As4Q2

open packages

library(readxl)

library(ggpubr)

## Loading required package: ggplot2

import dataset

A4Q2 <- read_excel("A4Q2.xlsx")

create scatterplot

ggscatter(A4Q2, x = "phone", y = "sleep", add = "reg.line", xlab = "phone (hours)", ylab = "sleep (hours)")

The Relationship is linear. The Relationship is negative. The Relationship is moderate. There are outliers. Calcuate the descriptive statistics

mean(A4Q2$phone)

## [1] 3.804609

sd(A4Q2$phone)

## [1] 2.661866

median(A4Q2$phone)

## [1] 3.270839

mean(A4Q2$sleep)

## [1] 7.559076

sd(A4Q2$sleep)

## [1] 1.208797

median(A4Q2$sleep)

## [1] 7.524099

Create histogram for Phone

hist(A4Q2$phone, main = "Phone (hours)", breaks = 20, col = "lightblue", border = "white", cex.main = 1, cex.axis = 1, cex.lab = 1)

Create histogram for Sleep

hist(A4Q2$sleep, main = "sleep (hours)", breaks = 20, col = "lightcoral", border = "white", cex.main = 1, cex.axis = 1, cex.lab = 1)

Phone is abnormally distributed. The data is positively skewed. The data doesn’t have a proper bell curve. Sleep is abnormally distributed. The data is negatively skewed. The data has a proper bell curve. Run Normality Tests

shapiro.test(A4Q2$phone)

## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  A4Q2$phone
## W = 0.89755, p-value = 9.641e-09

shapiro.test(A4Q2$sleep)

## 
##  Shapiro-Wilk normality test
## 
## data:  A4Q2$sleep
## W = 0.91407, p-value = 8.964e-08

Phone is abnormal. Sleep is abnormal. Conduct Inferential Test Spearman Correlation

cor.test(A4Q2$phone, A4Q2$sleep, method = "spearman")

## 
##  Spearman's rank correlation rho
## 
## data:  A4Q2$phone and A4Q2$sleep
## S = 908390, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true rho is not equal to 0
## sample estimates:
##        rho 
## -0.6149873

A Spearman correlation has been conducted and was testing the relationship between phone use (mdn = 3.27) and sleep (mdn = 7.52). There was a statistically and significant relationship between both phone and sleep, p = -.65, p <.001. The relationship was both strong and negative. As phone use increased, sleep descreased.