Hate Crimes

library(tidyverse)

── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.2.1     ✔ readr     2.2.0
✔ forcats   1.0.1     ✔ stringr   1.6.0
✔ ggplot2   4.0.3     ✔ tibble    3.3.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.5     ✔ tidyr     1.3.2
✔ purrr     1.2.2     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors

library(knitr)

hatecrimes <- read_csv("NYPD_Hate_Crimes_19-26.csv")

Rows: 4029 Columns: 14
── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr (9): Record Create Date, Patrol Borough Name, County, Law Code Category ...
dbl (4): Full Complaint ID, Complaint Year Number, Month Number, Complaint P...
lgl (1): Arrest Date

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

names(hatecrimes) <- tolower(names(hatecrimes))
names(hatecrimes) <- gsub(" ","",names(hatecrimes))

head(hatecrimes)

# A tibble: 6 × 14
  fullcomplaintid complaintyearnumber monthnumber recordcreatedate
            <dbl>               <dbl>       <dbl> <chr>           
1         2.02e14                2019           1 1/23/2019       
2         2.02e14                2019           2 2/25/2019       
3         2.02e14                2019           2 2/27/2019       
4         2.02e14                2019           4 4/16/2019       
5         2.02e14                2019           6 6/20/2019       
6         2.02e14                2019           7 7/31/2019       
# ℹ 10 more variables: complaintprecinctcode <dbl>, patrolboroughname <chr>,
#   county <chr>, lawcodecategorydescription <chr>, offensedescription <chr>,
#   pdcodedescription <chr>, biasmotivedescription <chr>,
#   offensecategory <chr>, arrestdate <lgl>, arrestid <chr>

bias_count <- hatecrimes |>
  select(biasmotivedescription) |>
  group_by(biasmotivedescription) |>
  count() |>
  arrange(desc(n))

head(bias_count)

# A tibble: 6 × 2
# Groups:   biasmotivedescription [6]
  biasmotivedescription          n
  <chr>                      <int>
1 ANTI-JEWISH                 1906
2 ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)   489
3 ANTI-ASIAN                   401
4 ANTI-BLACK                   315
5 ANTI-OTHER ETHNICITY         168
6 ANTI-MUSLIM                  156

ggplot(hatecrimes, aes(x = biasmotivedescription)) +
  geom_bar()

bias_count |>
  head(10) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = biasmotivedescription, y = n)) +
  geom_col()

bias_count |>
  head(10) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(biasmotivedescription, n), y = n)) +
  geom_col() +
  coord_flip()

bias_count |>
  head(10) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(biasmotivedescription, n), y = n)) +
  geom_col() +
  coord_flip() +
  labs(
    x = "",
    y = "Counts of hatecrime types based on motive",
    title = "Bar Graph of Hate Crimes from 2019-2026",
    subtitle = "Counts based on the hatecrime motive",
    caption = "Source: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services"
  )

bias_count |>
  head(10) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(biasmotivedescription, n), y = n)) +
  geom_col(fill = "salmon") +
  coord_flip() +
  labs(
    x = "",
    y = "Counts of hatecrime types based on motive",
    title = "Bar Graph of Hate Crimes from 2019-2026",
    subtitle = "Counts based on the hatecrime motive",
    caption = "Source: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services"
  ) +
  theme_minimal()

bias_count |>
  head(10) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = reorder(biasmotivedescription, n), y = n)) +
  geom_col(fill = "salmon") +
  coord_flip() +
  labs(
    x = "",
    y = "Counts of hatecrime types based on motive",
    title = "Bar Graph of Hate Crimes from 2019-2026",
    subtitle = "Counts based on the hatecrime motive",
    caption = "Source: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services"
  ) +
  theme_minimal() +
  geom_text(aes(label = n), hjust = -.05, size = 3) +
  theme(axis.text.x = element_blank())

hate_year <- hatecrimes |>
  filter(
    biasmotivedescription %in% c(
      "ANTI-JEWISH",
      "ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)",
      "ANTI-ASIAN",
      "ANTI-BLACK"
    )
  ) |>
  group_by(complaintyearnumber) |>
  count(biasmotivedescription) |>
  arrange(desc(n))

hate_year

# A tibble: 28 × 3
# Groups:   complaintyearnumber [7]
   complaintyearnumber biasmotivedescription          n
                 <dbl> <chr>                      <int>
 1                2024 ANTI-JEWISH                  371
 2                2023 ANTI-JEWISH                  343
 3                2025 ANTI-JEWISH                  320
 4                2022 ANTI-JEWISH                  279
 5                2019 ANTI-JEWISH                  252
 6                2021 ANTI-JEWISH                  215
 7                2021 ANTI-ASIAN                   150
 8                2020 ANTI-JEWISH                  126
 9                2023 ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)   116
10                2022 ANTI-ASIAN                    91
# ℹ 18 more rows

hate_county <- hatecrimes |>
  filter(
    biasmotivedescription %in% c(
      "ANTI-JEWISH",
      "ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)",
      "ANTI-ASIAN",
      "ANTI-BLACK"
    )
  ) |>
  group_by(county) |>
  count(biasmotivedescription) |>
  arrange(desc(n))

hate_county

# A tibble: 20 × 3
# Groups:   county [5]
   county   biasmotivedescription          n
   <chr>    <chr>                      <int>
 1 KINGS    ANTI-JEWISH                  798
 2 NEW YORK ANTI-JEWISH                  651
 3 QUEENS   ANTI-JEWISH                  289
 4 NEW YORK ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)   237
 5 NEW YORK ANTI-ASIAN                   228
 6 KINGS    ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)   120
 7 KINGS    ANTI-BLACK                    99
 8 BRONX    ANTI-JEWISH                   92
 9 QUEENS   ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)    91
10 KINGS    ANTI-ASIAN                    80
11 NEW YORK ANTI-BLACK                    79
12 QUEENS   ANTI-ASIAN                    78
13 RICHMOND ANTI-JEWISH                   76
14 QUEENS   ANTI-BLACK                    75
15 BRONX    ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)    35
16 RICHMOND ANTI-BLACK                    35
17 BRONX    ANTI-BLACK                    27
18 BRONX    ANTI-ASIAN                    10
19 RICHMOND ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)     6
20 RICHMOND ANTI-ASIAN                     5

hate2 <- hatecrimes |>
  filter(
    biasmotivedescription %in% c(
      "ANTI-JEWISH",
      "ANTI-MALE HOMOSEXUAL (GAY)",
      "ANTI-ASIAN",
      "ANTI-BLACK"
    )
  ) |>
  group_by(complaintyearnumber, county) |>
  count(biasmotivedescription) |>
  arrange(desc(n))

hate2

# A tibble: 127 × 4
# Groups:   complaintyearnumber, county [35]
   complaintyearnumber county   biasmotivedescription     n
                 <dbl> <chr>    <chr>                 <int>
 1                2024 KINGS    ANTI-JEWISH             152
 2                2024 NEW YORK ANTI-JEWISH             136
 3                2025 KINGS    ANTI-JEWISH             136
 4                2019 KINGS    ANTI-JEWISH             128
 5                2023 KINGS    ANTI-JEWISH             126
 6                2022 KINGS    ANTI-JEWISH             125
 7                2023 NEW YORK ANTI-JEWISH             124
 8                2025 NEW YORK ANTI-JEWISH             110
 9                2022 NEW YORK ANTI-JEWISH             104
10                2021 NEW YORK ANTI-ASIAN               84
# ℹ 117 more rows

ggplot(data = hate2) +
  geom_bar(
    aes(
      x = complaintyearnumber,
      y = n,
      fill = biasmotivedescription
    ),
    position = "dodge",
    stat = "identity"
  ) +
  labs(
    fill = "Hate Crime Type",
    y = "Number of Hate Crime Incidents",
    title = "Hate Crime Type in NY Counties Between 2010-2016",
    caption = "Source: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services"
  )

ggplot(data = hate2) +
  geom_bar(
    aes(
      x = county,
      y = n,
      fill = biasmotivedescription
    ),
    position = "dodge",
    stat = "identity"
  ) +
  labs(
    fill = "Hate Crime Type",
    y = "Number of Hate Crime Incidents",
    title = "Hate Crime Type in NY Counties Between 2010-2016",
    caption = "Source: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services"
  )

ggplot(data = hate2) +
  geom_bar(
    aes(
      x = complaintyearnumber,
      y = n,
      fill = biasmotivedescription
    ),
    position = "dodge",
    stat = "identity"
  ) +
  facet_wrap(~county) +
  labs(
    fill = "Hate Crime Type",
    y = "Number of Hate Crime Incidents",
    title = "Hate Crime Type in NY Counties Between 2010-2016",
    caption = "Source: NY State Division of Criminal Justice Services"
  )

nypop <- read_csv("nyc_census_pop_2020.csv")

Rows: 62 Columns: 4
── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Delimiter: ","
chr (2): Area Name, Population Percent Change
num (2): 2020 Census Population, Population Change

ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.

nypop$`Area Name` <- gsub(" County", "", nypop$`Area Name`)

nypop2 <- nypop |>
  rename(county = `Area Name`) |>
  select(county, `2020 Census Population`)

head(nypop2)

# A tibble: 6 × 2
  county      `2020 Census Population`
  <chr>                          <dbl>
1 Albany                        314848
2 Allegany                       46456
3 Bronx                        1472654
4 Broome                        198683
5 Cattaraugus                    77042
6 Cayuga                         76248

datajoin <- left_join(hate2, nypop2, by = c("county"))

datajoin

# A tibble: 127 × 5
# Groups:   complaintyearnumber, county [35]
   complaintyearnumber county biasmotivedescription     n 2020 Census Populati…¹
                 <dbl> <chr>  <chr>                 <int>                  <dbl>
 1                2024 KINGS  ANTI-JEWISH             152                     NA
 2                2024 NEW Y… ANTI-JEWISH             136                     NA
 3                2025 KINGS  ANTI-JEWISH             136                     NA
 4                2019 KINGS  ANTI-JEWISH             128                     NA
 5                2023 KINGS  ANTI-JEWISH             126                     NA
 6                2022 KINGS  ANTI-JEWISH             125                     NA
 7                2023 NEW Y… ANTI-JEWISH             124                     NA
 8                2025 NEW Y… ANTI-JEWISH             110                     NA
 9                2022 NEW Y… ANTI-JEWISH             104                     NA
10                2021 NEW Y… ANTI-ASIAN               84                     NA
# ℹ 117 more rows
# ℹ abbreviated name: ¹​`2020 Census Population`

hate_new <- hate2 |>
  mutate(county = as_factor(str_to_lower(as.character(county))))

nypop_new <- nypop2 |>
  mutate(county = as_factor(str_to_lower(as.character(county))))

datajoin <- left_join(hate_new, nypop_new, by = c("county"))

datajoin

# A tibble: 127 × 5
# Groups:   complaintyearnumber, county [35]
   complaintyearnumber county biasmotivedescription     n 2020 Census Populati…¹
                 <dbl> <fct>  <chr>                 <int>                  <dbl>
 1                2024 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             152                2736074
 2                2024 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             136                1694251
 3                2025 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             136                2736074
 4                2019 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             128                2736074
 5                2023 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             126                2736074
 6                2022 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             125                2736074
 7                2023 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             124                1694251
 8                2025 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             110                1694251
 9                2022 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             104                1694251
10                2021 new y… ANTI-ASIAN               84                1694251
# ℹ 117 more rows
# ℹ abbreviated name: ¹​`2020 Census Population`

datajoinrate <- datajoin |>
  mutate(rate = n / `2020 Census Population` * 100000) |>
  arrange(desc(rate))

datajoinrate

# A tibble: 127 × 6
# Groups:   complaintyearnumber, county [35]
   complaintyearnumber county biasmotivedescription     n 2020 Census Populati…¹
                 <dbl> <fct>  <chr>                 <int>                  <dbl>
 1                2024 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             136                1694251
 2                2023 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             124                1694251
 3                2025 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             110                1694251
 4                2022 new y… ANTI-JEWISH             104                1694251
 5                2024 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             152                2736074
 6                2025 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             136                2736074
 7                2021 new y… ANTI-ASIAN               84                1694251
 8                2021 new y… ANTI-JEWISH              84                1694251
 9                2019 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             128                2736074
10                2023 kings  ANTI-JEWISH             126                2736074
# ℹ 117 more rows
# ℹ abbreviated name: ¹​`2020 Census Population`
# ℹ 1 more variable: rate <dbl>

One positive aspect about the hatecrimes dataset is that it includes hate crime information from New York counties from 2019 to 2026. The dataset includes different hate crime motives, years, and counties, which makes it useful for finding patterns. Another positive aspect is that the data can be combined with population information to calculate hate crime rates per 100,000 people. This makes it easier to compare counties with different population sizes. One negative aspect is that the dataset may not include every hate crime that actually happened. The tutorial explains that hate crime data can be affected by reporting and how law enforcement agencies collect the information. Because of this, there could be bias in the dataset, so the results should be looked at carefully. One path I would like to study is how hate crime rates change from year to year. Another path I would like to study is how hate crime rates differ between counties after taking population size into account. These paths could help show patterns that are not obvious from just looking at the total number of crimes.