College of Saint Elizabeth 968 5250 380
Florida Institute of Technology 233 4140 750
Saint John's University 72 4081 500
Manchester College 51 3850 525
Saint Joseph's University 1314 6350 350
North Adams State College 136 4330 500
Lander University 341 2987 528
Center for Creative Studies 323 6643 2340
Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge 3757 2980 600
Green Mountain College 42 2700 400
Dana College 84 3322 450
Taylor University 81 4000 450
Livingstone College 11 3400 800
Marymount University 776 5280 500
University of Nebraska at Lincoln 3171 3145 500
Mount Mary College 487 3119 550
Emory & Henry College 32 4408 700
Wheeling Jesuit College 305 4545 600
Westmont College 9 5304 490
Saint Vincent College 182 3936 500
University of Utah 8374 3975 858
Central Washington University 898 3603 654
University of Dayton 665 4220 500
Augustana College 300 3244 600
Transylvania University 51 4450 500
York College of Pennsylvania 1726 3560 500
Syracuse University 117 6870 635
Mesa State College 911 3798 540
Agnes Scott College 63 5450 450
Westfield State College 941 3788 500
Huntington College 43 3920 300
Our Lady of the Lake University 942 3644 616
MacMurray College 63 3750 550
Texas A&M Univ. at College Station 2798 3412 600
East Texas Baptist University 151 2780 530
Hobart and William Smith Colleges 5 5841 600
Incarnate Word College 556 4689 750
Trinity College VT 541 5208 550
Central College 40 3660 650
University of Illinois at Chicago 2916 5088 630
Concordia University CA 101 4440 570
Queens College 549 4970 610
University of Denver 554 4695 400
Lebanon Valley College 502 4755 400
Northern Arizona University 2682 3728 620
Capital University 960 4000 500
Westminster College 72 3615 430
Niagara University 334 4762 450
Oakland University 3982 4030 400
Washington State University 1344 4210 800
Spalding University 263 2800 600
University of Texas at Arlington 8431 2780 500
University of Charleston 611 3540 400
University of Puget Sound 138 4500 630
Xavier University of Louisiana 166 4200 617
College Misericordia 493 5760 550
Claflin College 13 2460 500
Le Moyne College 558 4840 400
Averett College 538 4135 750
Indiana Wesleyan University 707 3782 700
Central Wesleyan College 33 3080 600
Southwestern College 147 3532 550
St. John's College 4 5450 275
Whitworth College 160 4500 678
Columbia College MO 5346 3700 400
Bluffton College 81 3990 400
LeTourneau University 77 4240 600
Union College KY 78 2950 500
Simmons College 160 6950 500
Worcester Polytechnic Institute 86 5370 530
Iona College 1446 6790 570
Indiana State University 1949 3706 600
Lafayette College 226 5740 600
North Carolina A. & T. State University 871 1780 600
University of Maine at Presque Isle 503 3630 400
Dominican College of Blauvelt 863 5500 600
Marywood College 402 4500 600
Gettysburg College 46 4328 500
Grand Valley State University 2619 3800 500
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville 1530 3300 500
Lewis University 1423 4520 500
Marist College 658 5925 550
Simpson College 602 4980 550
Eastern Connecticut State University 1531 4316 650
Winona State University 872 2700 300
St. Mary's College of California 248 6354 630
Manhattan College 254 6800 500
Drake University 726 4770 560
Salem College 216 6300 500
University of Central Florida 7152 4234 700
University of Florida 3286 4180 630
Mankato State University 1792 2643 450
Savannah Coll. of Art and Design 208 5000 1200
University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 7443 2964 570
Louisiana College 158 3036 500
SUNY College at Brockport 1363 4460 500
Delta State University 538 1880 500
Eastern Nazarene College 30 3500 450
Louisiana Tech University 1822 2325 618
Oglethorpe University 377 4340 600
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech. 411 3214 600
Smith College 95 6390 500
Saint Francis College 451 5050 400
Viterbo College 387 3365 500
Widener University 2171 5370 500
Gonzaga University 296 4450 600
Montclair State University 3186 4834 700
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 28 5975 725
Guilford College 299 5160 450
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville 2550 3598 221
Barnard College 69 8124 600
Piedmont College 63 3620 600
Talladega College 119 2964 1000
Susquehanna University 166 4710 400
Brigham Young University at Provo 1253 3580 860
Missouri Valley College 175 5050 400
Franklin Pierce College 1197 4630 500
Sioux Falls College 271 3064 500
Hastings College 37 3272 500
Prairie View A. and M. University 448 3500 598
Virginia Commonwealth University 5065 4182 500
La Salle University 1662 5610 450
SUNY College at Buffalo 2091 4040 550
University of Wisconsin at Madison 2200 4290 535
University of Scranton 493 5986 650
Anderson University 281 3520 550
Indiana University at Bloomington 2717 3990 600
Fayetteville State University 617 2550 350
University of Sci. and Arts of Oklahoma 473 1920 600
University of Portland 174 4100 600
College of Mount St. Vincent 432 5770 500
Clarkson University 53 5580 700
Emporia State University 588 3144 450
University of Maryland at College Park 3991 5146 550
Milwaukee School of Engineering 884 3255 1000
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 1552 2500 300
Johnson State College 345 4690 500
Stonehill College 926 6172 480
SUNY College at Purchase 1441 4760 1125
Northwestern College 52 3075 300
Merrimack College 1084 6200 375
Mississippi College 721 2830 600
Mississippi University for Women 1014 2217 600
George Fox College 43 4130 400
College of Santa Fe 683 4138 600
Aquinas College 767 4124 350
Point Park College 1402 4830 400
Stephens College 388 5200 450
University of California at Irvine 864 5302 790
Macalester College 113 4772 500
Bellarmine College 605 2950 750
Flagler College 44 3200 500
Wheaton College IL 56 4200 530
James Madison University 742 4544 500
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania 325 3620 225
Eastern College 355 4800 450
Wisconsin Lutheran College 22 3700 500
Tri-State University 98 4350 468
Centre College 7 4270 600
University of Wisconsin at Green Bay 1347 2800 475
SUNY at Binghamton 671 4598 700
New Jersey Institute of Technology 1646 5376 700
Loras College 170 4000 500
Pacific University 35 3994 450
Longwood College 118 3962 550
Mount Saint Mary College 429 4600 250
Illinois Institute of Technology 626 4620 500
Marshall University 2339 4010 700
Denison University 14 4720 500
Rutgers State University at Camden 1300 4748 690
Saint Olaf College 105 3750 550
Bowling Green State University 1213 3352 600
University of North Carolina at Greensboro 1847 3505 600
Morris College 12 2550 850
Wentworth Institute of Technology 572 6050 850
Albright College 306 4400 300
SUNY at Buffalo 3124 4731 708
Birmingham-Southern College 207 4325 400
Baylor University 484 3920 600
Harding University 213 3528 700
Adelphi University 1227 6450 750
Whitman College 46 4900 750
Hampton University 740 3518 600
Concordia University 145 4191 400
Tiffin University 351 3800 600
Saint Mary's College of Minnesota 118 3600 400
Georgia State University 9054 2655 720
Andrews University 326 3090 900
North Carolina Wesleyan College 84 4230 600
Buena Vista College 442 3797 450
Tuskegee University 144 3395 600
Randolph-Macon Woman's College 56 6110 370
Hartwick College 67 4780 500
Bradley University 643 4440 2000
Rider University 1309 5420 700
University of Tulsa 433 4160 1200
Huron University 69 3090 600
St. Martin's College 574 4270 300
Phillips University 83 3860 600
Millersville University of Penn. 1532 3830 450
University of Cincinnati 2011 4697 556
Augustana College IL 38 4173 540
Brewton-Parker College 822 2370 500
Dickinson College 62 5000 595
Saint Peter's College 1154 5520 500
Boston University 3113 6810 475
Rosary College 269 4600 550
Albertson College 41 3335 500
Rutgers State University at Newark 1886 4748 690
Brandeis University 62 6750 410
St. John Fisher College 677 5600 400
Lenoir-Rhyne College 166 4000 400
Central Connecticut State University 3881 4444 500
Linfield College 840 4210 500
Trinity College CT 244 5690 500
Assumption College 689 5920 500
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1100 4200 550
Bluefield College 129 4350 450
Beaver College 519 5400 400
SUNY College at Geneseo 146 4170 600
Jamestown College 71 3050 400
Monmouth College 847 5290 530
Campbell University 1204 2790 600
University of Georgia 2748 3600 525
Virginia Union University 67 3494 500
Georgia Institute of Technology 654 4438 795
Coe College 205 4390 500
Carnegie Mellon University 291 5690 450
University of Wisconsin-Superior 417 2780 550
Angelo State University 1512 3592 500
MidAmerica Nazarene College 166 3720 1100
Coker College 222 4502 400
Alderson-Broaddus College 78 3380 660
D'Youville College 336 4310 680
Bethune Cookman College 82 3396 650
Northwest Nazarene College 60 2820 450
Alma College 28 4552 400
Siena College 616 5100 575
University of Minnesota at Morris 154 3180 600
St. Mary's College of Maryland 209 4730 675
Upper Iowa University 1160 3060 500
Bridgewater College 55 4725 560
Carroll College 737 3880 480
Union College NY 123 6204 450
Walsh University 497 4180 500
East Carolina University 1687 3240 500
Meredith College 470 3250 450
Chatham College 148 5230 400
Hanover College 15 3485 500
Mount Saint Mary's College 79 6200 550
Saint Michael's College 106 5860 500
Michigan State University 4120 3734 504
Eckerd College 23 4080 600
University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth 1630 4500 500
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University 856 3750 570
Calvin College 136 3710 400
Winthrop University 670 3392 580
Miami University at Oxford 807 3960 500
Westminster College MO 37 4050 600
Western Carolina University 706 2380 110
Sacred Heart University 1889 5780 400
Illinois Benedictine College 519 4348 650
Baker University 466 4100 400
Harvard University 320 6410 500
George Mason University 3822 4840 580
Wellesley College 156 5995 500
Ursinus College 17 5160 500
Bloomsburg Univ. of Pennsylvania 946 2948 500
Tennessee Wesleyan College 237 3640 400
Texas Southern University 3101 3360 600
University of Evansville 407 4340 700
University of North Dakota 1435 2703 450
Northwestern University 45 5520 759
Mount Saint Clare College 88 3650 500
Ohio Northern University 66 4080 600
Reed College 61 5490 500
Brenau University 479 5879 500
Arkansas Tech University 939 2650 450
Bemidji State University 824 2700 660
Saint Louis University 1140 4730 800
Oklahoma Christian University 228 3150 500
Cabrini College 446 6250 300
University of Pennsylvania 531 7270 500
Michigan Technological University 414 3978 900
Texas Wesleyan University 392 3484 600
Benedictine College 501 3850 350
Central Missouri State University 1596 3288 300
Johns Hopkins University 1569 6740 500
Furman University 175 4048 600
Wingate College 157 3400 550
University of North Carolina at Charlotte 3255 3109 600
Millikin University 95 4378 450
McMurry University 477 3452 400
Wagner College 117 5800 585
Loyola University Chicago 3417 5330 700
Shippensburg University of Penn. 300 3504 450
Western State College of Colorado 146 3755 500
Grove City College 35 3048 525
Lycoming College 74 4300 500
Oklahoma Baptist University 705 3140 515
Rocky Mountain College 118 3362 600
San Diego State University 5550 5110 612
Southwest State University 546 2750 600
Villanova University 1292 6507 400
Grace College and Seminary 113 3670 300
St. Norbert College 95 4450 425
Samford University 402 3700 569
Mercer University 1260 4081 400
St. Bonaventure University 131 4927 500
Gardner Webb University 374 4270 500
Northern Illinois University 1979 3296 470
Arkansas College (Lyon College) 182 3922 500
Centenary College of Louisiana 44 3490 600
Goshen College 166 3730 600
Eastern Mennonite College 59 3800 600
National-Louis University 505 4500 650
Maryville University 1751 4550 425
Lehigh University 132 5580 750
Yale University 83 6510 630
Hillsdale College 42 4700 400
Westminster College of Salt Lake City 743 4050 600
Marymount Manhattan College 785 7000 350
Fresno Pacific College 63 3670 630
Virginia Tech 604 3176 740
Colorado College 7 4190 450
Quincy University 72 4140 450
University of Mobile 301 3680 550
Albion College 32 4826 450
West Chester University of Penn. 1904 4108 400
Moorhead State University 1075 2664 600
Worcester State College 2029 3900 500
University of Maine at Farmington 344 3970 450
Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ. 651 2619 450
Franklin College 68 4040 525
University of Missouri at Columbia 1583 3485 600
University of Alabama at Birmingham 4698 5175 750
Georgetown University 406 7131 670
Schreiner College 99 5900 500
King's College 541 5160 400
Spring Arbor College 353 3550 385
University of West Florida 2477 3994 541
University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1940 3897 500
Stockton College of New Jersey 765 4351 711
Beloit College 81 3616 355
Rivier College 1196 4860 600
SUNY College at Potsdam 234 4660 500
Connecticut College 232 6300 600
Radford University 472 4110 500
Western Washington University 506 4144 639
College of Mount St. Joseph 1232 4430 400
Graceland College 2281 3100 550
Southern Methodist University 387 5078 576
Texas Christian University 660 3320 650
Dordt College 56 2650 450
Adrian College 99 3750 400
College of Charleston 1200 3460 666
Greenville College 53 4530 400
Santa Clara University 128 5928 630
University of North Carolina at Wilmington 1145 3680 500
Northeastern University 10221 7425 600
Southwest Baptist University 967 2500 400
Loyola University 761 5870 600
University of La Verne 1522 5050 630
Fairfield University 1037 6200 700
Virginia State University 338 4845 500
Wittenberg University 144 4404 400
Barat College 266 4300 500
University of Rhode Island 2456 5558 500
Voorhees College 20 2522 500
Ithaca College 166 6192 634
Albertus Magnus College 230 5720 500
University of the Pacific 299 5326 646
Elon College 334 3883 490
University of California at Berkeley 2061 6246 636
University of Richmond 594 3285 700
Creighton University 644 4372 650
University of Montevallo 331 3030 300
Purdue University at West Lafayette 4065 3990 570
Christian Brothers University 364 3260 600
Moravian College 485 4730 550
Stevens Institute of Technology 11 5680 450
University of San Diego 217 5940 630
The Citadel 292 2439 400
University of North Texas 5134 3579 450
Ohio Wesleyan University 48 5650 550
Webber College 110 2900 650
Ohio University 1310 4095 550
Grinnell College 30 4618 400
University of Texas at San Antonio 5457 5376 452
West Virginia Wesleyan College 170 3775 450
Cornell College 10 4323 550
University of Dallas 73 6230 500
Marietta College 210 3920 470
Hofstra University 1350 5920 1000
Washington University 1274 5775 768
Salem-Teikyo University 45 3952 400
Concordia Lutheran College 172 3800 450
Campbellsville College 184 3070 600
Quinnipiac College 714 6140 1000
Canisius College 434 5340 400
Rutgers at New Brunswick 3712 4748 690
Concordia College at St. Paul 181 3750 450
Southern California College 127 4124 630
Bentley College 1533 5510 630
Caldwell College 868 4600 425
Milligan College 49 3300 550
Capitol College 331 2812 300
Univ. of Wisconsin at OshKosh 1472 2394 518
University of Virginia 114 3792 500
Western New England College 1116 5500 498
Westminster College PA 30 5970 700
Juniata College 43 4460 450
Fontbonne College 337 4100 350
Illinois Wesleyan University 23 4090 400
Bucknell University 31 4750 800
Pacific Union College 139 3825 630
Daniel Webster College 536 4934 500
Austin College 15 4342 400
Scripps College 7 7350 600
University of Southern Indiana 2973 3192 500
Trinity University 95 5150 500
Dillard University 45 3650 500
Bryn Mawr College 16 6750 500
Dickinson State University 237 2146 600
Loyola Marymount University 436 5916 545
Augsburg College 726 4372 540
University of Texas at Austin 5189 3309 650
Tusculum College 40 3400 450
Pitzer College 30 5900 650
Kentucky Wesleyan College 121 4150 500
Gannon University 691 4280 500
Butler University 148 4650 500
Rockhurst College 754 4100 500
Trinity College DC 639 6430 500
Columbia University 55 6664 550
Muskingum College 70 3914 600
Georgian Court College 785 3950 500
Alaska Pacific University 869 4120 800
Blackburn College 27 2700 500
Iowa State University 1715 3224 640
Hamline University 102 4194 450
Bethel College 74 2900 600
University of Oklahoma 2582 3526 765
Houghton College 26 3550 500
College of the Holy Cross 22 6300 400
St. Mary's University of San Antonio 418 3858 700
Point Loma Nazarene College 217 4190 800
Allegheny College 44 4440 400
West Liberty State College 227 2890 600
Drury College 48 3523 500
Barry University 3144 5360 600
Cazenovia College 12 4840 600
College of St. Joseph 173 4850 450
Saint Francis College IN 247 3820 450
Kansas State University 2246 3120 600
Elmira College 502 4980 450
Norwich University 382 5270 500
Hendrix College 6 3195 500
University of Oregon 1605 3660 570
East Tennessee State University 2640 3000 600
Montana College of Mineral Sci. & Tech. 416 3400 550
Amherst College 5 5300 660
Berry College 49 3940 350
Goucher College 80 6174 500
California Lutheran University 432 5300 612
Bethany College 62 3363 550
SUNY College at New Paltz 1478 4240 550
Florida State University 3242 4060 600
Clarke College 350 3676 350
Tulane University 1534 5950 350
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 16 5976 1230
Clark University 296 4200 500
University of St. Thomas TX 408 4050 500
College of Saint Catherine 562 4440 450
Ursuline College 717 4202 450
Lindenwood College 191 4800 1000
La Roche College 819 4782 600
Gustavus Adolphus College 50 3600 400
McPherson College 80 3750 600
Columbia College 237 3975 500
College of Saint Rose 894 5666 800
John Brown University 99 3672 400
Fort Lewis College 486 3320 500
Messiah College 53 5080 475
Salisbury State University 1027 4690 600
University of Northern Colorado 1498 4128 540
University of Louisville 6198 3600 530
Saint Joseph College 712 4600 650
Saint Joseph's College IN 222 4250 600
North Park College 156 4345 400
Bard College 15 6206 750
Saint Anselm College 94 5400 450
Husson College 706 4000 350
Emory University 192 6000 600
Waynesburg College 61 3620 500
Mount St. Mary's College 466 5678 630
Colorado State University 1829 4180 470
University of Washington 4582 4218 708
Lynchburg College 280 5400 450
Goldey Beacom College 963 2985 531
SUNY at Albany 1231 4355 700
Carthage College 580 3775 500
SUNY College at Cortland 346 4680 630
Sarah Lawrence College 105 6694 600
University of Vermont 1674 4928 500
Saint Ambrose University 390 4020 500
Mayville State University 58 2516 600
College of St. Scholastica 275 3696 450
Francis Marion University 436 3138 400
Florida International University 9310 2494 800
Maryville College 128 4208 500
Vassar College 77 5950 600
University of Miami 876 6526 630
Presbyterian College 30 3635 554
Luther College 85 3560 600
Castleton State College 294 4690 400
Wesley College 448 4674 500
Marian College of Fond du Lac 653 3400 500
Clinch Valley Coll. of the Univ. of Virginia 422 3689 600
Valley City State University 189 2570 600
Eureka College 16 3450 330
SUNY College at Oswego 869 4810 500
Hardin-Simmons University 334 2980 700
University of Rochester 438 6582 500
Dartmouth College 32 6070 550
Hamilton College 24 5050 300
Belmont Abbey College 131 4850 300
Skidmore College 263 5970 500
George Washington University 1470 6328 700
Virginia Wesleyan College 417 5100 500
Immaculata College 1305 5364 500
University of San Francisco 549 6452 750
College of Notre Dame 331 5520 630
Saint Cloud State University 2206 2625 350
Cedarville College 82 4410 570
University of Northern Iowa 1448 2930 595
Lambuth University 325 3430 600
California State University at Fresno 1254 4368 600
Rhodes College 59 4768 550
Whittier College 30 5699 500
Wilson College 676 5084 450
Saint Xavier University 726 4624 600
Polytechnic University 214 4200 436
Wayne State College 474 2660 540
Regis College 533 5800 450
Hiram College 275 4560 400
Roger Williams University 1489 6050 500
University of North Florida 3588 4360 600
LaGrange College 363 3585 750
University of the South 24 4080 450
Williams College 29 5790 500
University of South Carolina at Aiken 1412 3066 500
Converse College 80 3700 500
Bethel College KS 101 3580 500
Mississippi State University 1621 3084 480
Hampden - Sydney College 1 4773 660
Northeast Missouri State University 266 3416 400
Pennsylvania State Univ. Main Campus 2025 4060 512
University of South Florida 10962 3776 500
St. Thomas Aquinas College 815 5700 500
Saint Joseph's College 2196 5180 500
University of Delaware 4522 4230 530
Alverno College 1235 3640 650
Franciscan University of Steubenville 242 4400 600
Colgate University 25 5565 500
Seton Hill College 210 4180 350
Colby College 35 5590 500
Wofford College 34 4150 605
Texas Lutheran College 429 3410 490
Knox College 24 4062 400
Randolph-Macon College 27 3735 400
Pfeiffer College 162 3700 400
University of Mississippi 804 3810 600
Millsaps College 179 4402 550
Montreat-Anderson College 20 3372 500
Davidson College 6 5070 600
University of South Carolina at Columbia 3661 3522 495
Lamar University 4058 3040 508
Wesleyan University 27 5600 1400
Illinois State University 1823 3403 537
Catholic University of America 211 6408 526
St. Lawrence University 45 5730 650
University of Wisconsin-Stout 579 2592 376
Occidental College 35 5140 558
Hood College 399 6040 450
College of William and Mary 134 4298 600
University of Detroit Mercy 2217 3996 600
University of the Arts 39 3860 1300
Seattle Pacific University 704 4875 600
Personal PhD Terminal S.F.Ratio
Webster University 500 68 68 20.6
University of Maryland at Baltimore County 2768 82 88 18.4
Keuka College 750 55 94 13.3
Stetson University 1365 85 90 12.5
University of Hawaii at Manoa 1281 85 87 11.8
Chapman University 1100 72 80 12.8
DePauw University 950 78 94 11.1
Earlham College 600 90 94 10.6
Morningside College 1000 48 68 13.0
Judson College 1700 34 55 10.6
Lewis and Clark College 950 97 98 12.3
California Polytechnic-San Luis 2091 72 81 19.8
Marymount College Tarrytown 1075 71 93 10.3
Chestnut Hill College 850 71 71 8.3
Murray State University 940 72 76 20.2
Kansas Wesleyan University 1400 63 55 12.4
McKendree College 800 70 74 17.7
Siena Heights College 1090 29 49 7.2
Lesley College 805 71 88 27.8
Gordon College 1200 73 82 14.2
Baldwin-Wallace College 1000 68 74 17.6
Wilkes University 1260 78 92 13.3
Hollins College 850 78 91 11.1
Rowan College of New Jersey 800 76 81 22.1
St. Paul's College 600 45 45 14.0
Lincoln University 1400 71 72 12.6
University of Connecticut at Storrs 2300 89 95 16.0
Drew University 660 93 97 10.2
Harvey Mudd College 900 100 100 8.2
Georgetown College 550 73 76 13.3
Pembroke State University 1498 77 77 15.0
Greensboro College 1300 64 80 13.0
College of Saint Elizabeth 1000 68 70 11.4
Florida Institute of Technology 1500 90 90 10.6
Saint John's University 600 76 85 12.0
Manchester College 1450 63 72 11.8
Saint Joseph's University 1690 84 90 17.4
North Adams State College 1000 65 71 14.2
Lander University 1702 67 77 17.0
Center for Creative Studies 620 8 58 6.8
Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge 2242 83 87 15.9
Green Mountain College 850 77 83 14.0
Dana College 1450 46 51 12.6
Taylor University 1250 60 61 14.2
Livingstone College 900 53 93 10.4
Marymount University 750 77 82 10.6
University of Nebraska at Lincoln 2070 86 92 15.1
Mount Mary College 1125 51 51 10.7
Emory & Henry College 1600 79 88 13.9
Wheeling Jesuit College 600 66 71 14.1
Westmont College 1410 77 77 14.9
Saint Vincent College 900 62 64 12.3
University of Utah 3093 89 93 12.8
Central Washington University 1416 67 89 18.1
University of Dayton 900 81 85 14.8
Augustana College 1021 66 70 10.4
Transylvania University 1000 81 91 12.1
York College of Pennsylvania 1250 75 75 18.1
Syracuse University 960 73 84 11.3
Mesa State College 2256 48 48 28.8
Agnes Scott College 875 92 97 7.7
Westfield State College 1300 75 79 15.7
Huntington College 1300 76 76 11.8
Our Lady of the Lake University 1576 56 64 14.9
MacMurray College 950 49 55 10.8
Texas A&M Univ. at College Station 2144 89 91 23.1
East Texas Baptist University 1500 62 62 15.7
Hobart and William Smith Colleges 600 99 99 12.1
Incarnate Word College 2775 67 69 11.4
Trinity College VT 500 58 78 10.4
Central College 600 76 90 13.5
University of Illinois at Chicago 3228 82 84 10.0
Concordia University CA 1515 55 60 13.1
Queens College 1900 73 75 14.0
University of Denver 1350 84 91 15.9
Lebanon Valley College 1125 84 84 12.3
Northern Arizona University 2342 78 83 21.7
Capital University 800 64 69 12.1
Westminster College 685 62 78 12.5
Niagara University 650 68 100 14.2
Oakland University 650 88 90 19.7
Washington State University 2719 84 87 16.9
Spalding University 900 50 56 10.6
University of Texas at Arlington 2850 73 73 21.0
University of Charleston 750 26 58 2.5
University of Puget Sound 1800 79 86 15.0
Xavier University of Louisiana 781 67 75 14.4
College Misericordia 900 56 62 12.9
Claflin College 1000 69 69 16.9
Le Moyne College 900 89 92 13.3
Averett College 1350 59 67 22.4
Indiana Wesleyan University 1000 49 51 39.8
Central Wesleyan College 600 62 62 15.2
Southwestern College 1500 56 56 11.8
St. John's College 800 63 72 7.2
Whitworth College 2424 80 80 16.9
Columbia College MO 900 87 87 15.3
Bluffton College 900 76 71 13.3
LeTourneau University 1400 58 70 20.8
Union College KY 600 60 88 14.1
Simmons College 1200 74 81 8.9
Worcester Polytechnic Institute 730 92 94 15.2
Iona College 1150 66 83 16.0
Indiana State University 2500 72 76 16.6
Lafayette College 1000 93 96 10.5
North Carolina A. & T. State University 1651 72 72 16.7
University of Maine at Presque Isle 1675 67 67 15.2
Dominican College of Blauvelt 1800 43 43 12.7
Marywood College 700 65 76 11.8
Gettysburg College 500 94 95 12.1
Grand Valley State University 1000 64 66 20.6
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville 2000 73 89 14.8
Lewis University 1200 36 48 14.3
Marist College 1200 74 81 17.6
Simpson College 1400 66 73 15.8
Eastern Connecticut State University 500 71 76 16.9
Winona State University 1200 53 60 20.2
St. Mary's College of California 1584 88 89 16.1
Manhattan College 1800 92 92 13.6
Drake University 1675 88 93 15.0
Salem College 2000 68 68 11.2
University of Central Florida 1600 80 98 22.2
University of Florida 1530 88 97 13.4
Mankato State University 1660 57 68 19.0
Savannah Coll. of Art and Design 1600 14 98 16.1
University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 1980 79 87 15.9
Louisiana College 1655 64 74 10.5
SUNY College at Brockport 705 79 83 19.0
Delta State University 1200 49 63 17.1
Eastern Nazarene College 700 58 58 17.3
Louisiana Tech University 1656 66 77 20.0
Oglethorpe University 4110 91 95 13.1
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech. 1100 99 100 13.7
Smith College 1050 85 97 10.3
Saint Francis College 1235 64 64 19.3
Viterbo College 2245 51 65 10.7
Widener University 1350 88 86 12.6
Gonzaga University 2400 78 90 14.7
Montclair State University 950 82 87 21.5
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1600 99 99 10.1
Guilford College 1050 78 86 15.6
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville 2216 76 81 16.5
Barnard College 850 83 93 10.3
Piedmont College 750 89 89 13.2
Talladega College 1400 56 58 15.5
Susquehanna University 800 83 86 13.9
Brigham Young University at Provo 1220 76 76 20.5
Missouri Valley College 900 35 67 17.4
Franklin Pierce College 800 50 56 17.6
Sioux Falls College 1700 73 73 14.8
Hastings College 1902 57 63 13.0
Prairie View A. and M. University 1582 55 93 19.4
Virginia Commonwealth University 3630 81 87 8.7
La Salle University 3160 90 90 15.1
SUNY College at Buffalo 1230 71 78 18.7
University of Wisconsin at Madison 1545 93 96 11.5
University of Scranton 800 83 83 14.1
Anderson University 1100 48 61 12.1
Indiana University at Bloomington 2000 77 88 21.3
Fayetteville State University 766 75 75 15.1
University of Sci. and Arts of Oklahoma 1800 67 77 23.6
University of Portland 1100 92 96 13.2
College of Mount St. Vincent 1000 75 77 11.9
Clarkson University 1300 95 95 15.8
Emporia State University 1888 72 75 19.3
University of Maryland at College Park 1550 89 92 18.1
Milwaukee School of Engineering 2075 35 46 16.7
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 1200 90 95 23.1
Johnson State College 624 80 91 14.4
Stonehill College 800 79 79 13.0
SUNY College at Purchase 1362 80 100 14.9
Northwestern College 1800 68 68 14.9
Merrimack College 1000 73 75 16.8
Mississippi College 700 77 79 16.5
Mississippi University for Women 1500 49 54 15.8
George Fox College 1050 53 53 13.5
College of Santa Fe 1200 40 74 14.0
Aquinas College 1615 55 65 12.7
Point Park College 1200 45 90 14.5
Stephens College 2150 46 63 10.9
University of California at Irvine 1818 96 96 16.1
Macalester College 700 85 91 11.9
Bellarmine College 1290 74 82 13.1
Flagler College 2140 52 60 18.1
Wheaton College IL 1400 81 83 12.7
James Madison University 732 77 81 17.9
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania 500 47 55 16.1
Eastern College 1230 60 60 13.6
Wisconsin Lutheran College 1400 48 48 8.5
Tri-State University 1323 53 53 12.8
Centre College 900 95 99 11.4
University of Wisconsin at Green Bay 1200 81 89 22.2
SUNY at Binghamton 1000 83 100 18.0
New Jersey Institute of Technology 1850 92 98 13.5
Loras College 1200 61 62 14.2
Pacific University 1100 76 76 10.9
Longwood College 2200 74 80 18.4
Mount Saint Mary College 1400 74 75 15.3
Illinois Institute of Technology 700 80 88 12.3
Marshall University 1560 77 86 16.6
Denison University 600 88 97 11.6
Rutgers State University at Camden 2009 90 95 18.6
Saint Olaf College 550 82 88 10.0
Bowling Green State University 1700 81 89 21.1
University of North Carolina at Greensboro 1300 75 94 15.5
Morris College 2100 53 60 18.6
Wentworth Institute of Technology 920 10 68 15.4
Albright College 500 79 84 11.3
SUNY at Buffalo 957 90 97 13.6
Birmingham-Southern College 900 74 79 14.0
Baylor University 1346 71 76 18.5
Harding University 910 71 77 17.7
Adelphi University 1500 29 30 12.2
Whitman College 800 80 83 10.5
Hampton University 2000 60 64 14.0
Concordia University 1000 56 64 12.1
Tiffin University 1200 59 74 19.0
Saint Mary's College of Minnesota 820 68 74 18.8
Georgia State University 3450 87 89 19.0
Andrews University 1320 62 66 11.5
North Carolina Wesleyan College 1295 77 77 12.7
Buena Vista College 950 62 69 8.8
Tuskegee University 1425 70 74 12.2
Randolph-Macon Woman's College 920 88 97 9.2
Hartwick College 700 75 87 12.3
Bradley University 1522 75 81 14.4
Rider University 3100 84 92 12.3
University of Tulsa 2350 94 96 11.5
Huron University 1840 31 35 12.9
St. Martin's College 500 43 77 14.5
Phillips University 940 58 64 11.6
Millersville University of Penn. 1258 72 74 16.8
University of Cincinnati 1851 89 95 10.8
Augustana College IL 821 78 83 12.7
Brewton-Parker College 2000 62 62 12.6
Dickinson College 1250 87 94 11.2
Saint Peter's College 450 78 78 12.1
Boston University 1025 80 81 11.9
Rosary College 950 79 82 12.9
Albertson College 675 67 73 9.4
Rutgers State University at Newark 2009 90 95 17.4
Brandeis University 1000 90 97 9.8
St. John Fisher College 800 86 81 14.5
Lenoir-Rhyne College 1000 88 92 12.0
Central Connecticut State University 985 69 73 16.7
Linfield College 900 89 91 17.8
Trinity College CT 680 91 96 10.4
Assumption College 500 93 93 13.8
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1200 88 93 8.9
Bluefield College 1500 61 67 17.8
Beaver College 800 78 89 12.2
SUNY College at Geneseo 650 79 84 19.1
Jamestown College 400 51 53 17.0
Monmouth College 1740 70 85 14.2
Campbell University 500 77 77 21.8
University of Georgia 1755 88 95 14.7
Virginia Union University 1763 51 67 13.7
Georgia Institute of Technology 1164 92 92 19.3
Coe College 2200 73 86 12.7
Carnegie Mellon University 1250 86 93 9.2
University of Wisconsin-Superior 1960 75 81 15.2
Angelo State University 2000 60 62 23.1
MidAmerica Nazarene College 4913 33 33 15.4
Coker College 1000 64 77 12.1
Alderson-Broaddus College 1800 40 41 11.5
D'Youville College 1320 68 68 14.6
Bethune Cookman College 2500 48 48 13.8
Northwest Nazarene College 822 59 59 14.8
Alma College 400 79 87 15.3
Siena College 1090 71 82 14.1
University of Minnesota at Morris 1500 74 78 14.6
St. Mary's College of Maryland 1250 84 89 11.6
Upper Iowa University 1000 69 75 17.4
Bridgewater College 875 68 73 13.2
Carroll College 930 74 81 17.8
Union College NY 1024 94 96 11.5
Walsh University 1450 42 58 11.3
East Carolina University 1700 74 78 13.2
Meredith College 1520 77 82 13.9
Chatham College 850 95 98 9.3
Hanover College 1200 84 84 10.6
Mount Saint Mary's College 900 77 82 12.8
Saint Michael's College 750 79 88 14.5
Michigan State University 600 93 95 14.0
Eckerd College 1000 82 89 12.8
University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth 1250 74 90 15.0
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University 3020 37 43 16.5
Calvin College 1210 75 81 14.8
Winthrop University 2150 71 80 12.8
Miami University at Oxford 1382 81 89 17.6
Westminster College MO 1650 66 70 12.5
Western Carolina University 1622 67 78 14.6
Sacred Heart University 600 71 73 14.8
Illinois Benedictine College 1500 81 91 11.6
Baker University 2250 58 68 11.0
Harvard University 1920 97 97 9.9
George Mason University 1050 93 96 19.3
Wellesley College 700 94 98 10.6
Ursinus College 800 82 85 11.6
Bloomsburg Univ. of Pennsylvania 1680 66 68 18.0
Tennessee Wesleyan College 3158 59 65 8.9
Texas Southern University 1700 65 75 18.2
University of Evansville 960 60 81 15.8
University of North Dakota 1200 97 97 15.9
Northwestern University 1585 96 100 6.8
Mount Saint Clare College 1200 32 37 13.6
Ohio Northern University 825 73 78 14.5
Reed College 450 90 90 11.8
Brenau University 700 71 80 13.7
Arkansas Tech University 1000 57 60 19.6
Bemidji State University 1800 57 62 19.6
Saint Louis University 6800 84 94 4.6
Oklahoma Christian University 1900 58 64 16.2
Cabrini College 300 59 76 16.5
University of Pennsylvania 1544 95 96 6.3
Michigan Technological University 1200 82 82 17.0
Texas Wesleyan University 1800 80 83 14.5
Benedictine College 250 64 84 14.1
Central Missouri State University 2250 69 80 19.7
Johns Hopkins University 1040 96 97 3.3
Furman University 1250 92 95 13.5
Wingate College 1550 69 81 13.9
University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1900 79 91 16.8
Millikin University 965 60 77 11.4
McMurry University 1525 57 64 11.0
Wagner College 1700 67 78 13.2
Loyola University Chicago 2000 94 95 6.2
Shippensburg University of Penn. 1700 80 83 18.8
Western State College of Colorado 2050 76 79 19.4
Grove City College 350 65 65 18.4
Lycoming College 900 75 81 14.0
Oklahoma Baptist University 1290 63 71 15.1
Rocky Mountain College 625 56 78 11.3
San Diego State University 2400 87 93 19.5
Southwest State University 1800 58 75 16.5
Villanova University 300 89 90 13.4
Grace College and Seminary 1000 53 59 15.3
St. Norbert College 1100 74 78 15.1
Samford University 1650 74 75 14.7
Mercer University 1500 93 95 9.2
St. Bonaventure University 1050 91 91 17.7
Gardner Webb University 500 65 58 15.2
Northern Illinois University 1750 73 78 17.3
Arkansas College (Lyon College) 800 79 88 12.6
Centenary College of Louisiana 1900 86 92 11.3
Goshen College 1230 51 56 9.9
Eastern Mennonite College 1300 46 65 11.4
National-Louis University 500 62 65 18.3
Maryville University 1350 52 58 13.1
Lehigh University 1130 96 99 12.5
Yale University 2115 96 96 5.8
Hillsdale College 750 80 80 12.0
Westminster College of Salt Lake City 2025 68 83 10.5
Marymount Manhattan College 1100 63 76 11.7
Fresno Pacific College 1818 59 59 10.5
Virginia Tech 2200 85 89 13.8
Colorado College 1200 85 97 11.3
Quincy University 1080 69 71 16.3
University of Mobile 1200 59 63 16.6
Albion College 850 89 100 13.7
West Chester University of Penn. 2000 76 79 15.3
Moorhead State University 1000 76 81 18.1
Worcester State College 1200 60 60 21.0
University of Maine at Farmington 1647 67 75 15.9
Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ. 1022 55 59 19.6
Franklin College 1345 54 78 12.5
University of Missouri at Columbia 1983 87 87 12.7
University of Alabama at Birmingham 2200 96 96 6.7
Georgetown University 1700 91 92 7.2
Schreiner College 1488 51 56 11.8
King's College 1795 66 72 15.6
Spring Arbor College 665 48 48 15.4
University of West Florida 1387 83 87 23.4
University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1400 88 92 16.7
Stockton College of New Jersey 1125 78 92 19.5
Beloit College 715 87 95 11.1
Rivier College 1100 59 59 12.2
SUNY College at Potsdam 1000 71 75 15.1
Connecticut College 500 86 95 10.7
Radford University 900 73 83 19.6
Western Washington University 2385 83 89 22.7
College of Mount St. Joseph 1150 46 46 11.1
Graceland College 880 51 61 23.6
Southern Methodist University 1802 74 88 13.5
Texas Christian University 2400 81 93 14.8
Dordt College 2800 61 60 12.5
Adrian College 1165 53 66 12.9
College of Charleston 2316 73 78 17.2
Greenville College 800 57 61 14.3
Santa Clara University 1278 88 92 13.9
University of North Carolina at Wilmington 1500 82 85 19.1
Northeastern University 1750 73 82 12.9
Southwest Baptist University 1000 52 54 15.9
Loyola University 750 77 88 11.7
University of La Verne 2298 66 68 14.1
Fairfield University 1100 86 90 15.1
Virginia State University 600 61 63 16.0
Wittenberg University 800 82 95 12.8
Barat College 500 57 77 9.7
University of Rhode Island 1250 84 89 16.6
Voorhees College 1200 43 43 22.9
Ithaca College 1000 58 79 11.5
Albertus Magnus College 1500 90 93 11.5
University of the Pacific 1171 87 94 11.2
Elon College 1777 70 74 18.9
University of California at Berkeley 1933 93 97 15.8
University of Richmond 1125 75 89 11.7
Creighton University 2055 85 90 6.5
University of Montevallo 600 72 72 18.9
Purdue University at West Lafayette 1060 86 86 18.2
Christian Brothers University 900 81 81 11.1
Moravian College 1250 86 92 15.2
Stevens Institute of Technology 750 89 89 19.0
University of San Diego 1820 93 96 15.6
The Citadel 779 95 94 17.1
University of North Texas 1700 86 94 22.6
Ohio Wesleyan University 550 93 93 12.1
Webber College 1952 53 63 15.1
Ohio University 2300 79 87 20.4
Grinnell College 400 88 92 9.5
University of Texas at San Antonio 1200 94 100 25.3
West Virginia Wesleyan College 1100 58 81 16.4
Cornell College 800 71 76 12.2
University of Dallas 1200 85 93 13.4
Marietta College 810 80 97 13.2
Hofstra University 1000 81 90 13.9
Washington University 1512 91 98 3.9
Salem-Teikyo University 620 46 24 13.0
Concordia Lutheran College 1825 67 76 12.1
Campbellsville College 1300 62 66 17.7
Quinnipiac College 500 63 73 12.0
Canisius College 1130 90 92 14.6
Rutgers at New Brunswick 2009 90 95 19.5
Concordia College at St. Paul 950 69 75 12.8
Southern California College 1818 63 65 18.6
Bentley College 850 87 87 17.5
Caldwell College 1000 87 96 13.9
Milligan College 1000 63 69 12.0
Capitol College 2134 10 50 12.1
Univ. of Wisconsin at OshKosh 1890 73 78 19.2
University of Virginia 1000 90 92 9.5
Western New England College 2065 74 97 15.4
Westminster College PA 850 92 96 13.2
Juniata College 420 97 97 12.7
Fontbonne College 1500 45 55 21.5
Illinois Wesleyan University 650 77 92 12.9
Bucknell University 1200 95 97 14.2
Pacific Union College 1926 48 87 12.3
Daniel Webster College 500 61 61 22.2
Austin College 1150 81 95 13.0
Scripps College 800 95 100 8.2
University of Southern Indiana 1425 56 65 22.0
Trinity University 490 94 96 9.6
Dillard University 2307 52 52 14.1
Bryn Mawr College 1200 100 100 12.3
Dickinson State University 2000 50 64 16.5
Loyola Marymount University 1328 84 88 14.2
Augsburg College 950 65 65 12.8
University of Texas at Austin 3140 91 99 19.7
Tusculum College 800 70 70 21.9
Pitzer College 850 100 100 10.4
Kentucky Wesleyan College 1300 57 65 11.3
Gannon University 1380 47 51 13.3
Butler University 1600 77 81 10.9
Rockhurst College 1500 60 79 10.7
Trinity College DC 900 89 93 8.3
Columbia University 300 97 98 5.9
Muskingum College 800 73 85 13.4
Georgian Court College 800 56 59 12.2
Alaska Pacific University 1500 76 72 11.9
Blackburn College 1000 76 76 14.3
Iowa State University 2055 81 88 19.2
Hamline University 550 89 93 13.0
Bethel College 800 63 63 11.7
University of Oklahoma 3176 86 90 11.5
Houghton College 1500 85 90 15.0
College of the Holy Cross 900 92 96 11.3
St. Mary's University of San Antonio 1736 82 83 16.2
Point Loma Nazarene College 750 71 71 16.1
Allegheny College 600 73 91 9.9
West Liberty State College 1210 33 33 16.3
Drury College 750 82 92 13.2
Barry University 1800 76 78 12.6
Cazenovia College 500 22 47 14.3
College of St. Joseph 1300 53 53 9.5
Saint Francis College IN 1000 43 78 12.5
Kansas State University 2000 76 86 18.5
Elmira College 550 77 98 21.5
Norwich University 800 71 74 13.1
Hendrix College 1200 82 99 13.1
University of Oregon 1530 79 87 19.7
East Tennessee State University 2200 73 75 14.0
Montana College of Mineral Sci. & Tech. 1400 71 71 16.4
Amherst College 1598 93 98 8.4
Berry College 2375 80 80 16.3
Goucher College 1200 78 90 9.2
California Lutheran University 576 72 74 12.4
Bethany College 1700 62 68 11.6
SUNY College at New Paltz 1500 85 93 15.3
Florida State University 1020 80 89 23.1
Clarke College 900 67 71 11.0
Tulane University 800 98 98 9.1
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1100 94 98 15.4
Clark University 950 94 95 10.5
University of St. Thomas TX 1344 75 75 12.6
College of Saint Catherine 1000 63 87 11.5
Ursuline College 750 39 69 10.5
Lindenwood College 4200 65 85 24.1
La Roche College 1100 57 73 14.2
Gustavus Adolphus College 700 79 89 12.5
McPherson College 2740 54 54 9.8
Columbia College 1500 61 77 14.7
College of Saint Rose 1500 66 71 14.3
John Brown University 1350 68 68 13.3
Fort Lewis College 2500 89 97 19.1
Messiah College 1200 68 75 14.1
Salisbury State University 1450 73 75 17.9
University of Northern Colorado 2286 75 75 21.5
University of Louisville 2440 84 92 11.1
Saint Joseph College 950 87 90 11.2
Saint Joseph's College IN 950 55 60 14.8
North Park College 970 76 79 13.1
Bard College 750 98 98 10.4
Saint Anselm College 1120 70 82 14.5
Husson College 1500 36 44 22.0
Emory University 870 97 98 5.0
Waynesburg College 1200 57 58 16.2
Mount St. Mary's College 1278 53 71 11.9
Colorado State University 1800 87 89 19.2
University of Washington 2172 96 94 9.0
Lynchburg College 870 62 66 12.4
Goldey Beacom College 1830 25 25 27.6
SUNY at Albany 1560 93 96 17.4
Carthage College 1300 74 89 15.9
SUNY College at Cortland 1274 82 85 17.8
Sarah Lawrence College 700 89 93 6.1
University of Vermont 990 87 90 9.9
Saint Ambrose University 1500 56 56 14.1
Mayville State University 1900 68 68 15.7
College of St. Scholastica 1146 54 76 11.6
Francis Marion University 2430 76 76 19.1
Florida International University 3028 81 96 13.9
Maryville College 1642 80 90 11.1
Vassar College 800 90 98 9.7
University of Miami 1985 82 94 5.9
Presbyterian College 1429 80 85 13.4
Luther College 400 73 85 13.8
Castleton State College 700 89 91 14.7
Wesley College 1350 52 57 14.4
Marian College of Fond du Lac 1100 37 37 8.4
Clinch Valley Coll. of the Univ. of Virginia 1900 67 67 18.1
Valley City State University 2000 39 41 14.9
Eureka College 670 62 87 10.6
SUNY College at Oswego 1500 69 85 22.0
Hardin-Simmons University 2140 75 79 13.7
University of Rochester 882 93 99 5.9
Dartmouth College 1100 95 99 4.7
Hamilton College 800 91 96 9.6
Belmont Abbey College 2480 78 85 13.2
Skidmore College 700 87 92 12.7
George Washington University 950 92 93 7.6
Virginia Wesleyan College 550 70 81 15.7
Immaculata College 1000 56 64 11.2
University of San Francisco 2450 86 86 13.6
College of Notre Dame 2250 77 80 10.4
Saint Cloud State University 1884 70 75 18.9
Cedarville College 1000 50 52 15.3
University of Northern Iowa 2380 78 82 16.3
Lambuth University 1590 61 61 16.1
California State University at Fresno 1926 90 90 21.2
Rhodes College 1500 90 96 10.8
Whittier College 1998 84 92 13.6
Wilson College 475 67 76 8.3
Saint Xavier University 794 87 100 13.7
Polytechnic University 2486 90 90 10.4
Wayne State College 1660 60 68 20.3
Regis College 700 81 85 10.3
Hiram College 1000 75 95 10.6
Roger Williams University 730 44 54 16.4
University of North Florida 2604 82 85 17.8
LaGrange College 1500 77 83 12.5
University of the South 810 89 93 10.3
Williams College 1200 94 99 9.0
University of South Carolina at Aiken 1500 62 62 14.8
Converse College 900 63 76 10.2
Bethel College KS 1400 61 80 8.8
Mississippi State University 1479 77 77 15.9
Hampden - Sydney College 600 95 97 13.3
Northeast Missouri State University 1100 69 72 15.7
Pennsylvania State Univ. Main Campus 2394 77 96 18.1
University of South Florida 2180 84 89 17.0
St. Thomas Aquinas College 1750 69 73 16.1
Saint Joseph's College 800 53 89 27.2
University of Delaware 1300 82 87 18.3
Alverno College 2449 36 69 11.1
Franciscan University of Steubenville 1000 57 69 14.9
Colgate University 750 95 98 10.5
Seton Hill College 2000 71 71 11.2
Colby College 1000 83 94 10.2
Wofford College 1440 91 92 15.3
Texas Lutheran College 1700 54 58 13.8
Knox College 800 88 95 12.7
Randolph-Macon College 900 77 80 10.7
Pfeiffer College 1915 62 62 12.2
University of Mississippi 550 81 86 20.3
Millsaps College 1350 82 89 12.7
Montreat-Anderson College 2958 42 50 11.1
Davidson College 1011 95 97 12.0
University of South Carolina at Columbia 2941 84 88 16.9
Lamar University 1463 48 82 18.4
Wesleyan University 1400 90 94 12.1
Illinois State University 2605 77 84 21.0
Catholic University of America 1100 90 96 9.3
St. Lawrence University 825 90 94 11.5
University of Wisconsin-Stout 1750 78 78 21.0
Occidental College 1152 91 93 10.5
Hood College 690 82 88 14.4
College of William and Mary 800 89 92 12.1
University of Detroit Mercy 2166 72 79 13.5
University of the Arts 700 16 59 7.5
Seattle Pacific University 1250 83 85 16.8
perc.alumni Expend Grad.Rate
Webster University 14 6951 48
University of Maryland at Baltimore County 6 7618 55
Keuka College 43 7863 51
Stetson University 24 10307 73
University of Hawaii at Manoa 6 12833 54
Chapman University 6 12692 47
DePauw University 31 11525 82
Earlham College 46 14634 78
Morningside College 32 8111 56
Judson College 30 7840 56
Lewis and Clark College 21 12999 69
California Polytechnic-San Luis 13 8453 59
Marymount College Tarrytown 30 10502 77
Chestnut Hill College 29 7729 73
Murray State University 27 5972 52
Kansas Wesleyan University 14 6535 68
McKendree College 21 6652 52
Siena Heights College 17 9431 47
Lesley College 18 8694 58
Gordon College 32 9226 66
Baldwin-Wallace College 20 8086 85
Wilkes University 24 8543 67
Hollins College 48 13957 72
Rowan College of New Jersey 6 7252 51
St. Paul's College 8 8426 45
Lincoln University 8 10912 45
University of Connecticut at Storrs 16 10178 71
Drew University 28 14907 83
Harvey Mudd College 46 21569 100
Georgetown College 28 7508 55
Pembroke State University 5 6443 48
Greensboro College 31 7949 39
College of Saint Elizabeth 23 9447 78
Florida Institute of Technology 7 8923 57
Saint John's University 38 9853 70
Manchester College 20 7940 64
Saint Joseph's University 13 8243 83
North Adams State College 17 6562 57
Lander University 11 6119 51
Center for Creative Studies 4 13025 47
Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge 11 6741 37
Green Mountain College 24 6475 76
Dana College 25 8686 54
Taylor University 32 8294 98
Livingstone College 16 9268 92
Marymount University 17 8575 55
University of Nebraska at Lincoln 48 6813 53
Mount Mary College 26 7016 78
Emory & Henry College 51 8061 82
Wheeling Jesuit College 27 7494 72
Westmont College 17 8837 87
Saint Vincent College 31 8534 88
University of Utah 9 9275 37
Central Washington University 0 6413 51
University of Dayton 25 8894 93
Augustana College 30 6871 69
Transylvania University 41 10219 70
York College of Pennsylvania 28 4509 99
Syracuse University 13 14231 67
Mesa State College 12 3871 59
Agnes Scott College 37 19016 59
Westfield State College 20 4222 65
Huntington College 25 9466 47
Our Lady of the Lake University 25 7114 37
MacMurray College 33 10642 59
Texas A&M Univ. at College Station 29 8471 69
East Texas Baptist University 7 5619 38
Hobart and William Smith Colleges 37 13040 79
Incarnate Word College 21 6095 95
Trinity College VT 26 9586 78
Central College 29 8444 67
University of Illinois at Chicago 6 13883 34
Concordia University CA 13 8415 55
Queens College 36 9315 58
University of Denver 21 11762 67
Lebanon Valley College 30 8196 85
Northern Arizona University 7 6157 41
Capital University 27 9557 83
Westminster College 41 8596 80
Niagara University 20 7788 65
Oakland University 13 6637 53
Washington State University 30 10912 56
Spalding University 40 6860 89
University of Texas at Arlington 4 4696 29
University of Charleston 10 7683 57
University of Puget Sound 17 11217 63
Xavier University of Louisiana 20 8323 49
College Misericordia 23 8604 96
Claflin College 31 7083 21
Le Moyne College 28 8118 94
Averett College 11 6523 48
Indiana Wesleyan University 15 6562 34
Central Wesleyan College 18 3365 58
Southwestern College 12 7818 52
St. John's College 26 15622 64
Whitworth College 20 8328 80
Columbia College MO 2 5015 37
Bluffton College 19 9073 58
LeTourneau University 23 6863 56
Union College KY 9 6864 64
Simmons College 33 14086 79
Worcester Polytechnic Institute 34 10774 82
Iona College 14 8107 66
Indiana State University 8 6996 40
Lafayette College 38 15365 92
North Carolina A. & T. State University 9 7090 44
University of Maine at Presque Isle 11 6408 35
Dominican College of Blauvelt 5 5480 54
Marywood College 30 9034 66
Gettysburg College 32 14720 83
Grand Valley State University 9 5063 57
University of Arkansas at Fayetteville 10 6820 39
Lewis University 10 7701 61
Marist College 34 8408 69
Simpson College 36 7411 70
Eastern Connecticut State University 14 5719 50
Winona State University 18 5318 58
St. Mary's College of California 17 9619 78
Manhattan College 25 10062 79
Drake University 24 9473 77
Salem College 46 9599 60
University of Central Florida 9 6742 46
University of Florida 20 14737 66
Mankato State University 11 5801 68
Savannah Coll. of Art and Design 26 6874 55
University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 8 8094 38
Louisiana College 11 7547 59
SUNY College at Brockport 14 6632 49
Delta State University 16 5113 58
Eastern Nazarene College 17 6430 70
Louisiana Tech University 13 4546 45
Oglethorpe University 27 8568 67
New Mexico Institute of Mining and Tech. 11 9241 34
Smith College 44 21199 90
Saint Francis College 24 7344 69
Viterbo College 31 8050 73
Widener University 19 9603 63
Gonzaga University 32 9553 69
Montclair State University 9 6717 58
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 35 33541 94
Guilford College 30 9114 65
Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville 8 7498 43
Barnard College 33 12580 91
Piedmont College 17 7309 31
Talladega College 7 5970 46
Susquehanna University 37 10554 90
Brigham Young University at Provo 40 7916 33
Missouri Valley College 16 4333 27
Franklin Pierce College 16 6418 51
Sioux Falls College 7 7881 48
Hastings College 17 7335 52
Prairie View A. and M. University 1 5967 35
Virginia Commonwealth University 11 11183 45
La Salle University 9 9084 84
SUNY College at Buffalo 12 7511 42
University of Wisconsin at Madison 20 11006 72
University of Scranton 41 9131 92
Anderson University 14 7994 59
Indiana University at Bloomington 24 8686 68
Fayetteville State University 10 6972 24
University of Sci. and Arts of Oklahoma 3 3864 43
University of Portland 17 9060 72
College of Mount St. Vincent 35 10015 83
Clarkson University 32 11659 77
Emporia State University 4 5527 50
University of Maryland at College Park 12 9021 63
Milwaukee School of Engineering 23 7140 67
University of Wisconsin-Whitewater 16 5559 67
Johnson State College 15 6564 36
Stonehill College 30 7495 97
SUNY College at Purchase 8 8170 46
Northwestern College 34 6357 68
Merrimack College 22 8707 80
Mississippi College 18 6170 61
Mississippi University for Women 8 5704 63
George Fox College 22 7136 52
College of Santa Fe 7 8820 80
Aquinas College 25 6584 65
Point Park College 10 7652 66
Stephens College 17 9995 59
University of California at Irvine 11 15934 66
Macalester College 37 14213 77
Bellarmine College 31 6668 84
Flagler College 9 3930 69
Wheaton College IL 40 11916 85
James Madison University 29 5212 98
Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania 14 6374 63
Eastern College 22 8135 54
Wisconsin Lutheran College 26 8960 50
Tri-State University 24 7603 65
Centre College 60 13118 74
University of Wisconsin at Green Bay 1 5968 46
SUNY at Binghamton 15 8055 80
New Jersey Institute of Technology 19 12529 72
Loras College 24 7578 70
Pacific University 22 11216 42
Longwood College 23 5553 62
Mount Saint Mary College 23 6898 88
Illinois Institute of Technology 26 12851 56
Marshall University 10 6203 50
Denison University 45 12423 81
Rutgers State University at Camden 12 10134 57
Saint Olaf College 31 12502 83
Bowling Green State University 14 6918 67
University of North Carolina at Greensboro 17 7392 53
Morris College 34 6990 60
Wentworth Institute of Technology 8 17858 64
Albright College 23 11644 80
SUNY at Buffalo 15 11177 56
Birmingham-Southern College 34 8649 72
Baylor University 38 7503 72
Harding University 37 6466 73
Adelphi University 16 10527 56
Whitman College 51 13198 72
Hampton University 9 6791 70
Concordia University 13 7309 75
Tiffin University 40 5096 39
Saint Mary's College of Minnesota 19 5081 78
Georgia State University 10 7762 34
Andrews University 18 10908 46
North Carolina Wesleyan College 11 10090 52
Buena Vista College 10 6333 78
Tuskegee University 7 10872 65
Randolph-Macon Woman's College 24 16358 68
Hartwick College 32 11625 73
Bradley University 21 7671 85
Rider University 23 11299 70
University of Tulsa 10 11743 47
Huron University 4 9249 21
St. Martin's College 8 9209 40
Phillips University 19 8990 39
Millersville University of Penn. 20 7832 71
University of Cincinnati 6 13889 54
Augustana College IL 40 9220 71
Brewton-Parker College 10 4900 18
Dickinson College 39 13861 87
Saint Peter's College 22 7669 53
Boston University 16 16836 72
Rosary College 30 9264 81
Albertson College 11 9727 55
Rutgers State University at Newark 16 11878 58
Brandeis University 24 17150 84
St. John Fisher College 29 7908 66
Lenoir-Rhyne College 20 8539 66
Central Connecticut State University 4 4900 49
Linfield College 34 8747 81
Trinity College CT 48 18034 91
Assumption College 30 7100 88
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 23 15893 83
Bluefield College 3 6259 53
Beaver College 30 8954 73
SUNY College at Geneseo 25 5716 76
Jamestown College 21 3186 54
Monmouth College 15 9492 54
Campbell University 34 3739 63
University of Georgia 22 7881 63
Virginia Union University 8 6757 30
Georgia Institute of Technology 33 11271 70
Coe College 32 10141 67
Carnegie Mellon University 31 24386 74
University of Wisconsin-Superior 15 6490 36
Angelo State University 5 4010 34
MidAmerica Nazarene College 20 5524 49
Coker College 39 8741 75
Alderson-Broaddus College 15 8991 52
D'Youville College 42 6898 46
Bethune Cookman College 9 6817 58
Northwest Nazarene College 20 6261 58
Alma College 32 9305 68
Siena College 42 8189 100
University of Minnesota at Morris 16 6716 51
St. Mary's College of Maryland 23 10357 63
Upper Iowa University 19 3733 78
Bridgewater College 24 8655 82
Carroll College 25 7666 79
Union College NY 49 15411 88
Walsh University 33 5738 68
East Carolina University 18 9002 58
Meredith College 33 6881 82
Chatham College 37 16095 52
Hanover College 26 9248 64
Mount Saint Mary's College 36 8536 80
Saint Michael's College 34 10190 84
Michigan State University 9 10520 71
Eckerd College 26 15003 59
University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth 20 7462 56
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University 4 12878 44
Calvin College 41 7786 81
Winthrop University 26 6729 59
Miami University at Oxford 20 7846 85
Westminster College MO 20 7925 62
Western Carolina University 9 6554 55
Sacred Heart University 16 7120 82
Illinois Benedictine College 29 8324 75
Baker University 21 6136 65
Harvard University 52 37219 100
George Mason University 7 6751 46
Wellesley College 51 21409 91
Ursinus College 40 12082 79
Bloomsburg Univ. of Pennsylvania 19 7041 75
Tennessee Wesleyan College 16 6286 36
Texas Southern University 21 3605 10
University of Evansville 26 7780 77
University of North Dakota 16 9424 49
Northwestern University 25 26385 92
Mount Saint Clare College 43 6525 21
Ohio Northern University 31 9979 83
Reed College 37 15886 68
Brenau University 12 5935 49
Arkansas Tech University 5 4739 48
Bemidji State University 16 3752 46
Saint Louis University 19 18367 67
Oklahoma Christian University 8 6578 45
Cabrini College 36 7117 71
University of Pennsylvania 38 25765 93
Michigan Technological University 25 7473 65
Texas Wesleyan University 10 7936 43
Benedictine College 18 5922 58
Central Missouri State University 4 5501 50
Johns Hopkins University 38 56233 90
Furman University 28 12940 82
Wingate College 8 7264 91
University of North Carolina at Charlotte 7 6227 62
Millikin University 25 8149 75
McMurry University 11 6383 32
Wagner College 23 9006 75
Loyola University Chicago 15 13009 65
Shippensburg University of Penn. 13 6719 72
Western State College of Colorado 4 4599 52
Grove City College 18 4957 100
Lycoming College 32 8024 72
Oklahoma Baptist University 18 5511 50
Rocky Mountain College 27 6422 68
San Diego State University 7 7930 41
Southwest State University 31 6591 51
Villanova University 24 10458 96
Grace College and Seminary 26 9798 64
St. Norbert College 36 8595 88
Samford University 17 9533 61
Mercer University 15 8995 91
St. Bonaventure University 32 9828 78
Gardner Webb University 12 5664 29
Northern Illinois University 11 6086 56
Arkansas College (Lyon College) 24 14579 54
Centenary College of Louisiana 25 9685 66
Goshen College 46 10270 72
Eastern Mennonite College 29 10188 82
National-Louis University 2 7905 71
Maryville University 13 5925 61
Lehigh University 43 14665 91
Yale University 49 40386 99
Hillsdale College 31 12639 79
Westminster College of Salt Lake City 34 7170 50
Marymount Manhattan College 20 10622 68
Fresno Pacific College 14 8095 54
Virginia Tech 20 8944 73
Colorado College 51 14664 84
Quincy University 32 6880 80
University of Mobile 4 5412 52
Albion College 37 11487 73
West Chester University of Penn. 16 6773 52
Moorhead State University 19 4795 60
Worcester State College 14 4469 40
University of Maine at Farmington 26 5712 59
Southeastern Oklahoma State Univ. 9 4444 53
Franklin College 37 11751 60
University of Missouri at Columbia 15 10145 58
University of Alabama at Birmingham 16 16352 33
Georgetown University 27 19635 95
Schreiner College 23 8545 52
King's College 37 7649 87
Spring Arbor College 9 10938 49
University of West Florida 12 8488 53
University of Massachusetts at Amherst 15 10276 68
Stockton College of New Jersey 7 5599 64
Beloit College 26 12957 69
Rivier College 19 6744 81
SUNY College at Potsdam 17 6436 59
Connecticut College 40 14773 91
Radford University 9 4519 62
Western Washington University 10 7203 61
College of Mount St. Joseph 35 6889 100
Graceland College 24 5609 47
Southern Methodist University 17 12726 72
Texas Christian University 23 9158 64
Dordt College 17 7325 87
Adrian College 30 8735 54
College of Charleston 18 4776 51
Greenville College 16 8222 60
Santa Clara University 19 10872 100
University of North Carolina at Wilmington 15 6005 55
Northeastern University 17 9563 46
Southwest Baptist University 13 4718 71
Loyola University 14 9456 53
University of La Verne 23 10139 47
Fairfield University 30 11220 94
Virginia State University 11 5733 31
Wittenberg University 29 10414 78
Barat College 35 9337 71
University of Rhode Island 7 9158 63
Voorhees College 3 5861 58
Ithaca College 25 9812 75
Albertus Magnus College 26 8861 63
University of the Pacific 14 13706 65
Elon College 34 6329 63
University of California at Berkeley 10 13919 78
University of Richmond 32 11984 100
Creighton University 32 22906 85
University of Montevallo 8 5883 51
Purdue University at West Lafayette 15 8604 67
Christian Brothers University 24 8129 63
Moravian College 28 9566 74
Stevens Institute of Technology 33 12837 79
University of San Diego 13 10813 66
The Citadel 17 7744 84
University of North Texas 6 5657 35
Ohio Wesleyan University 32 12011 75
Webber College 4 4839 90
Ohio University 13 8811 64
Grinnell College 54 18979 83
University of Texas at San Antonio 3 4329 50
West Virginia Wesleyan College 42 8080 67
Cornell College 31 10340 64
University of Dallas 26 8731 63
Marietta College 30 10223 96
Hofstra University 10 10093 60
Washington University 31 45702 90
Salem-Teikyo University 9 8946 98
Concordia Lutheran College 9 6875 42
Campbellsville College 13 5391 49
Quinnipiac College 33 8847 86
Canisius College 26 7972 64
Rutgers at New Brunswick 19 10474 77
Concordia College at St. Paul 18 6955 45
Southern California College 11 8219 43
Bentley College 20 10941 82
Caldwell College 25 7922 55
Milligan College 16 8128 64
Capitol College 24 7976 52
Univ. of Wisconsin at OshKosh 14 5901 56
University of Virginia 22 13597 95
Western New England College 15 8409 59
Westminster College PA 41 22704 71
Juniata College 37 12067 80
Fontbonne College 24 4607 62
Illinois Wesleyan University 34 9605 83
Bucknell University 36 13675 93
Pacific Union College 12 9157 69
Daniel Webster College 10 8643 72
Austin College 33 11361 71
Scripps College 41 18372 73
University of Southern Indiana 21 4078 38
Trinity University 20 14703 93
Dillard University 12 7566 61
Bryn Mawr College 49 17449 89
Dickinson State University 28 4525 46
Loyola Marymount University 10 11677 84
Augsburg College 31 7836 58
University of Texas at Austin 11 7837 65
Tusculum College 28 4933 52
Pitzer College 11 14820 73
Kentucky Wesleyan College 32 7058 62
Gannon University 18 7711 65
Butler University 29 9511 83
Rockhurst College 21 7519 79
Trinity College DC 37 11806 96
Columbia University 21 30639 99
Muskingum College 27 9333 73
Georgian Court College 27 7348 76
Alaska Pacific University 2 10922 15
Blackburn College 53 8377 51
Iowa State University 22 8420 65
Hamline University 33 10296 65
Bethel College 13 7623 35
University of Oklahoma 11 10244 44
Houghton College 24 8187 67
College of the Holy Cross 55 12138 95
St. Mary's University of San Antonio 7 7651 72
Point Loma Nazarene College 19 7895 54
Allegheny College 41 11711 76
West Liberty State College 10 4249 60
Drury College 35 9303 67
Barry University 11 9084 72
Cazenovia College 20 7697 118
College of St. Joseph 19 6936 76
Saint Francis College IN 4 7440 48
Kansas State University 22 6122 54
Elmira College 21 7502 64
Norwich University 22 9209 63
Hendrix College 26 8588 63
University of Oregon 13 8020 54
East Tennessee State University 9 9825 42
Montana College of Mineral Sci. & Tech. 31 6112 74
Amherst College 63 21424 100
Berry College 17 10511 63
Goucher College 34 16623 77
California Lutheran University 17 8985 60
Bethany College 29 7718 48
SUNY College at New Paltz 8 6608 53
Florida State University 15 7250 58
Clarke College 27 7963 74
Tulane University 21 16920 74
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 21 15605 70
Clark University 35 11951 79
University of St. Thomas TX 17 7237 62
College of Saint Catherine 32 7315 77
Ursuline College 15 7164 68
Lindenwood College 9 3480 100
La Roche College 14 7022 52
Gustavus Adolphus College 58 9907 80
McPherson College 45 9754 48
Columbia College 34 8693 76
College of Saint Rose 28 6084 64
John Brown University 19 8118 75
Fort Lewis College 6 4362 46
Messiah College 30 7762 89
Salisbury State University 18 5125 56
University of Northern Colorado 8 6309 40
University of Louisville 24 10207 31
Saint Joseph College 32 8680 76
Saint Joseph's College IN 19 7360 67
North Park College 24 10889 74
Bard College 30 13894 79
Saint Anselm College 29 6719 97
Husson College 4 4923 84
Emory University 28 28457 96
Waynesburg College 26 6563 63
Mount St. Mary's College 19 10613 72
Colorado State University 10 7850 59
University of Washington 10 16527 65
Lynchburg College 24 8832 70
Goldey Beacom College 4 6081 36
SUNY at Albany 16 9075 74
Carthage College 22 7364 62
SUNY College at Cortland 17 5563 53
Sarah Lawrence College 18 14779 83
University of Vermont 10 12646 79
Saint Ambrose University 16 7444 70
Mayville State University 11 6971 51
College of St. Scholastica 33 8996 72
Francis Marion University 8 5039 43
Florida International University 20 6722 66
Maryville College 43 8317 51
Vassar College 39 17089 90
University of Miami 17 17500 59
Presbyterian College 42 8354 85
Luther College 38 8949 77
Castleton State College 8 6318 79
Wesley College 15 6243 84
Marian College of Fond du Lac 21 5352 59
Clinch Valley Coll. of the Univ. of Virginia 9 4417 46
Valley City State University 25 4958 40
Eureka College 31 9552 53
SUNY College at Oswego 21 5280 63
Hardin-Simmons University 10 7054 38
University of Rochester 23 26037 80
Dartmouth College 49 29619 98
Hamilton College 60 17761 91
Belmont Abbey College 10 7550 52
Skidmore College 29 14837 81
George Washington University 15 14745 72
Virginia Wesleyan College 14 7804 68
Immaculata College 33 7305 69
University of San Francisco 8 10074 62
College of Notre Dame 7 9773 43
Saint Cloud State University 10 4629 58
Cedarville College 34 6897 64
University of Northern Iowa 26 6333 77
Lambuth University 10 5531 60
California State University at Fresno 8 7268 61
Rhodes College 47 13388 77
Whittier College 29 11778 52
Wilson College 43 10291 67
Saint Xavier University 15 8953 55
Polytechnic University 14 14329 62
Wayne State College 29 4550 52
Regis College 37 11758 84
Hiram College 34 12165 79
Roger Williams University 8 7957 61
University of North Florida 14 6104 47
LaGrange College 12 9067 75
University of the South 52 18784 82
Williams College 64 22014 99
University of South Carolina at Aiken 3 5035 48
Converse College 31 10965 75
Bethel College KS 32 8324 56
Mississippi State University 20 6223 53
Hampden - Sydney College 53 12263 69
Northeast Missouri State University 13 6601 76
Pennsylvania State Univ. Main Campus 19 8992 63
University of South Florida 7 11020 47
St. Thomas Aquinas College 13 6534 67
Saint Joseph's College 8 4322 85
University of Delaware 15 10650 75
Alverno College 26 8127 55
Franciscan University of Steubenville 8 6336 83
Colgate University 45 15494 93
Seton Hill College 37 10065 71
Colby College 41 15954 91
Wofford College 42 7875 75
Texas Lutheran College 24 7002 50
Knox College 33 13224 79
Randolph-Macon College 38 11080 74
Pfeiffer College 13 7634 48
University of Mississippi 14 6971 53
Millsaps College 38 11218 58
Montreat-Anderson College 4 11989 15
Davidson College 46 17581 94
University of South Carolina at Columbia 18 8246 63
Lamar University 12 5879 26
Wesleyan University 39 16262 92
Illinois State University 16 5569 54
Catholic University of America 18 12751 75
St. Lawrence University 38 14980 85
University of Wisconsin-Stout 17 6254 65
Occidental College 30 16196 79
Hood College 34 12434 72
College of William and Mary 31 9534 93
University of Detroit Mercy 14 10891 51
University of the Arts 9 11641 57
Seattle Pacific University 20 10368 66
# showing coefficient of predictor variables# based on cv_model with lambda = lambda.min# coef_lambda_min_tablecoef_lambda_min_table <-data.frame(predictor = names_coef_lambda_min[-1],coefficient = value_coef_lambda_min[-1]) %>% dplyr::mutate(electable_status =ifelse( coefficient !=0,"chosen","not chosen" ) ) knitr::kable( coef_lambda_min_table,digits =4,caption ="predictor variable cofficients based on lambda.min " )
predictor variable cofficients based on lambda.min
predictor
coefficient
electable_status
Private
2141.0696
chosen
Apps
-0.2820
chosen
Accept
0.7145
chosen
Enroll
-0.5103
chosen
Top10perc
21.2756
chosen
Top25perc
2.1945
chosen
F.Undergrad
-0.0820
chosen
P.Undergrad
-0.0298
chosen
Room.Board
0.9544
chosen
Books
-0.8928
chosen
Personal
-0.2424
chosen
PhD
14.6290
chosen
Terminal
22.0657
chosen
S.F.Ratio
-38.0150
chosen
perc.alumni
31.0403
chosen
Expend
0.2070
chosen
Grad.Rate
23.1196
chosen
# showing coefficient of predictor variables# based on cv_model with lambda = lambda.1se# coef_lambda_1se_tablecoef_lambda_1se_table <-data.frame(predictor = names_coef_lambda_1se[-1],coefficient = value_coef_lambda_1se[-1]) %>% dplyr::mutate(electable_status =ifelse( coefficient !=0,"chosen","not chosen" ) ) knitr::kable( coef_lambda_1se_table,digits =4,caption ="predictor variable cofficients based on lambda.1se ")
predictor variable cofficients based on lambda.1se
predictor
coefficient
electable_status
Private
2307.7188
chosen
Apps
0.0000
not chosen
Accept
0.0000
not chosen
Enroll
0.0000
not chosen
Top10perc
5.9826
chosen
Top25perc
3.5555
chosen
F.Undergrad
-0.0091
chosen
P.Undergrad
-0.0359
chosen
Room.Board
0.9748
chosen
Books
-0.3475
chosen
Personal
-0.2473
chosen
PhD
17.0017
chosen
Terminal
19.4934
chosen
S.F.Ratio
-38.6060
chosen
perc.alumni
30.2712
chosen
Expend
0.1942
chosen
Grad.Rate
24.8237
chosen
# showing chosen predictor variables# based on cv_model with lambda = lambda.min# chosen_lambda_min_tablechosen_lambda_min_table <- coef_lambda_min_table %>% dplyr::filter( electable_status =="chosen" )knitr::kable( chosen_lambda_min_table,caption ="chosen predictor variable based on lambda.min")
chosen predictor variable based on lambda.min
predictor
coefficient
electable_status
Private
2141.0695963
chosen
Apps
-0.2820221
chosen
Accept
0.7144953
chosen
Enroll
-0.5102725
chosen
Top10perc
21.2756036
chosen
Top25perc
2.1945157
chosen
F.Undergrad
-0.0819779
chosen
P.Undergrad
-0.0298272
chosen
Room.Board
0.9544381
chosen
Books
-0.8927694
chosen
Personal
-0.2424402
chosen
PhD
14.6290231
chosen
Terminal
22.0656738
chosen
S.F.Ratio
-38.0150026
chosen
perc.alumni
31.0402580
chosen
Expend
0.2069794
chosen
Grad.Rate
23.1195816
chosen
# showing chosen predictor variables# based on cv_model with lambda = lambda.1se# chosen_lambda_1se_tablechosen_lambda_1se_table <- coef_lambda_1se_table %>% dplyr::filter( electable_status =="chosen" )knitr::kable( chosen_lambda_1se_table,caption ="chosen predictor variable based on lambda.1se")
chosen predictor variable based on lambda.1se
predictor
coefficient
electable_status
Private
2307.7188101
chosen
Top10perc
5.9826323
chosen
Top25perc
3.5555075
chosen
F.Undergrad
-0.0090946
chosen
P.Undergrad
-0.0359078
chosen
Room.Board
0.9747719
chosen
Books
-0.3475166
chosen
Personal
-0.2473150
chosen
PhD
17.0016868
chosen
Terminal
19.4933932
chosen
S.F.Ratio
-38.6059654
chosen
perc.alumni
30.2712304
chosen
Expend
0.1941994
chosen
Grad.Rate
24.8237462
chosen
# much of chosen predictor variables # in two LASSO penalty valuesdata.frame(criteria =c("lambda.min","lamba.1se" ),much_predictor =c(nrow(chosen_lambda_min_table),nrow(chosen_lambda_1se_table) ) ) %>% knitr::kable(caption ="much of chosen predictor variables in two LASSO penalty value" )
much of chosen predictor variables in two LASSO penalty value
criteria
much_predictor
lambda.min
17
lamba.1se
14
(3). Model Evaluation.
# rmse of pearson correlation methodrmse_pearson <-sqrt(mean(cor_l_reg_model$residuals^2))rmse_pearson
[1] 2043.78
# rmse of forward selection# variable selection methodrmse_forward <-sqrt(mean(model_forward$residuals^2))rmse_forward
[1] 1904.062
# rmse of backward selection rmse_backward <-sqrt(mean(model_backward$residuals^2))rmse_backward
[1] 1906.793
# rmse of bidirectional stepwise selection rmse_stepwise <-sqrt(mean(model_stepwise$residuals^2))rmse_stepwise
# proof that predictor of # Backward Elimination and # Bidirectional Stepwise# are samesort(attr(terms(model_backward),"term.labels")) ==sort(attr(terms(model_stepwise),"term.labels") )
Based on the analysis process that I have done, not always when some predictors are eliminated and then RMSE value will descend too. Look at RMSE of LASSO lambda.1se, where its much of predictors (\(14\)) is less than other methods (\(16 \: \& \:17\)) except Pearson correlation (\(6\)), but its RMSE (\(2020.229\)) even more than RFE’s RMSE (\(2004.051\)), where RFE notabene selected much more predictors (\(17\)) than LASSO lambda.1se.
Related with chosen predictor variables, if we want to reveal that chosen predictors are important predictors then we have to ensure that :
we have identified well the structure of the data,
we have applied suitable variable selection method based on our data’s structure,
we have ensured that threshold that we used has been adjusted with our data’s condition,
we have checked that by using chosen variables for follow-up-analysis, then our model (that we built using those chosen variables) will produce good-even-high accuracy,
we have checked that almost or even all required assumptions for follow-up-model (that we built by using those chosen variables) are fulfilled,
and also we have checked that the error of follow-up-model (that we built by using those chosen variables) are small enough even very small.
If chosen predictors can fulfill almost-or-all of these requirements, then at that same time we also have obtained enough proof to reveal that the chosen variables are important variables, but it doesn’t justify that other unselected predictors are trully not important/not-bringing-advantages. Other unselected predictors may be not “important” for a certain response variable, because not much “informations” given by these unselected predictors toward this certain response variable; but may be to other response variables these unselected predictors give much more “informations”.
