Risk of bias assessment of included studies
study rob1 rob2 rob3 rob4 rob5 rob6 rob7 rob8 rob9 risk_of_bias
Adeosun, 2019 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Omoyibo, 2018 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Eya, 2026 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Oyedum, 2023 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Ogban, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Egwuatu, 2021 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Dayyab, 2018 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ogefere, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Bale, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Bashir, 2019 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Abdullahi, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Joy, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Obadire,2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Mofolorunsho, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Oghonyon, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Faruku, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Iheanacho, 2023 No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Obaro, 2022 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Iroha, 2019 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Joseph, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Etang, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Hussaini, 2018 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Kumurya, 2017 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Etang, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Mike-Ogburia, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Abdullahi, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Muhammad, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Onwuezobe, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Umo, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ajagbe, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Thonda, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Bawonda, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ehiaghe,2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Abdullahi, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Danasabe, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Umar, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Abdussalam, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Tula, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Mohammed, 2020 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Adeyemi, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Garga, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Sulaiman, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Oyeleye, 2026 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Abdulfatai, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ajuba, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Adeluola, 2018 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Yakubu, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ahman, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Inegbenebor, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ogbolu, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Idris, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Bale, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Mgbedimma, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Adabara, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Iseghohi, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ogbonna, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Madu, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ajayi, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Akujobi, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Mujahid, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ehiaghe, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Alabi, 2017 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Olalekan, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ibrahim, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Nwokolo, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ugwuanyi, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Mustapha, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ibrahim, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Olowo-okere, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Iliyasu, 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Akinpelu, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Olalekan, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Amina, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Adamu, 2026 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ogbolu, 2017 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Akinpelu, 2020 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Fakorede, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ide, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Musa, 2026 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ofem, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Azeez, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Adeyeye, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Hanga, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Dada-Adegbola, 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Isezuo, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Yakubu, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ajoseh, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ogunyemi, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Odogwu, 2025 No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Idakari, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Umar, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Sanusi, 2026 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Asidi, 2025 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Umoh, 2025 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Moderate
Abiodun, 2023 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Musa, 2025 No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Moderate
Nura, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Low
Adeyemo, 2021 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Jesumirhewe, 2020 Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No No Moderate
Pipi, 2025 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Moderate
David, 2017 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Moderate
Hamza, 2024 No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Moderate
Abdullahi, 2024 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Low
Babaiwa, 2024 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Nyamngee, 2021 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Mohammed, 2023 No No Yes Yes No Yes Unclear Yes No Moderate
Shettima, 2019 Yes Unclear Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Otaigbe, 2023 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Kamilu, 2022 No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Adesoji, 2020 No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Beshiru, 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes No Low
Brinkac, 2019 Yes Unclear Yes No Unclear Yes Unclear No No High
Anyiam, 2024 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Onukak, 2021 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Ajimuda, 2022 Yes Unclear Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Anorue, 2025 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Kawa, 2023 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes Moderate
David, 2020 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Adekanmbi, 2024 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Salami, 2025 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Awanye, 2023 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Abubakar, 2025 Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Famojuro, 2024 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes Low
Chukwu, 2022 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Adeyanju, 2022 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Akintoyese, 2025 Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Arinola, 2025 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Moderate
Bilyaminu, 2025 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Medugu, 2023 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Moderate
Oyekale, 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Low
Salau, 2025 No Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Aniokete, 2025 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Obaji, 2025 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Low
Bi, 2017 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Doherty, 2019 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Jamal, 2022 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Moderate
Adeleye, 2024 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Moderate
Adejobi, 2021 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Obadare, 2023 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Adeiza, 2020 Yes No Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Anyim, 2019 Yes No Yes Unclear No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Yaqub, 2025 Yes Unclear Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Adesida, 2022 Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Nsofor, 2021 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes No Moderate
Odih, 2023 Yes No Yes No Unclear Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Makanjuola, 2018 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Low
Kayode, 2020 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Adenipekun, 2023 No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Olaniran, 2022 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Adekambi, 2022 Yes Unclear No Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Zubair, 2018 Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Moderate
Shobowale, 2017 Yes No Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Anyiam, 2024 Yes Unclear No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Obadare, 2023 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Adesanya, 2020 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Ayandele, 2020 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Adeyemi, 2025 No No Yes Yes No Yes Unclear Yes Unclear Moderate
Seni, 2018 Yes No No Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Unclear Moderate
Mohammed, 2024 Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Olowo-okere, 2018 Yes Unclear No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Olowe, 2023 Yes Unclear Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Moderate
Ogefere, 2024 Yes No Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Joseph, 2017 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Eyo, 2024 Yes Unclear Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Umar, 2023 Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Popoola, 2019 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Low
Ibadin, 2025 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Fakorede, 2025 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Bassey, 2025 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Amupitan, 2025 Yes No Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Oluwo, 2024 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Ekpunobi, 2025 No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Moderate
Onyeji, 2024 Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Abayomi, 2024 Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Odewale, 2023 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Low
Abdulrahim, 2023 No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Osungunna, 2018 Yes Unclear Yes No No Yes Unclear Yes Yes Moderate
Manga, 2025 Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Kankara, 2022 Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Nwafia, 2019 Yes No Yes Yes Unclear Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Mofolorunsho, 2021 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Okwume, 2021 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Odih, 2022 Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderate
Medugu, 2022 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Low
Shwe, 2026 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Low