SNA & Timeline Historis Tes Pauli
Jaringan inti: 28 relasi, 23 aktor, 1860 – era digital
Disusun dari
Sejarah dan Evolusi Tes Psikologi Kerja – Table 1.pdf (hal.
1–2)
24 August 2026
1 Pendahuluan
Berbeda dari analisis sebelumnya yang memuat seluruh 118 relasi sejarah tes psikologi kerja, dokumen ini hanya memuat relasi yang berhubungan langsung dengan Tes Pauli.
Kriteria penyaringan (dua jalur, gabungan):
- Jalur silsilah berarah — seluruh ancestors
dan descendants dari node
Richard Paulidalam graf berarah. - Jalur kata kunci label — entri yang kolom Jenis Tes-nya secara harfiah menyebut Pauli, Kraepelin, Arbeitskurve/kurva kerja, penjumlahan berkelanjutan, Uchida, Braille, Fehlerkurve, atau psikofisik.
Hasilnya: 28 edge, 23 node, turun dari 118 edge / 140 node pada jaringan penuh.
Batas interpretasi. Node dan edge berasal langsung dari dokumen. Metrik sentralitas, penomoran generasi, dan pengelompokan fase adalah hasil perhitungan — bukan pernyataan yang tertulis dalam dokumen. Dokumen tidak memuat kolom negara/wilayah.
Catatan dua node khusus.
Helmut Reuning(1957) danBlume & Trankle(1955) masuk lewat jalur kata kunci, bukan jalur silsilah. Dokumen mencatat pengaruh metodologis mereka berasal dari Hotelling (PCA) dan Fourier, sementara objek yang mereka analisis adalah Tes Pauli / kurva kerja. Keduanya karena itu tampil sebagai komponen terpisah dalam graf.
2 Persiapan
install.packages(c("tidyverse", "igraph", "tidygraph", "ggraph",
"visNetwork", "ggrepel", "knitr", "kableExtra"))paket <- c("tidyverse", "igraph", "tidygraph", "ggraph",
"visNetwork", "ggrepel", "knitr", "kableExtra")
belum <- paket[!vapply(paket, requireNamespace, logical(1), quietly = TRUE)]
if (length(belum) > 0) {
stop("Paket belum terpasang: ", paste(belum, collapse = ", "),
"\nJalankan: install.packages(c(",
paste0('"', belum, '"', collapse = ", "), "))", call. = FALSE)
}
suppressPackageStartupMessages({
library(tidyverse); library(igraph); library(tidygraph)
library(ggraph); library(visNetwork); library(ggrepel)
library(knitr); library(kableExtra)
})
theme_set(theme_minimal(base_size = 12))
pal_fase <- c(
"I. Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902)" = "#8a8060",
"II. Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938)" = "#b23c17",
"III. Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975)" = "#5a6b52",
"IV. Modernisasi (1976-kini)" = "#5a6f8a"
)3 Data
Data ditanam langsung di dalam dokumen — tidak ada file eksternal yang perlu dimuat, sehingga file ini bisa di-knit dari folder mana pun.
edges_raw <- tibble::tribble(
~Source, ~Target, ~Label, ~Year, ~Ref,
"Ernst Weber", "Gustav Fechner", "Psikofisik (jnd)", "1860", "1",
"Wilhelm Wundt", "Emil Kraepelin", "Continuous Addition Test", "1880-an", "3,4,5,6",
"Wilhelm Wundt", "Emil Kraepelin", "Ermuedung und Uebung", "1890", "7",
"Emil Kraepelin", "A. Oehrn", "Kraepelinschen Arbeitsversuchs","1896", "8",
"Wilhelm Wundt", "Emil Kraepelin", "Arbeitskurve", "1902", "11,12,13,14,9,15,7,16",
"Gustav Fechner", "Emil Kraepelin", "Arbeitskurve", "1902", "11,12,13,14,9,15,7,16",
"Wilhelm Wundt", "Richard Pauli", "Dasar Tes Pauli", "1913-1914", "13,14,15",
"Gustav Fechner", "Richard Pauli", "Dasar Tes Pauli", "1913-1914", "13,14,15",
"Oswald Kuelpe", "Richard Pauli", "Dasar Tes Pauli", "1913-1914", "13,14,15",
"Oswald Kuelpe", "Richard Pauli", "Tes Penjumlahan Berkelanjutan", "1921", "11",
"Psikiatri E. Kraepelin", "Emil Kraepelin", "Kurva kerja mental", "1922", "24",
"Ritme Sirkadian", "Otto Graf", "Kurva Kerja Fisiologis", "1934", "7",
"Emil Kraepelin", "Otto Graf", "Kurva Kerja Fisiologis", "1934", "7",
"Emil Kraepelin", "Richard Pauli", "Pauli-Test (P-T)", "1936", "8",
"Emil Kraepelin", "Richard Pauli", "TES PAULI (Universaltest)", "1938", "11,12,13,14,9,15,25,21,5",
"Psikologi Gestalt", "Richard Pauli", "TES PAULI (Universaltest)", "1938", "11,12,13,14,9,15,25,21,5",
"Richard Pauli", "G. Weiss", "Tes Kerja Tunanetra (Braille)", "1950", "12",
"Emil Kraepelin", "Yuzaburo Uchida", "Uchida-Kraepelin Test", "1950-an", "11,12,13,24",
"Richard Pauli", "Yuzaburo Uchida", "Uchida-Kraepelin Test", "1950-an", "11,12,13,24",
"Teori fluktuasi kinerja","Otto Graf", "Fehlerkurve", "1954", "7",
"Joseph Fourier", "Blume & Trankle", "Analisis Fourier Kurva Kerja", "1955", "12",
"Hotelling (PCA)", "Helmut Reuning", "Analisis Faktor Tes Pauli", "1957", "11,12,13",
"Richard Pauli", "Fischer & Ulich", "Koordinasi Motorik-Visual", "1961", "12",
"Richard Pauli", "Wilhelm Arnold", "Revisi Pauli-Test Ed. 5", "1975", "11,12,13,14,27,28",
"Mieczyslaw Choynowski", "Wilhelm Arnold", "Revisi Pauli-Test Ed. 5", "1975", "11,12,13,14,27,28",
"Emil Kraepelin", "G. Schuhfried", "ALS Work Performance Test", "2004", "24",
"Richard Pauli", "G. Schuhfried", "ALS Work Performance Test", "2004", "24",
"Richard Pauli", "Adaptasi Digital", "Tes Pauli Online", "Modern", "5"
)
edges <- edges_raw %>%
mutate(
tahun = suppressWarnings(as.integer(str_extract(Year, "\\d{4}"))),
tahun = if_else(is.na(tahun), 2015L, tahun), # "Modern" ditempatkan di 2015 untuk plot
fase = case_when(
tahun <= 1902 ~ "I. Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902)",
tahun <= 1938 ~ "II. Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938)",
tahun <= 1975 ~ "III. Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975)",
TRUE ~ "IV. Modernisasi (1976-kini)"
),
fase = factor(fase, levels = names(pal_fase))
) %>%
rename(from = Source, to = Target, label = Label, ref = Ref)
nodes <- tibble(name = sort(unique(c(edges$from, edges$to))))
cat("Edge:", nrow(edges), "| Node:", nrow(nodes), "\n")## Edge: 28 | Node: 234 Timeline Historis Tes Pauli
4.1 Garis waktu peristiwa
peristiwa <- edges %>%
distinct(label, Year, tahun, fase, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
group_by(label, Year, tahun, fase) %>%
summarise(pelaku = paste(unique(to), collapse = ", "),
dari = paste(unique(from), collapse = " + "),
.groups = "drop") %>%
arrange(tahun) %>%
mutate(
judul = paste0(label, " (", Year, ")"),
judul = fct_reorder(judul, tahun, .desc = TRUE),
sisi = if_else(row_number() %% 2 == 0, 1, -1)
)
ggplot(peristiwa, aes(x = tahun, y = judul, colour = fase)) +
geom_segment(aes(x = 1855, xend = tahun, yend = judul),
linetype = "dotted", alpha = 0.45, linewidth = 0.4) +
geom_point(size = 4.2) +
geom_text(aes(label = pelaku), hjust = -0.12, size = 3.1,
colour = "grey25", show.legend = FALSE) +
scale_colour_manual(values = pal_fase) +
scale_x_continuous(
breaks = c(1860, 1880, 1900, 1920, 1938, 1960, 1980, 2004, 2015),
labels = c("1860","1880","1900","1920","1938","1960","1980","2004","kini"),
limits = c(1855, 2050)
) +
geom_vline(xintercept = 1938, linetype = "dashed",
colour = "#b23c17", linewidth = 0.6) +
labs(
title = "Timeline historis Tes Pauli",
subtitle = "Garis merah = 1938, tahun Tes Pauli (Universaltest) diformalkan",
x = "Tahun", y = NULL, colour = "Fase"
) +
theme(
legend.position = "bottom",
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 8.6)
)
4.2 Tabel kronologi
peristiwa %>%
transmute(
Tahun = Year,
Fase = str_remove(as.character(fase), "^[IV]+\\. "),
Peristiwa = label,
Pelaku = pelaku,
`Dipengaruhi oleh` = dari
) %>%
kable(caption = "Kronologi 24 peristiwa dalam silsilah Tes Pauli") %>%
kable_styling(bootstrap_options = c("striped", "hover", "condensed"),
full_width = TRUE) %>%
column_spec(3, bold = TRUE)| Tahun | Fase | Peristiwa | Pelaku | Dipengaruhi oleh |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1860 | Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902) | Psikofisik (jnd) | Gustav Fechner | Ernst Weber |
| 1880-an | Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902) | Continuous Addition Test | Emil Kraepelin | Wilhelm Wundt |
| 1890 | Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902) | Ermuedung und Uebung | Emil Kraepelin | Wilhelm Wundt |
| 1896 | Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902) | Kraepelinschen Arbeitsversuchs | A. Oehrn | Emil Kraepelin |
| 1902 | Fondasi Psikofisika (1860-1902) | Arbeitskurve | Emil Kraepelin | Wilhelm Wundt |
| 1913-1914 | Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938) | Dasar Tes Pauli | Richard Pauli | Wilhelm Wundt |
| 1921 | Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938) | Tes Penjumlahan Berkelanjutan | Richard Pauli | Oswald Kuelpe |
| 1922 | Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938) | Kurva kerja mental | Emil Kraepelin | Psikiatri E. Kraepelin |
| 1934 | Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938) | Kurva Kerja Fisiologis | Otto Graf | Ritme Sirkadian |
| 1936 | Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938) | Pauli-Test (P-T) | Richard Pauli | Emil Kraepelin |
| 1938 | Perumusan Pauli (1913-1938) | TES PAULI (Universaltest) | Richard Pauli | Emil Kraepelin |
| 1950 | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Tes Kerja Tunanetra (Braille) | G. Weiss | Richard Pauli |
| 1950-an | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Uchida-Kraepelin Test | Yuzaburo Uchida | Emil Kraepelin |
| 1954 | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Fehlerkurve | Otto Graf | Teori fluktuasi kinerja |
| 1955 | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Analisis Fourier Kurva Kerja | Blume & Trankle | Joseph Fourier |
| 1957 | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Analisis Faktor Tes Pauli | Helmut Reuning | Hotelling (PCA) |
| 1961 | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Koordinasi Motorik-Visual | Fischer & Ulich | Richard Pauli |
| 1975 | Difusi & Validasi (1950-1975) | Revisi Pauli-Test Ed. 5 | Wilhelm Arnold | Richard Pauli |
| 2004 | Modernisasi (1976-kini) | ALS Work Performance Test | G. Schuhfried | Emil Kraepelin |
| Modern | Modernisasi (1976-kini) | Tes Pauli Online | Adaptasi Digital | Richard Pauli |
4.3 Kepadatan peristiwa per dekade
edges %>%
mutate(dekade = (tahun %/% 10) * 10) %>%
count(dekade, fase) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = dekade, y = n, fill = fase)) +
geom_col(width = 8) +
scale_fill_manual(values = pal_fase) +
scale_x_continuous(breaks = seq(1860, 2020, 20)) +
labs(title = "Kepadatan relasi pengaruh per dekade",
x = "Dekade", y = "Jumlah relasi", fill = "Fase") +
theme(legend.position = "bottom")
6 Ringkasan Temuan
sent %>% slice_max(deg_all, n = 3) %>%
select(name, deg_all, deg_out, deg_in, betweennes) %>%
mutate(betweennes = round(betweennes, 4)) %>%
kable(col.names = c("Aktor", "Degree", "Out", "In", "Betweenness"),
caption = "Tiga aktor paling sentral") %>%
kable_styling(full_width = FALSE)| Aktor | Degree | Out | In | Betweenness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Richard Pauli | 13 | 6 | 7 | 0.0747 |
| Emil Kraepelin | 11 | 6 | 5 | 0.0400 |
| Wilhelm Wundt | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.0000 |
Setelah jaringan dipangkas hanya pada relasi yang berhubungan dengan Tes Pauli, empat pola muncul:
Struktur jam pasir. Jaringan menyempit di dua titik — Kraepelin lalu Pauli — sebelum melebar kembali ke enam turunan. Semua jalur dari fondasi psikofisika abad ke-19 menuju instrumen modern harus melewati dua node ini.
Pauli adalah satu-satunya poros dua arah. Ia menerima pengaruh dari lima sumber dan meneruskannya ke enam turunan. Kraepelin punya pola serupa tetapi dengan jangkauan hilir lebih sempit.
1938 adalah titik balik, bukan titik awal. Fase I (1860–1902) membangun fondasi metode, Fase II (1913–1938) merumuskan instrumen, dan seluruh 12 relasi setelahnya adalah adaptasi — bukan penciptaan ulang.
Arah perkembangan pasca-1950 adalah spesialisasi, bukan penggantian. Weiss mengadaptasi ke Braille, Uchida ke konteks industri Jepang, Reuning memvalidasi secara statistik, Arnold menstandarkan, Schuhfried mendigitalkan. Tidak ada satu pun yang menggantikan prinsip dasarnya.
7 Ekspor
dir.create("output", showWarnings = FALSE)
readr::write_csv(edges, "output/edges_pauli_core.csv")
readr::write_csv(sent, "output/node_metrics_pauli_core.csv")
igraph::write_graph(g, "output/pauli_core.graphml", format = "graphml")sessionInfo()## R version 4.5.2 (2025-10-31 ucrt)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
## Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 26200)
##
## Matrix products: default
## LAPACK version 3.12.1
##
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=English_Indonesia.utf8 LC_CTYPE=English_Indonesia.utf8
## [3] LC_MONETARY=English_Indonesia.utf8 LC_NUMERIC=C
## [5] LC_TIME=English_Indonesia.utf8
##
## time zone: Asia/Jakarta
## tzcode source: internal
##
## attached base packages:
## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
##
## other attached packages:
## [1] kableExtra_1.4.0 knitr_1.50 ggrepel_0.9.6 visNetwork_2.1.4
## [5] ggraph_2.2.2 tidygraph_1.3.1 igraph_2.2.0 lubridate_1.9.4
## [9] forcats_1.0.0 stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4 purrr_1.1.0
## [13] readr_2.1.5 tidyr_1.3.1 tibble_3.3.0 ggplot2_4.0.2
## [17] tidyverse_2.0.0
##
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
## [1] gtable_0.3.6 xfun_0.52 bslib_0.9.0 htmlwidgets_1.6.4
## [5] tzdb_0.5.0 vctrs_0.6.5 tools_4.5.2 generics_0.1.4
## [9] pkgconfig_2.0.3 RColorBrewer_1.1-3 S7_0.2.1 lifecycle_1.0.4
## [13] compiler_4.5.2 farver_2.1.2 textshaping_1.0.3 ggforce_0.5.0
## [17] graphlayouts_1.2.2 htmltools_0.5.8.1 sass_0.4.10 yaml_2.3.10
## [21] pillar_1.11.0 jquerylib_0.1.4 MASS_7.3-65 cachem_1.1.0
## [25] viridis_0.6.5 tidyselect_1.2.1 digest_0.6.37 stringi_1.8.7
## [29] labeling_0.4.3 polyclip_1.10-7 fastmap_1.2.0 grid_4.5.2
## [33] cli_3.6.5 magrittr_2.0.3 withr_3.0.2 scales_1.4.0
## [37] timechange_0.3.0 rmarkdown_2.29 gridExtra_2.3 hms_1.1.3
## [41] memoise_2.0.1 evaluate_1.0.5 viridisLite_0.4.2 rlang_1.1.6
## [45] Rcpp_1.1.0 glue_1.8.0 tweenr_2.0.3 xml2_1.4.0
## [49] svglite_2.2.1 rstudioapi_0.17.1 jsonlite_2.0.0 R6_2.6.1
## [53] systemfonts_1.2.3Sumber data:
Sejarah dan Evolusi Tes Psikologi Kerja – Table 1.pdf,
halaman 1–2. Sumber pendukung:
pauli_1408_compressed.pdf hal. 37–38;
bookpauli.pdf hal. 1; Der+Pauli-Test.pdf
(daftar pustaka).
5 Social Network Analysis
5.1 Konstruksi graf
5.2 Sentralitas
5.3 Peta jaringan hierarkis
5.4 Struktur generasi
5.5 Jaringan interaktif
5.6 Ego-network Richard Pauli