| Outcome | Mean ± SD | Change from baseline | p-value | Sig. | Cohen's d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS | 2.65 ± 0.87 | -4.63 ± 1.56 | <0.001 | *** | -2.97 |
| Forward flexion | 168.02 ± 24.98 | 37.91 ± 12.97 | <0.001 | *** | 2.92 |
| Posterior extension | 25.12 ± 12.17 | 3.14 ± 2.54 | <0.001 | *** | 1.24 |
| Abduction | 130.70 ± 35.72 | 24.40 ± 10.37 | <0.001 | *** | 2.35 |
| External rotation | 40.93 ± 14.28 | 8.84 ± 3.51 | <0.001 | *** | 2.52 |
| Note: | |||||
| Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. | |||||
| Change from baseline: mean change ± SD. | |||||
| p-values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction. | |||||
| *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05. |