| State | Year | Constant GSDP (Rs. crore) | Current GSDP (Rs. crore) | Per-capita GSDP (Rs.) | Real YoY growth (%) | Nominal YoY growth (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odisha | 2024-25 | 532,279 | 903,057 | 190,439 | 7.2 | 10.0 |
| Maharashtra | 2024-25 | 2,671,361 | 4,622,138 | 354,224 | 7.3 | 12.2 |
| Karnataka | 2024-25 | 1,594,216 | 2,906,063 | 421,858 | 7.3 | 12.0 |
| Tamil Nadu | 2024-25 | 1,732,189 | 3,118,590 | 403,847 | 11.2 | 16.0 |
State Sectoral Scan
1 Purpose
This report gives a state-level education sector scan for Odisha against comparator states.
Data sources are not perfectly aligned. GSDP/expenditure data are fiscal and administrative series. UDISE+ is administrative school-system data. ASER is a rural household survey and should not be interpreted as a complete annual state administrative panel.
ImportantExecutive summary
Odisha’s latest education expenditure is 3.8% of GSDP in 2025-26. In 2024-25, higher-secondary GER is 60.7 and secondary dropout is 15%. ASER 2024 shows Std V reading at 59.4% and Std V division at 32.6% for rural children. The scan should therefore be read as a combined fiscal-system-learning diagnosis, not as an expenditure report alone.
2 State at a glance
Interpretation: Odisha latest available GSDP is Rs. 988,421 crore at current prices and Rs. 574,350 crore at constant prices in 2025-26. The current-constant gap is expected because current prices include inflation; use constant prices for real-growth judgement.
Interpretation: Odisha latest available GSDP is Rs. 988,421 crore at current prices and Rs. 574,350 crore at constant prices in 2025-26. The current-constant gap is expected because current prices include inflation; use constant prices for real-growth judgement.
Interpretation: On Current-price GSDP, Odisha ranks 14 of 30 in the latest available year (2025-26) with Rs. 988,421 crore. This is a moderate-to-strong position on economic scale.
Interpretation: On Current-price GSDP, Odisha ranks 14 of 30 in the latest available year (2025-26) with Rs. 988,421 crore. This is a moderate-to-strong position on economic scale.
Interpretation: On Constant-price GSDP, Odisha ranks 14 of 30 in the latest available year (2025-26) with Rs. 574,350 crore. This is a moderate-to-strong position on economic scale.
Interpretation: In the latest year, Odisha has nominal growth of 9.5% and real growth of 7.9%. If nominal growth is much higher than real growth, part of the increase reflects prices rather than real output.
Interpretation: Odisha records 9.5% YoY growth on the Current series in 2025-26. Positive growth is favourable, but volatility should be read against the full time path.
Interpretation: Odisha records 7.9% YoY growth on the Constant series in 2025-26. Positive growth is favourable, but volatility should be read against the full time path.
Interpretation: This view shows the production-side structure of the state economy using GSVA as the denominator. Primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors are compared as shares of total GSVA, so the plot is more appropriate for sectoral structure than a GSDP-denominator chart affected by product taxes and subsidies.
Interpretation: Odisha has latest current-price per-capita GSDP of Rs. 190,439, ranking 23 of 33. This is a moderate-to-weak position on average income scale, but it does not measure distribution.
3 Fiscal position and social-sector spending
| State | Year | GSDP (Rs crore) | Total expenditure (% GSDP) | Education (% GSDP) | Health (% GSDP) | Nutrition (% GSDP) | Education expenditure (Rs crore) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Karnataka | 2025-26 | 3,281,065.0 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.06 | 40,953.9 |
| Maharashtra | 2025-26 | 5,100,597.1 | 14.9 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 0.07 | 106,338.5 |
| Odisha | 2025-26 | 988,421.3 | 29.3 | 3.8 | 2.3 | 0.10 | 37,310.1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 2025-26 | 3,529,051.9 | 13.8 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.19 | 57,783.4 |
Interpretation: Odisha has 29.3% for total expenditure as a share of GSDP in 2025-26, ranking 1 of 4 among comparator states. This is a strong position, but high spending is not automatically good unless it is matched by outcomes.
Interpretation: Odisha has 3.8% for education expenditure as a share of GSDP in 2025-26, ranking 1 of 4 among comparator states. This is a strong position, but high spending is not automatically good unless it is matched by outcomes.
Interpretation: This view changes the denominator from GSDP to total state expenditure. For Odisha, a high share means the sector is getting budget priority; a low share means the sector is less protected inside the state budget. This is not automatically good or bad without outcome evidence.
Interpretation: This chart separates revenue expenditure and capital expenditure in education spending. A high revenue share means spending is dominated by recurring operations; a higher capital share indicates asset creation or investment-type expenditure. Neither pattern is automatically good without knowing sector need and service gaps.
4 Education system scale and coverage
Interpretation: This variable counts the number of schools reported in UDISE+ for the selected level. It is a system-scale indicator, not a quality indicator. A higher value usually reflects a larger school network and wider physical provision, but it does not by itself prove better access, adequacy, or learning quality. In 2024-25, Odisha records 61565 schools for Schools - All levels. Among the comparator states, it ranks 3 of 4; higher values are generally preferable for this comparison. The best-positioned comparator is Maharashtra with 108250 schools, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Tamil Nadu with 57935 schools. Overall, Odisha is in a moderate-to-weak position on this indicator. This is a descriptive comparison, not a causal explanation.
Odisha decreased from 61891 in 2021-22 to 61565 in 2024-25; this is a deterioration on this metric.
Interpretation: This variable divides education revenue expenditure by the number of teachers and by 12 months. It is a spending-intensity indicator per teacher, not a teacher salary measure. Higher values indicate greater recurring education expenditure relative to teacher stock, but they do not prove better teaching quality. In 2024-25, Odisha records Rs. 75,422 for monthly revenue expenditure per teacher. It ranks 2 of 4 among the comparator states, where a higher value means higher spending intensity. The highest comparator is Maharashtra at Rs. 106,492, and the lowest is Karnataka at Rs. 65,113. This places Odisha in a moderate-to-strong position on spending intensity, but it should be read with outcomes before judging effectiveness.
Interpretation: This variable divides annual education revenue expenditure by total enrolment. It approximates recurring public education spending intensity per enrolled child. Higher values can indicate greater recurrent resource availability per child, but the measure does not by itself show efficiency or learning outcomes. In 2024-25, Odisha records Rs. 40,744 for annual revenue expenditure per enrolled child. It ranks 2 of 4 among the comparator states, where a higher value means higher spending intensity. The highest comparator is Maharashtra at Rs. 44,904, and the lowest is Karnataka at Rs. 30,020. This places Odisha in a moderate-to-strong position on spending intensity, but it should be read with outcomes before judging effectiveness.
Interpretation: This variable divides annual education capital expenditure by the number of schools. It approximates capital investment intensity per school. Higher values can indicate more infrastructure-oriented investment per school, but capital spending is often lumpy and can vary sharply by year. In 2024-25, Odisha records Rs. 261,722 for annual capital expenditure per school. It ranks 2 of 4 among the comparator states, where a higher value means higher spending intensity. The highest comparator is Tamil Nadu at Rs. 349,027, and the lowest is Maharashtra at Rs. 53,448. This places Odisha in a moderate-to-strong position on spending intensity, but it should be read with outcomes before judging effectiveness.
Interpretation: This variable counts students enrolled in the school system. It captures system scale and participation, but it is influenced by population size, age structure, migration, and private-school participation. A higher value means a larger enrolled base, not necessarily better retention or learning. In 2024-25, Odisha records 76.44 lakh students for Enrolments - All levels. Among the comparator states, it ranks 4 of 4; higher values are generally preferable for this comparison. The best-positioned comparator is Maharashtra with 212.73 lakh students, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Odisha with 76.44 lakh students. Overall, Odisha is in a weak position on this indicator. This is a descriptive comparison, not a causal explanation.
Odisha increased from 6380787 in 2021-22 to 7644052 in 2024-25; this is a improvement on this metric.
Interpretation: This variable measures the number of students per teacher. Lower values generally imply more teacher availability per student, while very high values can signal pressure on classroom attention and staffing. However, a low ratio is not automatically good if schools are very small, unevenly distributed, or if teacher deployment is inefficient. In 2024-25, Odisha records 22 students per teacher for Pupil-teacher ratio - overall - All levels. Among the comparator states, it ranks 1 of 4; lower values are generally preferable for this comparison. The best-positioned comparator is Odisha with 22 students per teacher, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Maharashtra with 28 students per teacher. Overall, Odisha is in a weak position on this indicator. This is a descriptive comparison, not a causal explanation.
Odisha has only one available year for this metric (2024-25). Interpret the plot as a latest-year point, not a trend.
Interpretation: This variable measures enrolment at a given education level as a percentage of the official age-group population for that level. For higher secondary, it is a participation/access indicator for Classes 11-12. Higher values usually indicate stronger continuation into higher secondary, but values can be affected by over-age or under-age enrolment. In 2024-25, Odisha records 60.7 percent for Gross enrolment ratio - Higher secondary (11-12). Among the comparator states, it ranks 4 of 4; higher values are generally preferable for this comparison. The best-positioned comparator is Tamil Nadu with 83.4 percent, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Odisha with 60.7 percent. Overall, Odisha is in a weak position on this indicator. This is a descriptive comparison, not a causal explanation.
Interpretation: This variable measures the share of students leaving the school system at the selected level. Lower values are better because they indicate stronger retention. A high secondary dropout rate is a warning sign for transition, household constraints, school quality, or labour-market pull factors. In 2024-25, Odisha records 15 percent for Dropout rate - Secondary (9-10). Among the comparator states, it ranks 3 of 4; lower values are generally preferable for this comparison. The best-positioned comparator is Tamil Nadu with 8.5 percent, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Karnataka with 18.3 percent. Overall, Odisha is in a moderate-to-weak position on this indicator. This is a descriptive comparison, not a causal explanation.
Odisha decreased from 27.3 in 2021-22 to 15 in 2024-25; this is a improvement on this metric.
4.1 Infrastructure
Interpretation: This plot compares the share of schools with basic infrastructure facilities in 2024-25. The variables are percentages of schools reporting internet, computer, and functional electricity access. Higher values are better because they indicate stronger school-level infrastructure availability; however, they do not measure actual usage, bandwidth quality, computer functionality, or classroom integration. For Odisha, the values are internet facility: 83.8%, rank 2 of 4; computer facility: 76.7%, rank 3 of 4; functional electricity: 96.9%, rank 3 of 4. Its relatively strongest infrastructure dimension is Schools with internet facility, while its weakest relative position is Schools with functional electricity. This should be read as an access-readiness indicator, not as evidence of digital learning quality.
4.2 Learning Outcomes
Interpretation: This variable measures the percentage of rural children in the selected class who can read a Standard II level text. It is a direct learning-outcome indicator for foundational reading. Higher values are better because they indicate a larger share of children reaching this minimum reading benchmark. The plot uses ASER rural household survey data, so it should be read as a rural learning estimate, not a full administrative census of all children. For Odisha, the value increased from 33% in 2014 to 40% in 2024, a net change of 7 percentage points; this is a favourable movement. In the latest available year, 2024, Odisha ranks 1 of 4 among comparator states. The best-positioned comparator is Odisha at 40%, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Tamil Nadu at 12%. This puts the state in learning-outcome perspective: movement over time matters, but its latest rank shows whether progress is enough relative to peers.
Interpretation: This variable measures the percentage of rural children in the selected class who can read a Standard II level text. It is a direct learning-outcome indicator for foundational reading. Higher values are better because they indicate a larger share of children reaching this minimum reading benchmark. The plot uses ASER rural household survey data, so it should be read as a rural learning estimate, not a full administrative census of all children. For Odisha, the value increased from 50.9% in 2014 to 59.4% in 2024, a net change of 8.5 percentage points; this is a favourable movement. In the latest available year, 2024, Odisha ranks 2 of 4 among comparator states. The best-positioned comparator is Maharashtra at 59.6%, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Karnataka at 34.1%. This puts the state in learning-outcome perspective: movement over time matters, but its latest rank shows whether progress is enough relative to peers.
Interpretation: This variable measures the percentage of rural children in the selected class who can do at least subtraction. It is a foundational numeracy indicator. Higher values are better because they indicate a larger share of children meeting a basic arithmetic benchmark. The plot uses ASER rural household survey data, so it should be read as a rural learning estimate, not a full administrative census of all children. For Odisha, the value increased from 27.6% in 2014 to 37.7% in 2024, a net change of 10.1 percentage points; this is a favourable movement. In the latest available year, 2024, Odisha ranks 1 of 4 among comparator states. The best-positioned comparator is Odisha at 37.7%, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Karnataka at 25.9%. This puts the state in learning-outcome perspective: movement over time matters, but its latest rank shows whether progress is enough relative to peers.
Interpretation: This variable measures the percentage of rural children in the selected class who can do division. It is a higher foundational numeracy indicator than simple subtraction. Higher values are better because they indicate stronger arithmetic capability among children at that class level. The plot uses ASER rural household survey data, so it should be read as a rural learning estimate, not a full administrative census of all children. For Odisha, the value increased from 21.6% in 2014 to 32.6% in 2024, a net change of 11 percentage points; this is a favourable movement. In the latest available year, 2024, Odisha ranks 1 of 4 among comparator states. The best-positioned comparator is Odisha at 32.6%, while the weakest-positioned comparator is Tamil Nadu at 20.7%. This puts the state in learning-outcome perspective: movement over time matters, but its latest rank shows whether progress is enough relative to peers.
Interpretation: This variable measures the percentage of rural children in the selected class who can read a Standard II level text. It is a direct learning-outcome indicator for foundational reading. Higher values are better because they indicate a larger share of children reaching this minimum reading benchmark. This plot separates government and private school children in rural ASER data for 2024. For Odisha, the government-school value is 57.2% and the private-school value is 82.3%. The private-government gap is 25.1 percentage points, meaning private-school children perform better on this measure. Among comparator states, Odisha ranks 2 of 4 for government schools and 1 of 4 for private schools. A large gap should not be read mechanically as school management causing the difference, because household background, location, selection into private schooling, and rural survey composition also matter.
Interpretation: This variable measures the percentage of rural children in the selected class who can do division. It is a higher foundational numeracy indicator than simple subtraction. Higher values are better because they indicate stronger arithmetic capability among children at that class level. This plot separates government and private school children in rural ASER data for 2024. For Odisha, the government-school value is 29.7% and the private-school value is 62.1%. The private-government gap is 32.4 percentage points, meaning private-school children perform better on this measure. Among comparator states, Odisha ranks 1 of 4 for government schools and 1 of 4 for private schools. A large gap should not be read mechanically as school management causing the difference, because household background, location, selection into private schooling, and rural survey composition also matter.
4.3 Education Sector Diagnosis
| State | Metric | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karnataka | Children who can do division - Std V | 20.9 | percent of children |
| Maharashtra | Children who can do division - Std V | 27.6 | percent of children |
| Odisha | Children who can do division - Std V | 32.6 | percent of children |
| Tamil Nadu | Children who can do division - Std V | 20.7 | percent of children |
| Karnataka | Children who can read Std II level text - Std V | 34.1 | percent of children |
| Maharashtra | Children who can read Std II level text - Std V | 59.6 | percent of children |
| Odisha | Children who can read Std II level text - Std V | 59.4 | percent of children |
| Tamil Nadu | Children who can read Std II level text - Std V | 35.6 | percent of children |
| Karnataka | Dropout rate - Secondary (9-10) | 18.3 | percent |
| Maharashtra | Dropout rate - Secondary (9-10) | 11.5 | percent |
| Odisha | Dropout rate - Secondary (9-10) | 15.0 | percent |
| Tamil Nadu | Dropout rate - Secondary (9-10) | 8.5 | percent |
| Karnataka | Gross enrolment ratio - Higher secondary (11-12) | 61.4 | percent |
| Maharashtra | Gross enrolment ratio - Higher secondary (11-12) | 70.8 | percent |
| Odisha | Gross enrolment ratio - Higher secondary (11-12) | 60.7 | percent |
| Tamil Nadu | Gross enrolment ratio - Higher secondary (11-12) | 83.4 | percent |
| Karnataka | Pupil-teacher ratio - overall - All levels | 26.0 | students per teacher |
| Maharashtra | Pupil-teacher ratio - overall - All levels | 28.0 | students per teacher |
| Odisha | Pupil-teacher ratio - overall - All levels | 22.0 | students per teacher |
| Tamil Nadu | Pupil-teacher ratio - overall - All levels | 23.0 | students per teacher |
| Karnataka | Schools with computer facility - All schools | 55.7 | percent of schools |
| Maharashtra | Schools with computer facility - All schools | 82.5 | percent of schools |
| Odisha | Schools with computer facility - All schools | 76.7 | percent of schools |
| Tamil Nadu | Schools with computer facility - All schools | 92.6 | percent of schools |
| Karnataka | Schools with internet facility - All schools | 50.7 | percent of schools |
| Maharashtra | Schools with internet facility - All schools | 72.1 | percent of schools |
| Odisha | Schools with internet facility - All schools | 83.8 | percent of schools |
| Tamil Nadu | Schools with internet facility - All schools | 84.9 | percent of schools |
Odisha ranks 4 out of 4 comparator states on higher-secondary GER. Its value is 60.7. Interpret this as a comparative position, not as causal evidence.
Odisha ranks 3 out of 4 comparator states on secondary dropout rate. Its value is 15. Interpret this as a comparative position, not as causal evidence.
Odisha ranks 2 out of 4 comparator states on ASER Std V reading. Its value is 59.4. Interpret this as a comparative position, not as causal evidence.
Odisha ranks 1 out of 4 comparator states on ASER Std V division. Its value is 32.6. Interpret this as a comparative position, not as causal evidence.
5 Expenditure-Outcome Diagnostic Comparisons
WarningInterpretation caution
These plots compare latest matched expenditure/input indicators with education outcomes. They are diagnostic association plots, not causal impact estimates. ASER values are rural survey outcomes, while expenditure and UDISE values are administrative/fiscal series.
Interpretation: Odisha has 40,744 on annual revenue expenditure per enrolled child and 59.4 on ASER Std V reading. It ranks 2 of 4 on the spending/input measure and 2 of 4 on the outcome value; for this outcome, higher is better. Read this as a diagnostic association, not evidence that spending caused the observed outcome.
Interpretation: Odisha has 40,744 on annual revenue expenditure per enrolled child and 32.6 on ASER Std V division. It ranks 2 of 4 on the spending/input measure and 1 of 4 on the outcome value; for this outcome, higher is better. Read this as a diagnostic association, not evidence that spending caused the observed outcome.
Interpretation: Odisha has 4 on education expenditure as a percentage of GSDP and 15 on secondary dropout rate. It ranks 1 of 4 on the spending/input measure and 3 of 4 on the outcome value; for this outcome, lower is better. Read this as a diagnostic association, not evidence that spending caused the observed outcome.
Interpretation: Odisha has 261,722 on annual capital expenditure per school and 76.7 on schools with computer facility. It ranks 2 of 4 on the spending/input measure and 3 of 4 on the outcome value; for this outcome, higher is better. Read this as a diagnostic association, not evidence that spending caused the observed outcome.
Interpretation: Odisha has 75,422 on monthly revenue expenditure per teacher and 22 on pupil-teacher ratio. It ranks 2 of 4 on the spending/input measure and 1 of 4 on the outcome value; for this outcome, lower is better. Read this as a diagnostic association, not evidence that spending caused the observed outcome.