Overview

This report presents comparative results from the Iron Fortified Rice (FFR) survey across survey rounds. The tables summarize survey coverage, FFR utilization and rice-processing practices, mean haemoglobin and inflammation-adjusted ferritin concentrations, survey-adjusted anaemia prevalence, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, and iron overload.

Comparison of State-wise Survey Coverage across the survey rounds

The table presents the number of primary sampling units (PSUs), households, and participants with available blood samples by Region, State, District, and survey year. PSU identification uses the combination of State and PSU number.

Table 1. State-wise Survey Coverage Comparison Across Survey Rounds
PSUs Covered
HH Covered
Blood Samples
Region State District Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Central Maharashtra Bhandara 22 21 22 656 660 666 1,683 2,365 2,435
East Uttar Pradesh Sultanpur 22 24 20 660 720 600 1,523 2,314 2,045
North Himachal Pradesh Kangra 24 24 22 720 720 660 1,901 2,295 2,159
North East Assam Kamrup (Metro) 18 19 18 539 570 540 1,137 1,767 1,777
South Telangana Jogulamba Gadwal 17 23 23 507 690 692 1,866 2,576 3,025
West Gujarat Dwaraka 24 24 24 720 720 720 1,859 2,408 2,540
India India Total 127 135 129 3,802 4,080 3,878 9,969 13,725 13,981

Note: Blood Samples refers to participants with non-missing hemoglobin values.

Comparison of FFR Utilization Practices Between Survey Rounds

This table compares selected FFR utilization and rice-processing practices between survey rounds.

Table 2. Comparison of FFR Utilization and Rice-Processing Practices Across Survey Rounds
Indicator Year 1 (%) Year 2 (%) Year 3 (%)
Daily rice consumption 79.6 97.4 0.0
Floating kernels observed 91.5 95.5 92.1
Floating kernels discarded 66.5 87.4 75.8
Rice washed thrice 46.2 67.7 0.0
Decanted rice water 39.4 42.6 33.8
Change in taste reported 10.4 1.1 24.2
Change in color reported 12.2 2.7 24.2

Note: Floating kernels discarded is restricted to participants who reported observing floating kernels. Rice washed thrice is restricted to participants who reported washing rice.

Comparison of Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Risk of Iron overload Across Survey Rounds

Table 3. Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Iron Overload Across Survey Rounds
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Age group N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI)
Reproductive Age Women 3745 4860 914 1.5 (1.2-1.8) 1.3 (1.1-1.6) 3.2 (2.5-3.9)
24-59 months 205 325 53 3.9 (2.6-5.8) 3.4 (2.3-5.0) 9.2 (6.2-13.5)
5-9 511 712 290 0.3 (0.1-0.6) 0.2 (0.1-0.5) 0.6 (0.3-1.5)
10-19 Boys 631 818 295 0.5 (0.2-0.8) 0.4 (0.2-0.7) 1.1 (0.6-2.1)
10-19 Girls 720 1002 344 0.4 (0.2-0.8) 0.4 (0.2-0.7) 1.0 (0.6-1.9)
20-59 Males 2019 2800 671 10.0 (8.8-11.4) 8.8 (7.7-10.1) 21.8 (18.8-25.2)
20-59 Females 3764 4928 850 1.8 (1.5-2.2) 1.6 (1.3-1.9) 4.5 (3.7-5.5)
60 and above Males 400 693 145 10.6 (8.7-12.7) 9.3 (7.7-11.2) 22.8 (18.9-27.3)
60 and above Females 429 958 174 6.6 (5.4-8.2) 5.8 (4.7-7.1) 15.1 (12.2-18.6)
Pregnant 130 236 35 1.5 (0.7-3.2) 1.3 (0.6-2.8) 3.7 (1.8-7.7)
Lactating 145 255 35 5.2 (3.4-7.7) 4.5 (3.0-6.7) 12.0 (8.1-17.5)

Model: Iron_overload ~ roundofsurvey + age_c + Type_of_Ration_Card + Usage_of_floating_kernels + Decanted_water.

Comparison of Mean Haemoglobin Across Survey Rounds

Table 4. Mean Haemoglobin Across Survey Rounds
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Age group N Hb (Mean ± SD) N Hb (Mean ± SD) N Hb (Mean ± SD)
Reproductive Age Women 4102 11.60 ± 1.53 5214 11.48 ± 1.53 5324 11.39 ± 1.52
24-59 months 256 11.37 ± 1.15 374 11.17 ± 1.15 324 11.05 ± 1.15
5-9 571 12.05 ± 1.20 799 11.95 ± 1.16 879 11.78 ± 1.08
10-19 Boys 704 13.31 ± 1.56 902 13.17 ± 1.50 949 13.10 ± 1.52
10-19 Girls 782 11.85 ± 1.50 1105 11.78 ± 1.50 1200 11.65 ± 1.44
20-59 Males 2270 14.27 ± 1.72 2998 14.24 ± 1.78 3054 14.03 ± 1.73
20-59 Females 4133 11.61 ± 1.52 5263 11.52 ± 1.52 5344 11.42 ± 1.48
60 and above Males 456 13.42 ± 1.86 742 13.42 ± 1.90 763 12.88 ± 1.89
60 and above Females 489 11.59 ± 1.44 1018 11.72 ± 1.40 1071 11.39 ± 1.39
Pregnant 144 11.02 ± 1.34 256 10.76 ± 1.24 200 10.67 ± 1.26
Lactating 164 11.75 ± 1.44 268 11.82 ± 1.23 197 11.79 ± 1.27

Note: Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). N represents participants with available altitude-adjusted haemoglobin measurements. Haemoglobin values were adjusted for altitude.

Comparison of Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Anaemia Across First and Second Survey Rounds

Table 5. Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Anaemia Across Survey Rounds
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Age group N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI)
Reproductive Age Women 3841 4965 4851 54.4 (52.9-55.9) 58.2 (56.7-59.6) 61.8 (60.3-63.3)
24-59 months 236 350 284 35.1 (31.8-38.5) 38.0 (34.6-41.4) 41.9 (38.4-45.6)
5-9 540 750 785 27.9 (25.8-30.1) 30.4 (28.2-32.7) 34.1 (31.7-36.5)
10-19 Boys 653 843 900 20.2 (18.5-22.0) 22.3 (20.4-24.2) 25.3 (23.2-27.4)
10-19 Girls 741 1042 1097 44.8 (42.5-47.0) 47.9 (45.6-50.1) 52.0 (49.7-54.3)
20-59 Males 2084 2867 2806 17.4 (16.3-18.5) 19.2 (18.1-20.4) 21.9 (20.6-23.3)
20-59 Females 3867 5037 4869 55.7 (54.2-57.2) 58.8 (57.3-60.2) 62.7 (61.1-64.2)
60 and above Males 414 708 719 36.3 (33.9-38.8) 39.2 (36.7-41.8) 43.2 (40.6-45.9)
60 and above Females 442 973 992 54.9 (52.5-57.3) 58.0 (55.7-60.3) 61.9 (59.6-64.2)
Pregnant 132 242 186 42.2 (38.0-46.6) 45.3 (41.0-49.6) 49.4 (45.0-53.8)
Lactating 150 256 169 50.1 (45.8-54.4) 53.2 (48.9-57.4) 57.3 (53.0-61.4)

Model: anemia ~ roundofsurvey + age_c + Type_of_Ration_Card + Usage_of_floating_kernels + Decanted_water.

Comparison of Mean Ferritin Across First and Second Survey Rounds

Table 6. Mean Ferritin Across Survey Rounds
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Age group N Ferritin (Mean ± SD) N Ferritin (Mean ± SD) N Ferritin (Mean ± SD)
Reproductive Age Women 4001 30.30 ± 39.80 2520 23.96 ± 28.92 941 7.37 ± 15.98
24-59 months 221 19.92 ± 19.52 175 17.12 ± 17.51 54 250.77 ± 258.36
5-9 540 28.05 ± 23.59 464 29.58 ± 40.35 296 28.19 ± 21.83
10-19 Boys 682 42.07 ± 34.38 546 37.64 ± 36.37 300 16.47 ± 12.72
10-19 Girls 759 27.03 ± 30.43 624 22.86 ± 23.02 349 2.31 ± 1.95
20-59 Males 2200 102.66 ± 90.22 1685 74.03 ± 62.52 691 165.85 ± 184.08
20-59 Females 4022 33.95 ± 42.30 2413 26.29 ± 31.96 874 9.04 ± 16.58
60 and above Males 439 103.53 ± 84.77 389 84.01 ± 72.38 149 142.44 ± 108.88
60 and above Females 474 74.16 ± 71.04 546 60.99 ± 53.26 175 4.41 ± 4.29
Pregnant 142 25.14 ± 25.44 132 30.17 ± 31.47 38 3.04 ± 2.93
Lactating 159 59.24 ± 73.19 124 35.64 ± 31.54 38 11.59 ± 13.46

Note: Ferritin was adjusted for inflammation using the BRINDA method, with age-group-specific 10th percentile reference values for CRP and AGP.

Comparison of Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Across Survey Rounds

Table 7. Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Across Survey Rounds
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Age group N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI)
Reproductive Age Women 3745 4860 914 42.7 (41.0-44.4) 40.0 (38.3-41.7) 73.7 (71.6-75.7)
24-59 months 205 325 53 35.1 (31.0-39.4) 32.2 (28.4-36.3) 68.1 (63.6-72.3)
5-9 511 712 290 20.6 (18.5-22.9) 18.6 (16.6-20.7) 50.6 (46.9-54.4)
10-19 Boys 631 818 295 20.0 (18.0-22.1) 18.0 (16.2-20.0) 49.6 (46.0-53.3)
10-19 Girls 720 1002 344 46.2 (43.5-48.9) 43.0 (40.4-45.7) 77.2 (74.8-79.5)
20-59 Males 2019 2800 671 5.1 (4.6-5.8) 4.5 (4.0-5.1) 17.6 (15.7-19.7)
20-59 Females 3764 4928 850 38.3 (36.6-40.0) 35.3 (33.7-37.0) 71.0 (68.7-73.2)
60 and above Males 400 693 145 4.3 (3.4-5.5) 3.8 (3.0-4.8) 15.0 (12.0-18.7)
60 and above Females 429 958 174 17.3 (15.3-19.4) 15.5 (13.7-17.4) 45.1 (41.2-49.1)
Pregnant 130 236 35 42.4 (37.4-47.6) 39.3 (34.4-44.4) 74.4 (69.9-78.5)
Lactating 145 255 35 26.3 (22.2-30.8) 23.9 (20.1-28.1) 58.5 (52.6-64.1)

Model: Iron_def ~ roundofsurvey + age_c + Type_of_Ration_Card + Usage_of_floating_kernels + Decanted_water.

Comparison of Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Anaemia Across Survey Rounds

Table 8. Survey-Adjusted Prevalence of Iron Deficiency Anaemia Across Survey Rounds
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Age group N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI) 		N Adjusted prevalence
% (95% CI)
Reproductive Age Women 3745 4857 914 29.4 (27.8-31.1) 29.3 (27.7-31.0) 51.2 (48.4-54.0)
24-59 months 205 324 53 16.7 (13.8-20.0) 16.3 (13.5-19.5) 33.1 (28.1-38.6)
5-9 511 712 290 9.9 (8.5-11.6) 9.7 (8.3-11.3) 21.5 (18.6-24.7)
10-19 Boys 631 816 295 7.5 (6.4-8.9) 7.4 (6.2-8.7) 16.8 (14.4-19.6)
10-19 Girls 720 1002 344 24.6 (22.5-26.9) 24.1 (22.0-26.4) 44.8 (41.3-48.3)
20-59 Males 2019 2797 671 2.9 (2.5-3.4) 2.8 (2.4-3.3) 6.9 (5.8-8.1)
20-59 Females 3764 4926 850 27.3 (25.7-28.9) 26.7 (25.2-28.3) 48.2 (45.3-51.0)
60 and above Males 400 693 145 3.4 (2.5-4.5) 3.3 (2.5-4.3) 7.9 (6.0-10.5)
60 and above Females 429 958 174 12.2 (10.6-14.1) 11.9 (10.3-13.7) 25.6 (22.4-29.1)
Pregnant 130 235 35 23.4 (19.4-28.0) 22.9 (19.0-27.4) 43.2 (37.1-49.4)
Lactating 145 255 35 18.5 (15.0-22.5) 18.0 (14.7-21.9) 35.9 (30.2-42.1)

Model: IDA_Def ~ roundofsurvey + age_c + Type_of_Ration_Card + Usage_of_floating_kernels + Decanted_water.