2026-11-04
Arrows denote hypothesized associations. Regional estimates are secondary and country comparisons are descriptive.
| Measure | Coding | Scale | Min | Max | Mean | SD | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Territorial solidarity | Mean of observed municipality, own-country and other-EU willingness-to-pay items | 1–5 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 3.27 | 0.96 | 8,066 |
| H1 Left-right self-placement | Left-right self-placement; higher is further right | 1–11 | 1.00 | 11.00 | 5.51 | 2.72 | 8,066 |
| H2 Tax and benefit morale | Redistribution norm, tax compliance and benefit-fraud norms; higher is stronger | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.22 | 8,066 |
| H3 Objective economic conditions — income | Household income-category score divided by square root of household size; higher is more resources | Positive category-based score | 0.38 | 10.00 | 4.98 | 1.95 | 8,066 |
| H3 Objective economic conditions — public payments and labour-market status | Rescaled payment count and unpaid/inactive status; higher is greater need | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 8,066 |
| H4 Subjective economic conditions — household economic situation and financial resilience | Financial resilience and household economic evaluation; higher is greater capacity | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.25 | 8,066 |
| H4 Subjective economic conditions — perceived personal risks | Risks of economic or care-related need; higher is greater risk | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 8,066 |
| H5a Generalized social trust | Trust, perceived fairness and helpfulness; higher is greater trust | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 8,066 |
| H5b Institutional trust | Mean of available rescaled trust items across five observed institutions; higher is greater trust | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 8,066 |
| H6 Public service assessment | Service satisfaction, performance and delivery assessments; higher is more favourable | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.17 | 8,066 |
| Age | Age in years | 18 and older | 18.00 | 96.00 | 50.79 | 18.31 | 8,066 |
| Gender | 0 male (reference), 1 female | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 8,066 |
| Education | High education (31.7%) | Categorical | 8,066 | ||||
| Education | Low education (19.8%) | Categorical | 8,066 | ||||
| Education | Medium education (48.5%) | Categorical | 8,066 | ||||
| Migration background | 0 no (reference), 1 yes | 0–1 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 8,066 |
Common primary sample; imputed predictors in original units. SD is the square root of the weighted average squared deviation from the weighted mean. N is the unweighted valid count. Education is shown as category shares.
Weighted OLS coefficients per predictor SD; bars show two-sided 95% country CR2 intervals. The perceived-risk and capacity main effects are conditional on the interacting predictor’s scaling mean.
| Construct | Block A | Block B | Block C | Full |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A H1 Left-right self-placement | -0.295 [-0.438, -0.153] | -0.238 [-0.332, -0.144] | ||
| A H2 Tax and benefit morale | 0.072 [0.007, 0.137] | 0.071 [0.018, 0.124] | ||
| B H3 Objective economic conditions — income | 0.018 [-0.024, 0.060] | 0.016 [-0.009, 0.041] | ||
| B H3 Objective economic conditions — public payments and labour-market status | 0.077 [0.046, 0.108] | 0.039 [0.008, 0.069] | ||
| B H4 Subjective economic conditions — household economic situation and financial resilience | 0.117 [0.031, 0.203] | 0.030 [-0.026, 0.085] | ||
| B H4 Subjective economic conditions — perceived personal risks | -0.029 [-0.064, 0.006] | -0.002 [-0.054, 0.051] | ||
| B · Perceived personal risks × household economic situation and financial resilience | 0.016 [-0.009, 0.040] | -0.000 [-0.026, 0.025] | ||
| C H5a Generalized social trust | 0.183 [0.106, 0.261] | 0.147 [0.100, 0.194] | ||
| C H5b Institutional trust | 0.173 [0.068, 0.277] | 0.154 [0.059, 0.249] | ||
| C H6 Public service assessment | 0.163 [0.072, 0.254] | 0.152 [0.073, 0.231] | ||
| N | 8066 | 8066 | 8066 | 8066 |
| Country clusters | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Weighted R² | 0.191 | 0.111 | 0.257 | 0.328 |
Weighted OLS coefficients and two-sided 95% country CR2 intervals with coefficient-specific Satterthwaite degrees of freedom. All models adjust for age, gender, education, migration background and country fixed effects. Focal predictors are standardized; outcomes remain in original units.
Both series use the same primary sample. Adjusted means standardize age, gender, education and migration background to the pooled survey-weighted distribution.
| Country | N | Unadjusted | Demographic | Change | vs Croatia | Full |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Croatia | 1,124 | 3.024 | 3.039 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 3.238 |
| France | 1,115 | 3.040 | 3.027 | -0.013 | -0.012 | 3.137 |
| Germany | 1,600 | 3.194 | 3.182 | -0.012 | 0.143 | 3.042 |
| Italy | 1,117 | 3.324 | 3.391 | 0.067 | 0.353 | 3.444 |
| Poland | 1,005 | 3.176 | 3.166 | -0.010 | 0.128 | 3.247 |
| Spain | 1,054 | 3.502 | 3.489 | -0.013 | 0.450 | 3.480 |
| Sweden | 1,051 | 3.677 | 3.643 | -0.034 | 0.604 | 3.401 |
Weighted means on the 1–5 scale. Demographic and Full columns standardize to the same pooled survey-weighted covariate distribution. The contrast uses the demographic model. Estimates are descriptive.