2+2
## [1] 4
14/6
## [1] 2.333333
10^2+3*60/8-3
## [1] 119.5
2^(2+1)-4+64^((-2)^(2.25-1/4))
## [1] 16777220
24321510142345456556566
## [1] 2.432151e+22
(6*2.3 +42)/3^(4.2-3.62)
## [1] 29.50556
(-4)^2 +2
## [1] 18
sqrt(25.2/2)
## [1] 3.549648
sqrt(15/2)
## [1] 2.738613
sqrt(16.44/2)
## [1] 2.867054
sqrt(15.3/2)
## [1] 2.765863
sqrt(18.6/2)
## [1] 3.04959
log(0.3)
## [1] -1.203973
exp(log(0.3))
## [1] 0.3
-0.00000000423546322
## [1] -4.235463e-09
(3^2)*(4^1/8)
## [1] 4.5
x <- 4.5
x = x/2.33 #this overwrites the previous value of x
x
## [1] 1.93133
-8.2*10^(-13)
## [1] -8.2e-13
y <- -8.2e-13
x*y
## [1] -1.583691e-12
myvec <- c(2,2,3,4,5,7)
myvec1 <- c(1,3,4,1,2,5)
myvec2 <- c(myvec,myvec1)
myvec2
## [1] 2 2 3 4 5 7 1 3 4 1 2 5
seq(from=3,to=27,by=3)
## [1] 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
seq(from=3,to=27,length.out=40)
## [1] 3.000000 3.615385 4.230769 4.846154 5.461538 6.076923 6.692308
## [8] 7.307692 7.923077 8.538462 9.153846 9.769231 10.384615 11.000000
## [15] 11.615385 12.230769 12.846154 13.461538 14.076923 14.692308 15.307692
## [22] 15.923077 16.538462 17.153846 17.769231 18.384615 19.000000 19.615385
## [29] 20.230769 20.846154 21.461538 22.076923 22.692308 23.307692 23.923077
## [36] 24.538462 25.153846 25.769231 26.384615 27.000000
zoo <- 5.3
justseq <- seq(from=zoo,to=(-47+1.5),by=-2.4)
justseq
## [1] 5.3 2.9 0.5 -1.9 -4.3 -6.7 -9.1 -11.5 -13.9 -16.3 -18.7 -21.1
## [13] -23.5 -25.9 -28.3 -30.7 -33.1 -35.5 -37.9 -40.3 -42.7 -45.1
rep(x=1,times=4)
## [1] 1 1 1 1
rep(x=c(3,62,8.3),times=3)
## [1] 3.0 62.0 8.3 3.0 62.0 8.3 3.0 62.0 8.3
rep(x=c(3,62,8.3),each=2)
## [1] 3.0 3.0 62.0 62.0 8.3 8.3
rep(x=c(3,62,8.3))
## [1] 3.0 62.0 8.3
sort(x=c(2.5,-1,-10,3.44),decreasing=FALSE)
## [1] -10.00 -1.00 2.50 3.44
myseq4 <- seq(from=5,to=-11,by=-0.3)
myseq4
## [1] 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.7
## [13] 1.4 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 -0.1 -0.4 -0.7 -1.0 -1.3 -1.6 -1.9
## [25] -2.2 -2.5 -2.8 -3.1 -3.4 -3.7 -4.0 -4.3 -4.6 -4.9 -5.2 -5.5
## [37] -5.8 -6.1 -6.4 -6.7 -7.0 -7.3 -7.6 -7.9 -8.2 -8.5 -8.8 -9.1
## [49] -9.4 -9.7 -10.0 -10.3 -10.6 -10.9
myseq5 <-rev(myseq4)
myseq5
## [1] -10.9 -10.6 -10.3 -10.0 -9.7 -9.4 -9.1 -8.8 -8.5 -8.2 -7.9 -7.6
## [13] -7.3 -7.0 -6.7 -6.4 -6.1 -5.8 -5.5 -5.2 -4.9 -4.6 -4.3 -4.0
## [25] -3.7 -3.4 -3.1 -2.8 -2.5 -2.2 -1.9 -1.6 -1.3 -1.0 -0.7 -0.4
## [37] -0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2
## [49] 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.7 5.0
a <- c(2,7,6)
b <- c(1,3,5)
a * b
## [1] 2 21 30
a %*% b
## [,1]
## [1,] 53
vec7 = c(-1,3,-4,7,-9)
rep(vec7,times=2,each=10)
## [1] -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4
## [26] -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9
## [51] -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -4 -4 -4 -4 -4
## [76] -4 -4 -4 -4 -4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9
sort(vec7,decreasing=TRUE)
## [1] 7 3 -1 -4 -9
vec8i = c(from= 6,to= 12)
vec8ii <- c(5.3,times= 3)
vec8iii = c(-3)
vec8iv <- seq(from= 102, to=100, length= 9)
seq(from=3,to=6,length=5)
## [1] 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00
vec0.2 = c(2,-5.1,-33,times=2)
7/42 +2
## [1] 2.166667
vec2.4 = c(seq,vec0.2,2.166667)
x = vec2.4 [c(1, length(vec0.2))]
y = vec2.4[-c(1,length(vec2.4))]
myvec = c(5,-2.3,4,4,4,6,8,10,40221,-8)
length(myvec)
## [1] 10
myvec[2]
## [1] -2.3
1:5
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5
foo <- 1:5
foo
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5
foo[-2]
## [1] 1 3 4 5
length(foo)
## [1] 5
foo * 4
## [1] 4 8 12 16 20
length(foo):2
## [1] 5 4 3 2
indexes <- c(4,rep(2,times=4),1,1,2,3:1)
indexes
## [1] 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1
foo[indexes]
## [1] 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1
foo
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5
foo[indexes]
## [1] 4 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1
foo[-c(1,3)]
## [1] 2 4 5
bar <- c(3,2,4,4,1,2,4,1,0,0,5)
bar
## [1] 3 2 4 4 1 2 4 1 0 0 5
bar[1] <- 6
bar
## [1] 6 2 4 4 1 2 4 1 0 0 5
bar[c(2,4,7)] <- c(-2,7,-8)
bar
## [1] 6 -2 4 7 1 2 -8 1 0 0 5
seq(from=3,to=6,by=5)
## [1] 3
vec <- c(2,-5.1,-33)
vec
## [1] 2.0 -5.1 -33.0
rep(vec,times=2)
## [1] 2.0 -5.1 -33.0 2.0 -5.1 -33.0
rep(vec,times =2)
## [1] 2.0 -5.1 -33.0 2.0 -5.1 -33.0
v <- 7/42 + 2
v
## [1] 2.166667
x <- seq(from=3,to=6,by=5)
vec11 <- c(2,-5.1,-33)
z <- 7/42 + 2
vec22 <- c(x,y,z)
vec22
## [[1]]
## [1] 3
##
## [[2]]
## [1] 2
##
## [[3]]
## [1] -5.1
##
## [[4]]
## [1] -33
##
## $times
## [1] 2
##
## [[6]]
## [1] 2.166667
x
## [1] 3
y
## [[1]]
## [1] 2
##
## [[2]]
## [1] -5.1
##
## [[3]]
## [1] -33
##
## $times
## [1] 2
rep(vec11,times=2)
## [1] 2.0 -5.1 -33.0 2.0 -5.1 -33.0
y1 <- (rep(vec11,times=2))
vec22 <- c(x,y1,z)
vec22
## [1] 3.000000 2.000000 -5.100000 -33.000000 2.000000 -5.100000 -33.000000
## [8] 2.166667
vec22[1]
## [1] 3
vec22[length(vec22)]
## [1] 2.166667
boy <- vec22[1]
boy2 <- vec22[length(vec22)]
vec22[-c(1, length(vec22))]
## [1] 2.0 -5.1 -33.0 2.0 -5.1 -33.0
boy3 <- vec22[-c(1, length(vec22))]
girl <- c(boy,boy2,boy3)
girl
## [1] 3.000000 2.166667 2.000000 -5.100000 -33.000000 2.000000 -5.100000
## [8] -33.000000
vec22 <- sort(vec22)
vec22
## [1] -33.000000 -33.000000 -5.100000 -5.100000 2.000000 2.000000 2.166667
## [8] 3.000000
rev(vec22)
## [1] 3.000000 2.166667 2.000000 2.000000 -5.100000 -5.100000 -33.000000
## [8] -33.000000
boy3
## [1] 2.0 -5.1 -33.0 2.0 -5.1 -33.0
boy3[3]
## [1] -33
boy3[6]
## [1] -33
rep(boy3[3],times=3)
## [1] -33 -33 -33
rep(boy3[6],times=4)
## [1] -33 -33 -33 -33
c1 <- (rep(boy3[3],times=3))
c2 <- (rep(boy3[6],times=4))
vec3 <- c(c1,c2,-33)
vec3
## [1] -33 -33 -33 -33 -33 -33 -33 -33
matrix(c(1,2,3,4,5,6),nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
rbind(1:3,4:6)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
cbind(c(1,4),c(2,5),c(3,6))
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6
mymat <- rbind(c(1,2,3),5:3,c(100,20,90),11:13)
mymat
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 5 4 3
## [3,] 100 20 90
## [4,] 11 12 13
dim(mymat)[2]
## [1] 3
dim(mymat)[3]
## [1] NA
matrix(c(0.3,4.5,55.3,91,0.1,105.5,-4.2,8.2,27.9),nrow=3,ncol=3)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 0.3 91.0 -4.2
## [2,] 4.5 0.1 8.2
## [3,] 55.3 105.5 27.9
A <- matrix(c(0.3,4.5,55.3,91,0.1,105.5,-4.2,8.2,27.9),nrow=3,ncol=3)
A[3,2]
## [1] 105.5
A[1,3]
## [1] -4.2
A[2:3,]
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 4.5 0.1 8.2
## [2,] 55.3 105.5 27.9
A[-1,]
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 4.5 0.1 8.2
## [2,] 55.3 105.5 27.9
A[-2,-c(2,3)]
## [1] 0.3 55.3
b <- A
b
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 0.3 91.0 -4.2
## [2,] 4.5 0.1 8.2
## [3,] 55.3 105.5 27.9
b[2,] <- 1:3
b[2,]
## [1] 1 2 3
b
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 0.3 91.0 -4.2
## [2,] 1.0 2.0 3.0
## [3,] 55.3 105.5 27.9
b[c(1,3),2] <- 900
b
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 0.3 900 -4.2
## [2,] 1.0 2 3.0
## [3,] 55.3 900 27.9
B <- matrix(c(4.3,3.1,8.2,8.2,3.2,0.9,1.6,6.5),nrow=4,ncol=,byrow=TRUE)
B
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.3 3.1
## [2,] 8.2 8.2
## [3,] 3.2 0.9
## [4,] 1.6 6.5
B[-4,]
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.3 3.1
## [2,] 8.2 8.2
## [3,] 3.2 0.9
dim(B[-4,])
## [1] 3 2
sort(B[,2])
## [1] 0.9 3.1 6.5 8.2
B2c <- sort(B[,2])
B[,2] <- B2c
B2c
## [1] 0.9 3.1 6.5 8.2
a <- diag(x=3)
a
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 0 0
## [2,] 0 1 0
## [3,] 0 0 1
A <- rbind(c(2,5,2),c(6,1,4))
a <- 2
a*A
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 4 10 4
## [2,] 12 2 8
B <- cbind(c(3,-1,1),c(-3,1,5))
A%*%B
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3 9
## [2,] 21 3
A <- cbind(c(1,2,7),c(2,4,6))
A
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 2
## [2,] 2 4
## [3,] 7 6
B <- cbind(c(10,30,50),c(20,40,60))
B
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 10 20
## [2,] 30 40
## [3,] 50 60
a <- 2/7
a*(A-B)
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] -2.571429 -5.142857
## [2,] -8.000000 -10.285714
## [3,] -12.285714 -15.428571
D <- cbind(c(1,2,7))
D
## [,1]
## [1,] 1
## [2,] 2
## [3,] 7
E <- cbind(c(3,4,8))
E
## [,1]
## [1,] 3
## [2,] 4
## [3,] 8
dim(D)
## [1] 3 1
dim(E)
## [1] 3 1
t(D)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 7
t(D)%*%E
## [,1]
## [1,] 67
t(E)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 3 4 8
D%*%t(D)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 7
## [2,] 2 4 14
## [3,] 7 14 49
t(E)%*%(D%*%t(D))
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 67 134 469
(E%*%t(E))+(D%*%t(D))-100*diag(3)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] -90 14 31
## [2,] 14 -80 46
## [3,] 31 46 13
A <- rbind(c(2,0,0,0),c(0,3,0,0),c(0,0,5,0),c(0,0,0,-1),nrow=4,ncol=4)
A
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## 2 0 0 0
## 0 3 0 0
## 0 0 5 0
## 0 0 0 -1
## nrow 4 4 4 4
## ncol 4 4 4 4
AR <- array(data=1:24,dim=c(3,4,2))
AR
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
BR <- array(data=rep(1:24,times=3),dim=c(3,4,2,3))
BR
## , , 1, 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2, 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
##
## , , 1, 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2, 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
##
## , , 1, 3
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2, 3
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
AR <- array(data=rep(1:24,times=3),dim=c(3,4,2,3))
AR
## , , 1, 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2, 1
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
##
## , , 1, 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2, 2
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
##
## , , 1, 3
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10
## [2,] 2 5 8 11
## [3,] 3 6 9 12
##
## , , 2, 3
##
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 13 16 19 22
## [2,] 14 17 20 23
## [3,] 15 18 21 24
AR[2,,,2]
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2 14
## [2,] 5 17
## [3,] 8 20
## [4,] 11 23
AZ <- array(seq(from=4.8,to=0.1,length=48,),c(dim=4,2,6))
AZ
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.8 4.4
## [2,] 4.7 4.3
## [3,] 4.6 4.2
## [4,] 4.5 4.1
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.0 3.6
## [2,] 3.9 3.5
## [3,] 3.8 3.4
## [4,] 3.7 3.3
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3.2 2.8
## [2,] 3.1 2.7
## [3,] 3.0 2.6
## [4,] 2.9 2.5
##
## , , 4
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2.4 2.0
## [2,] 2.3 1.9
## [3,] 2.2 1.8
## [4,] 2.1 1.7
##
## , , 5
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1.6 1.2
## [2,] 1.5 1.1
## [3,] 1.4 1.0
## [4,] 1.3 0.9
##
## , , 6
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 0.8 0.4
## [2,] 0.7 0.3
## [3,] 0.6 0.2
## [4,] 0.5 0.1
B <- AZ[c(4,1), 2, ]
B
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] 4.1 3.3 2.5 1.7 0.9 0.1
## [2,] 4.4 3.6 2.8 2.0 1.2 0.4
C <- array(rep(B[2, ], 4), dim = c(2, 2, 2, 3))
C
## , , 1, 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.4 2.8
## [2,] 3.6 2.0
##
## , , 2, 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1.2 4.4
## [2,] 0.4 3.6
##
## , , 1, 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2.8 1.2
## [2,] 2.0 0.4
##
## , , 2, 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.4 2.8
## [2,] 3.6 2.0
##
## , , 1, 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1.2 4.4
## [2,] 0.4 3.6
##
## , , 2, 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2.8 1.2
## [2,] 2.0 0.4
D <- AZ[,,-6]
D
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.8 4.4
## [2,] 4.7 4.3
## [3,] 4.6 4.2
## [4,] 4.5 4.1
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.0 3.6
## [2,] 3.9 3.5
## [3,] 3.8 3.4
## [4,] 3.7 3.3
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3.2 2.8
## [2,] 3.1 2.7
## [3,] 3.0 2.6
## [4,] 2.9 2.5
##
## , , 4
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2.4 2.0
## [2,] 2.3 1.9
## [3,] 2.2 1.8
## [4,] 2.1 1.7
##
## , , 5
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1.6 1.2
## [2,] 1.5 1.1
## [3,] 1.4 1.0
## [4,] 1.3 0.9
D[c(2,4), 2, c(1,3,5)] <- -99
D
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.8 4.4
## [2,] 4.7 -99.0
## [3,] 4.6 4.2
## [4,] 4.5 -99.0
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 4.0 3.6
## [2,] 3.9 3.5
## [3,] 3.8 3.4
## [4,] 3.7 3.3
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3.2 2.8
## [2,] 3.1 -99.0
## [3,] 3.0 2.6
## [4,] 2.9 -99.0
##
## , , 4
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2.4 2.0
## [2,] 2.3 1.9
## [3,] 2.2 1.8
## [4,] 2.1 1.7
##
## , , 5
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1.6 1.2
## [2,] 1.5 -99.0
## [3,] 1.4 1.0
## [4,] 1.3 -99.0
baz <- c(T,F,F,F,T,F,T,T,T,F,T,F)
baz
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
length(baz)
## [1] 12
tee <- matrix(data=baz,nrow=3,ncol=4,byrow=TRUE)
tee
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
## [2,] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [3,] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
1==2
## [1] FALSE
foo <- c(3,2,1,4,1,2,1,-1,0,3)
bar <- c(4,1,2,1,1,0,0,3,0,4)
length(x=foo)==length(x=bar)
## [1] TRUE
foo==bar
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
foo<bar
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
foo<=(bar+10)
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
c(foo,nrow=5,ncol=2)
## nrow ncol
## 3 2 1 4 1 2 1 -1 0 3 5 2
toz = c(6,9,7,3,6,7,9,6,3,6,6,7,1,9,1)
toz==6
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
## [13] FALSE FALSE FALSE
toz>=6
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [13] FALSE TRUE FALSE
toz<(6+2)
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [13] TRUE FALSE TRUE
toz!=2
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
toz1 <- toz[-c(1:3)]
T <- array(toz1,dim=c(2,2,3))
T
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3 7
## [2,] 6 9
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 6 6
## [2,] 3 6
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 7 9
## [2,] 1 1
T<=(6/2+4)
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE FALSE
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE TRUE
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE FALSE
## [2,] TRUE TRUE
T>=6
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] FALSE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE TRUE
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] FALSE TRUE
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] FALSE FALSE
T<6+2
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE FALSE
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE TRUE
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE FALSE
## [2,] TRUE TRUE
T!=6
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] FALSE TRUE
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] FALSE FALSE
## [2,] TRUE FALSE
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] TRUE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE TRUE
S <- diag(10)
S
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,] 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [2,] 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [3,] 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [4,] 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
## [5,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
## [6,] 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
## [7,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
## [8,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
## [9,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
## [10,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
S==0
## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
## [1,] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [2,] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [3,] TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [4,] TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [5,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [6,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [7,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [8,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [9,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE
## [10,] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
logicalarray <- c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)
#check if any values are TRUE
anytrue <- any(logicalarray) # returns TRUE if atleast one element is TRUE
# check if all values are TRUE
alltrue <- all(logicalarray) # returns TRUE only if every element is TRUE
anytrue
## [1] TRUE
alltrue
## [1] FALSE
# suppose you have a logical array
logicalarray = any(logicalarray) # returns TRUE if at least one element is TRUE
# suppose you have a logical array
logicalarray <- c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE)
# check if all values are TRUE
alltrue <- all(logicalarray) # returns TRUE if every element is TRUE
anytrue
## [1] TRUE
alltrue
## [1] FALSE
#suppose you have a logical matrix erlier
logicalmatrix <- (toz==6)
logicalmatrix
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
## [13] FALSE FALSE FALSE
# extract the diagonal element
diagelement <- diag(logicalmatrix)
# check if any diagonal entries are TRUE
any(diagelement)
## [1] TRUE
foo <- c(T,F,F,F,T,F,T,T,T,F,T,F)
bar <- c(F,T,F,T,F,F,F,F,T,T,T,T)
foo&bar
## [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [13] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [25] TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [37] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [49] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [61] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [73] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
rex <- c(7,1,7,10,5,9,10,3,10,8)
rex > 5|2
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
bax <- c(8,8,4,4,5,1,5,6,6,8)
bax33 <- bar[(bar <= 6)& (bar!= 4)]
bax33
## [1] 0 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 1 0 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 1 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 1
## [39] 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 1 3 6 6 3 6 6 1 1
rex&bax33
## Warning in rex & bax33: longer object length is not a multiple of shorter
## object length
## [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [13] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE
## [25] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [37] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
## [49] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
T <- rex + bax
T
## [1] 15 9 11 14 10 10 15 9 16 16
TX <- T[(T>= 14)& (T!= 15)]
TX
## [1] 14 16 16
TRUE+TRUE
## [1] 2
myvec <- c(5,-2.3,4,4,4,6,8,10,40221,-8)
myvec[c(F,T,F,F,F,F,F,F,F,T)]
## [1] NA 40221 NA NA -8 -8 NA 40221 NA NA NA 40221
## [13] NA NA -8 -8 NA 40221 NA NA
myvec<0
## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
myvec[myvec<0]
## [1] -2.3 -8.0
myvec[c(T,F)]
## [1] NA 40221 NA NA -8 -8 NA 40221 NA NA
myvec[(myvec>0)&(myvec<1000)]
## [1] 5 4 4 4 6 8 10
myvec[myvec<0] <- -200
myvec
## [1] 5 -200 4 4 4 6 8 10 40221 -200
myvec[-which(x=myvec<0)]
## [1] 5 4 4 4 6 8 10 40221
foo <- c(7,5,6,1,2,10,8,3,8,2)
foo[foo>=5]
## [1] 7 5 6 10 8 8
bar <- foo[foo>=5]
tox <- foo[!(foo>=5)]
tox
## [1] 1 2 3 2
matrix(bar,nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 7 5 6
## [2,] 10 8 8
baz <- matrix(bar,nrow=2,ncol=3,byrow=TRUE)
baz[baz==8] <- (baz[1,2])^2
baz
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 7 5 6
## [2,] 10 25 25
all(baz<=25&baz>4)
## [1] TRUE
vec2 <- c(10,5,1,4,7,4,3,3,1,3,4,3,1,7,8,3,7,3)
qux <- array(vec2,dim=c(3,2,3))
qux
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 10 4
## [2,] 5 7
## [3,] 1 4
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3 3
## [2,] 3 4
## [3,] 1 3
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 3
## [2,] 7 7
## [3,] 8 3
indices <- which(qux==3|qux==4,arr.ind=TRUE)
indices
## dim1 dim2 dim3
## [1,] 1 2 1
## [2,] 3 2 1
## [3,] 1 1 2
## [4,] 2 1 2
## [5,] 1 2 2
## [6,] 2 2 2
## [7,] 3 2 2
## [8,] 1 2 3
## [9,] 3 2 3
qux[qux<3|qux>=7] <- 100
qux
## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 100 4
## [2,] 5 100
## [3,] 100 4
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 3 3
## [2,] 3 4
## [3,] 100 3
##
## , , 3
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 100 3
## [2,] 100 100
## [3,] 100 3
foo[c(FALSE,TRUE)]
## [1] 5 1 10 3 2
foo[c(0,1)]
## [1] 7
"alpha"=="alpha"
## [1] TRUE
"alpha"!="beta"
## [1] TRUE
c("alpha","beta","gamma")=="beta"
## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE
qux <- c("awesome","R","is")
length(qux)
## [1] 3
qux
## [1] "awesome" "R" "is"
cat(qux[2],qux[3],"totally",qux[1],"!")
## R is totally awesome !
paste(qux[2],qux[3],"totally",qux[1],"!")
## [1] "R is totally awesome !"
paste(qux[3],qux[2],"totally",qux[1],"?")
## [1] "is R totally awesome ?"
a <- 3
b <- 4.4
cat("the value stored as 'a' is ",a,".",sep="")
## the value stored as 'a' is 3.
paste("the value stored as 'b' is ",b,".",sep="")
## [1] "the value stored as 'b' is 4.4."
cat("the result of a+b is ",a,"+",b,"=",a+b,".",sep="")
## the result of a+b is 3+4.4=7.4.
paste("is",a+b,"less than 10 ?that's totally ",a+b<10,".",sep="")
## [1] "is7.4less than 10 ?that's totally TRUE."
cat("here is a string\nsplit\tto new\b\n\n\tlines")
## here is a string
## split to new
##
## lines
cat("i really want a backslash: \\\nand a double quote: \"")
## i really want a backslash: \
## and a double quote: "
foo <- "this is a character string!"
substr(foo,start=21,stop=27)
## [1] "string!"
substr(foo,start=1,stop=4) <- "here"
foo
## [1] "here is a character string!"
bar <- "how much could a woodchuck chuck"
sub(pattern="chuck",replacement="hurl",bar)
## [1] "how much could a woodhurl chuck"
gsub(pattern="chuck",replacement="hurl",bar)
## [1] "how much could a woodhurl hurl"
cat("the quick brown fox\n jumped over\t\n\tthe lazy dogs")
## the quick brown fox
## jumped over
## the lazy dogs
num1 <- 4
num2 <- 0.75
cat("the value stored as 'num1' is ",num1,".",sep="")
## the value stored as 'num1' is 4.
paste("the value stored as 'num2' is ",num2,".",sep="")
## [1] "the value stored as 'num2' is 0.75."
cat("the result of num1*num2 is ",num1,"*",num2,"=",num1*num2,".",sep="")
## the result of num1*num2 is 4*0.75=3.
A <- ("/users/tdavies/document/rbook/")
bar
## [1] "how much could a woodchuck chuck"
bar <- ("if a woodchuck could chuck wood")
bar
## [1] "if a woodchuck could chuck wood"
gsub(pattern="wood",replacement="metal",bar)
## [1] "if a metalchuck could chuck metal"
s <- "Two 6-packs for $12.99"
substr(s,5,10) == "6-pack"
## [1] TRUE
gsub(pattern="\\$12\\.99",replacement="\\$10.99",x=s)
## [1] "Two 6-packs for $10.99"
s
## [1] "Two 6-packs for $12.99"
# examles under factor
firstname <- c("liz","jolene","susan","boris","rochelle","tim","simon","amy")
sex.num <- c(0,0,0,1,0,1,1,0)
sex.num.fac <- factor(sex.num)
sex.num.fac
## [1] 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
## Levels: 0 1
levels(sex.num.fac)
## [1] "0" "1"
#relabelling the sex to 1 & 2 from 0 & 1
levels(sex.num.fac) <- c("1","2")
sex.num.fac[2:5]
## [1] 1 1 2 1
## Levels: 1 2
# test for identifying all men
sex.num.fac=="2"
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
# defining and ordering levels
mob <- c("apr","jan","dec","sep","nov","jul","jul","jun")
# ccomparing jan and dec
mob[2]<mob[3]
## [1] FALSE
ms <- c("jan","feb","mar","apr","may","jun","jul","aug","sep","oct","nov","dec")
mob.fac <- factor(mob,levels=ms,ordered=TRUE)
mob.fac
## [1] apr jan dec sep nov jul jul jun
## 12 Levels: jan < feb < mar < apr < may < jun < jul < aug < sep < ... < dec
#cutting and combining
foo <- c(5.1,3.3,3.1,4)
bar <- c(4.5,1.2)
c(foo,bar)
## [1] 5.1 3.3 3.1 4.0 4.5 1.2
new.values <- factor(c("oct","feb","feb"),levels=levels(mob.fac),ordered=TRUE)
new.values
## [1] oct feb feb
## 12 Levels: jan < feb < mar < apr < may < jun < jul < aug < sep < ... < dec
levels(mob.fac)
## [1] "jan" "feb" "mar" "apr" "may" "jun" "jul" "aug" "sep" "oct" "nov" "dec"
levels(mob.fac)[c(mob.fac,new.values)]
## [1] "apr" "jan" "dec" "sep" "nov" "jul" "jul" "jun" "oct" "feb" "feb"
# turning the vectors into factor object
mob.new <- levels(mob.fac)[c(mob.fac,new.values)]
mob.new.fac <- factor(mob.new,levels=levels(mob.fac),ordered=TRUE)
mob.new.fac
## [1] apr jan dec sep nov jul jul jun oct feb feb
## 12 Levels: jan < feb < mar < apr < may < jun < jul < aug < sep < ... < dec
# last example before exercise
y <- c(0.53,5.4,1.5,3.33,0.45,0.01,2,4.2,1.99,1.01)
br <- c(0,2,4,6)
cut(y,breaks=br)
## [1] (0,2] (4,6] (0,2] (2,4] (0,2] (0,2] (0,2] (4,6] (0,2] (0,2]
## Levels: (0,2] (2,4] (4,6]
cut(y,breaks=br,right=FALSE)
## [1] [0,2) [4,6) [0,2) [2,4) [0,2) [0,2) [2,4) [4,6) [0,2) [0,2)
## Levels: [0,2) [2,4) [4,6)
lab <- c("small","medium","large")
cut(y,breaks=br,right=FALSE,include.lowest=TRUE,labels=lab)
## [1] small large small medium small small medium large small small
## Levels: small medium large
#exercise 4.5
#(a) create the character vector
sex <- rep("M",20)
sex[c(1,5,6,7,12,14,15,16)] <- "F"
# party vector
party <- rep("national",20)
party[c(1,4,12,15,16,19)] <- "labour"
party[c(6,9,11)] <- "greens"
party[c(10,20)] <- "others"
#(b)
sex.fac <- factor(sex)
party.fac <- factor(party)
# checking for levels
levels(sex.fac)
## [1] "F" "M"
levels(party.fac)
## [1] "greens" "labour" "national" "others"
#(c)
party.fac[sex.fac=="M"]
## [1] national national labour national greens others greens national
## [9] national national labour others
## Levels: greens labour national others
sex.fac[party.fac=="national"]
## [1] M M F F M M F M M
## Levels: F M
# (d)
new.party <- factor(c("national","maori","maori","labour","greens","labour"),levels=union(levels(party.fac),c("national","labour","greens","maori","other")))
new.sex <- factor(c("M","M","F","F","M"))
# combine
party.all <- c(party.fac,new.party)
sex.all <- c(sex.fac,new.sex)
party.all
## [1] labour national national labour national greens national national
## [9] greens others greens labour national national labour labour
## [17] national national labour others national maori maori labour
## [25] greens labour
## Levels: greens labour national others maori other
sex.all
## [1] F M M M F F F M M M M F M F F F M M M M M M F F M
## Levels: F M
#(e)
confidence <- c( 93, 55, 29, 100,
52, 84, 56, 0, 33, 52, 35, 53, 55, 46, 40, 40, 56, 45, 64, 31, 10, 29, 40,
95, 18, 61.)
conf.level <- cut(confidence,breaks=c(0,30,70,100),labels=c("low","moderate","high"),include.lowest=TRUE)
conf.level
## [1] high moderate low high moderate high moderate low
## [9] moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate moderate
## [17] moderate moderate moderate moderate low low moderate high
## [25] low moderate
## Levels: low moderate high
# (f)
# original 20 participants only
orig.party <- party.fac
labour.conf <- conf.level[orig.party=="labour"]
labour.conf
## [1] high high moderate moderate moderate moderate low high
## Levels: low moderate high
national.conf <- conf.level[orig.party=="national"]
national.conf
## [1] moderate low moderate moderate low moderate moderate moderate
## [9] moderate low moderate low
## Levels: low moderate high
table(labour.conf)
## labour.conf
## low moderate high
## 1 4 3
table(national.conf)
## national.conf
## low moderate high
## 4 8 0
foo <- list(matrix(data=1:4,nrow=2,ncol=2),c(TRUE,FALSE,TRUE,TRUE),"hello")
foo
## [[1]]
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 3
## [2,] 2 4
##
## [[2]]
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
##
## [[3]]
## [1] "hello"
foo[[1]]
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 3
## [2,] 2 4
foo[[1]][2,1]
## [1] 2
cat(foo[[3]],"you!")
## hello you!
bar <- foo[c(2,3)]
bar
## [[1]]
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
##
## [[2]]
## [1] "hello"
# naming
names(foo) <- c("mymatrix","mylogical","mystring")
foo
## $mymatrix
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 3
## [2,] 2 4
##
## $mylogical
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
##
## $mystring
## [1] "hello"
baz <- list(tom=c(foo[[2]],TRUE,TRUE,TRUE,FALSE),dick="g'day mate",harry=foo$mymatrix*2)
baz
## $tom
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
##
## $dick
## [1] "g'day mate"
##
## $harry
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2 6
## [2,] 4 8
names(baz)
## [1] "tom" "dick" "harry"
# nesting
baz$bobby <- foo
baz
## $tom
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE
##
## $dick
## [1] "g'day mate"
##
## $harry
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 2 6
## [2,] 4 8
##
## $bobby
## $bobby$mymatrix
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 3
## [2,] 2 4
##
## $bobby$mylogical
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
##
## $bobby$mystring
## [1] "hello"
baz$bobby$mylogicals[1:3]
## NULL
baz[[4]][[2]][1:3]
## [1] TRUE FALSE TRUE
baz[[4]]$mylogicals[1:3]
## NULL
foo <- c("character","a",NA,"with","string",NA)
foo
## [1] "character" "a" NA "with" "string" NA
bar <- factor(c("blue",NA,NA,"blue","green","blue",NA,"red","red",NA,
"green"))
bar
## [1] blue <NA> <NA> blue green blue <NA> red red <NA> green
## Levels: blue green red
baz <- matrix(c(1:3,NA,5,6,NA,8,NA),nrow=3,ncol=3)
baz
## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 NA NA
## [2,] 2 5 8
## [3,] 3 6 NA
qux <- c(NA,5.89,Inf,NA,9.43,-2.35,NaN,2.10,-8.53,-7.58,NA,-4.58,2.01,NaN)
qux
## [1] NA 5.89 Inf NA 9.43 -2.35 NaN 2.10 -8.53 -7.58 NA -4.58
## [13] 2.01 NaN
is.na(qux)
## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [13] FALSE TRUE
which(x=is.nan(x=qux))
## [1] 7 14
which(x=(is.na(x=qux)&!is.nan(x=qux)))
## [1] 1 4 11
quux <- na.omit(object=qux)
quux
## [1] 5.89 Inf 9.43 -2.35 2.10 -8.53 -7.58 -4.58 2.01
## attr(,"na.action")
## [1] 1 4 7 11 14
## attr(,"class")
## [1] "omit"
# NULL
foo <- NULL
foo
## NULL
bar <- NA
bar
## [1] NA
c(2,4,NA,8)
## [1] 2 4 NA 8
c(2,4,NULL,8)
## [1] 2 4 8
c(NA,NA,NA)
## [1] NA NA NA
c(NULL,NULL,NULL)
## NULL
opt.arg <- c("string1","string2","string3")
is.na(x=opt.arg)
## [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE
is.null(x=opt.arg)
## [1] FALSE
opt.arg <- c(NA,NA,NA)
is.na(x=opt.arg)
## [1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
opt.arg <- c(NULL,NULL,NULL)
is.null(x=opt.arg)
## [1] TRUE
foo <- list(member1=c(33,1,5.2,7),member2="NA or NULL?")
foo
## $member1
## [1] 33.0 1.0 5.2 7.0
##
## $member2
## [1] "NA or NULL?"
foo$member3
## NULL
foo$member3 <- NA
foo
## $member1
## [1] 33.0 1.0 5.2 7.0
##
## $member2
## [1] "NA or NULL?"
##
## $member3
## [1] NA
# exercise 6.2
# basic plotting
#7.1 Using plot with Coordinate Vectors
foo <- c(1.1,2,3.5,3.9,4.2)
bar <- c(2,2.2,-1.3,0,0.2)
plot(foo,bar)
baz <- cbind(foo,bar)
baz
## foo bar
## [1,] 1.1 2.0
## [2,] 2.0 2.2
## [3,] 3.5 -1.3
## [4,] 3.9 0.0
## [5,] 4.2 0.2
#7.2.1 Automatic Plot Types
plot(foo,bar,type="l")
#7.2.2 Title and Axis Labels
plot(foo,bar,type="b",main="My lovely plot\ntitle on two lines",xlab="",
ylab="")
plot(foo,bar,type="b",main="My lovely plot",xlab="",ylab="",col=2)
plot(foo,bar,type="b",main="My lovely plot",xlab="",ylab="",col="seagreen4")
#Line and Point Appearances 7.2.4
plot(foo,bar,type="b",main="My lovely plot",xlab="",ylab="",
col=4,pch=8,lty=2,cex=2.3,lwd=3.3)
plot(foo,bar,type="b",main="My lovely plot",xlab="",ylab="",
col=6,pch=15,lty=3,cex=0.7,lwd=2)
x <- 1:20
y <- c(-1.49,3.37,2.59,-2.78,-3.94,-0.92,6.43,8.51,3.41,-8.23,-12.01,-6.58,2.87,14.12,9.63,-4.58,-14.78,-11.67,1.17,15.62)
plot(x,y,type="n",main="")
segments(x0=c(5,15),y0=c(-5,-5),x1=c(5,15),y1=c(5,5),col="red",lty=3,
lwd=2)
points(x[y>=5],y[y>=5],pch=4,col="darkmagenta",cex=2)
points(x[y<=-5],y[y<=-5],pch=3,col="darkgreen",cex=2)
points(x[(x>=5&x<=15)&(y>-5&y<5)],y[(x>=5&x<=15)&(y>-5&y<5)],pch=19,
col="blue")
points(x[(x<5|x>15)&(y>-5&y<5)],y[(x<5|x>15)&(y>-5&y<5)])
lines(x,y,lty=4)
arrows(x0=8,y0=14,x1=11,y1=2.5)
text(x=8,y=15,labels="sweet spot")
legend("bottomleft",
legend=c("overall process","sweet","standard",
"too big","too small","sweet y range","sweet x range"),
pch=c(NA,19,1,4,3,NA,NA),lty=c(4,NA,NA,NA,NA,2,3),
col=c("black","blue","black","darkmagenta","darkgreen","red","red"),
lwd=c(1,NA,NA,NA,NA,2,2),pt.cex=c(NA,1,1,2,2,NA,NA))
#exercise 7.1
# create an empty plotting area
plot(xlim<- c(-3,3),ylim <- c(7,13),xlab="",ylab="",axes=FALSE)
# add axes
axis(1,at=-3:3)
axis(2,at=7:16,las=2)
#outer solid rectangle
rect(xleft=-3,ybottom=7,xright=3,ytop=16,ity=1)
## Warning in rect(xleft = -3, ybottom = 7, xright = 3, ytop = 16, ity = 1): "ity"
## is not a graphical parameter
# inner dashed rectangle
rect(xleft=-2.8,ybottom=7.3,xright=2.8,ytop=15.7,ity=2)
## Warning in rect(xleft = -2.8, ybottom = 7.3, xright = 2.8, ytop = 15.7, : "ity"
## is not a graphical parameter
# central text
text(x=0,y=11.3,labels="SOMETHING\nPROFOUND",font=2,cex=0.75)
#left-horizontal arrow
arrows(x0=-2.2,y0=11.3,x1=-0.8,y1=11.3,length=0.12)
#right horizontal arrow
arrows(x0=2.2,y0=11.3,x1=0.8,y1=11.3,length=0.12)
#upper-left diagonal arrow
arrows(x0=-2.1,y0=15.1,x1=-0.8,y1=12,length=0.12)
# upper-right diagonal arrow
arrows(x0=2.2,y0=7.8,x1=0.8,y1=10.6,length=0.12)
# add an outer box
box()
# exercise 7.1 redo
#(a)
# Create an empty plotting area
plot(
NA,
xlim = c(-3, 3),
ylim = c(7, 16),
xlab = "",
ylab = "",
axes = FALSE
)
# Add axes
axis(1, at = -3:3)
axis(2, at = 7:16, las = 2)
# Outer solid rectangle
rect(
xleft = -3,
ybottom = 7,
xright = 3,
ytop = 16,
lty = 1
)
# Inner dashed rectangle
rect(
xleft = -2.8,
ybottom = 7.3,
xright = 2.8,
ytop = 15.7,
lty = 2
)
# Central text
text(
x = 0,
y = 11.3,
labels = "SOMETHING\nPROFOUND",
font = 2,
cex = 0.75
)
# Left horizontal arrow
arrows(
x0 = -2.2, y0 = 11.3,
x1 = -0.8, y1 = 11.3,
length = 0.12
)
# Right horizontal arrow
arrows(
x0 = 2.2, y0 = 11.3,
x1 = 0.8, y1 = 11.3,
length = 0.12
)
# Upper-left diagonal arrow
arrows(
x0 = -2.1, y0 = 15.1,
x1 = -0.8, y1 = 12,
length = 0.12
)
# Upper-right diagonal arrow
arrows(
x0 = 2.1, y0 = 15.1,
x1 = 0.8, y1 = 12,
length = 0.12
)
# Lower-left diagonal arrow
arrows(
x0 = -2.2, y0 = 7.8,
x1 = -0.8, y1 = 10.6,
length = 0.12
)
# Lower-right diagonal arrow
arrows(
x0 = 2.2, y0 = 7.8,
x1 = 0.8, y1 = 10.6,
length = 0.12
)
# Add an outer plotting box
box()
#(b)
people <- data.frame(
weight = c(55, 85, 75, 42, 93, 63, 58, 75, 89, 67),
height = c(161, 185, 174, 154, 188, 178, 170, 167, 181, 178),
sex = c(
"female", "male", "male", "female", "male",
"male", "female", "male", "male", "female"
)
)
plot(
people$weight,
people$height,
pch = ifelse(people$sex == "male", 16, 17),
col = ifelse(people$sex == "male", "blue", "red"),
xlab = "Weight (kg)",
ylab = "Height (cm)",
main = "Relationship Between Weight and Height",
cex = 1.3
)
legend(
"topleft",
legend = c("Male", "Female"),
pch = c(16, 17),
col = c("blue", "red"),
title = "Sex"
)
# 7.4 the ggplot2 package
library("ggplot2")
foo <- c(1.1,2,3.5,3.9,4.2)
bar <- c(2,2.2,-1.3,0,0.2)
qplot(foo,bar)
## Warning: `qplot()` was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## This warning is displayed once per session.
## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
## generated.
qplot(foo,bar,main="My lovely qplot",xlab="x axis label",ylab="location y")
baz <- plot(foo,bar)
baz
## NULL
qux <- qplot(foo,bar)
qux
# setting appearance constants with geoms
qplot(foo,bar,geom="blank") + geom_point() + geom_line()
qplot(foo,bar,geom="blank") + geom_point(size=3,shape=6,color="blue") +
geom_line(color="red",linetype=2)
# the + geoms are used to modify the plotted objects in the ggplot2
myqplot <- qplot(foo,bar,geom="blank") + geom_line(color="red",linetype=2)
myqplot + geom_point(size=3,shape=3,color="blue")
myqplot + geom_point(size=3,shape=7,color="blue")
myqplot
xee <- myqplot + geom_point(size=3,shape=7,color="blue")
xee
#Aesthetic Mapping with Geoms
x <- 1:20
y <- c(-1.49,3.37,2.59,-2.78,-3.94,-0.92,6.43,8.51,3.41,-8.23,-12.01,-6.58,2.87,14.12,9.63,-4.58,-14.78,-11.67,1.17,15.62)
ptype <- rep(NA,length(x=x))
ptype[y>=5] <- "too_big"
ptype[y<=-5] <- "too_small"
ptype[(x>=5&x<=15)&(y>-5&y<5)] <- "sweet"
ptype[(x<5|x>15)&(y>-5&y<5)] <- "standard"
ptype <- factor(x=ptype)
ptype
## [1] standard standard standard standard sweet sweet too_big
## [8] too_big sweet too_small too_small too_small sweet too_big
## [15] too_big standard too_small too_small standard too_big
## Levels: standard sweet too_big too_small
qplot(x,y,color=ptype,shape=ptype)
qplot(x,y,color=ptype,shape=ptype) + geom_point(size=4) +
geom_line(mapping=aes(group=1),color="black",lty=2) +
geom_hline(mapping=aes(yintercept=c(-5,5)),color="red") +
geom_segment(mapping=aes(x=5,y=-5,xend=5,yend=5),color="red",lty=3) +
geom_segment(mapping=aes(x=15,y=-5,xend=15,yend=5),color="red",lty=3)
#READING ANDWRITINGFILES
library(help="datasets")
?ChickWeight
## starting httpd help server ... done
ChickWeight[1:15,]
## weight Time Chick Diet
## 1 42 0 1 1
## 2 51 2 1 1
## 3 59 4 1 1
## 4 64 6 1 1
## 5 76 8 1 1
## 6 93 10 1 1
## 7 106 12 1 1
## 8 125 14 1 1
## 9 149 16 1 1
## 10 171 18 1 1
## 11 199 20 1 1
## 12 205 21 1 1
## 13 40 0 2 1
## 14 49 2 2 1
## 15 58 4 2 1