1. Load & Clean Data

## Participants after exclusions: 422

Condition counts:

Condition N
Pill 141
Gum 137
Base 144

2. Scale Reliability

Scale Items Alpha
Risk (R1–R3) 3 0.902
Warning & Regulation Willingness (W1–W5) 5 0.881
Word of Mouth (WOM1–WOM3) 3 0.896

Note: Efficacy (E2, E3) reported as inter-item correlation: r = 0.951.

3. Composite Scores

Scale n mean sd min max
Risk 422 -0.211 1.387 -3 3
Efficacy 422 0.755 1.193 -3 3
Warning & Regulation Willingness 422 1.494 1.203 -3 3
Word of Mouth 422 -0.351 1.739 -3 3

4. Manipulation Checks

Drug-like (MC_D)
Food-like (MC_F)
Condition N M SD M SD
Pill 141 1.82 1.41 -2.52 0.95
Gum 137 -0.01 1.72 0.05 1.78
Base 144 0.32 1.75 -1.64 1.50

4a. Drug-like (MC_D)

Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 268.462 134.231 50.404 0
Residuals 419 1115.844 2.663 NA NA
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 1.837 0.196 419 9.385 0.000
Pill - Base 1.503 0.193 419 7.775 0.000
Gum - Base -0.334 0.195 419 -1.715 0.201

4b. Food-like (MC_F)

Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 475.013 237.506 112.698 0
Residuals 419 883.028 2.107 NA NA
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum -2.576 0.174 419 -14.791 0
Pill - Base -0.886 0.172 419 -5.151 0
Gum - Base 1.690 0.173 419 9.754 0

4c. Where Does Base Fall?

## --- MC_D: Base positioning ---
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Base vs Pill 1.503 0.193 419 7.775 0.000
Base vs Gum 1.837 0.196 419 9.385 0.000
Pill vs Gum -0.334 0.195 419 -1.715 0.087 
## --- MC_F: Base positioning ---
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Base vs Pill -0.886 0.172 419 -5.151 0
Base vs Gum -2.576 0.174 419 -14.791 0
Pill vs Gum 1.690 0.173 419 9.754 0

4d. Manipulation Check Plot

5. Randomization Checks (Criteria Importance)

Items: CRIT_1 = Effectiveness, CRIT_2 = Risk, CRIT_3 = Side Effects, CRIT_4 = Dosage Information.

Condition CRIT_1_M CRIT_1_SD CRIT_2_M CRIT_2_SD CRIT_3_M CRIT_3_SD CRIT_4_M CRIT_4_SD
Pill 2.50 0.76 2.12 1.31 2.22 1.23 1.75 1.44
Gum 2.28 0.99 1.86 1.21 2.01 1.22 1.44 1.33
Base 2.44 0.89 2.07 1.25 2.23 1.14 1.53 1.45

Effectiveness (CRIT_1)

Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 3.815 1.907 2.434 0.089
Residuals 419 328.264 0.783 NA NA
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.226 0.106 419 2.130 0.085
Pill - Base 0.059 0.105 419 0.564 0.840
Gum - Base -0.167 0.106 419 -1.582 0.255

Risk (CRIT_2)

Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 5.227 2.614 1.653 0.193
Residuals 419 662.621 1.581 NA NA
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.259 0.151 419 1.718 0.199
Pill - Base 0.051 0.149 419 0.343 0.937
Gum - Base -0.208 0.150 419 -1.387 0.349

Side Effects (CRIT_3)

Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 4.374 2.187 1.531 0.218
Residuals 419 598.615 1.429 NA NA
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.213 0.143 419 1.482 0.300
Pill - Base -0.009 0.142 419 -0.066 0.998
Gum - Base -0.222 0.143 419 -1.555 0.266

Dosage Information (CRIT_4)

Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 7.299 3.650 1.843 0.16
Residuals 419 829.924 1.981 NA NA
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.314 0.169 419 1.859 0.152
Pill - Base 0.224 0.167 419 1.343 0.372
Gum - Base -0.090 0.168 419 -0.535 0.854

6. Perceived Risk (R_AVG)

Condition n M SD
Pill 141 -0.05 1.53
Gum 137 -0.44 1.25
Base 144 -0.16 1.35
Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 11.027 5.514 2.89 0.057
Residuals 419 799.425 1.908 NA NA
Predictor Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -0.050 0.116 -0.427 0.67
CondGum -0.386 0.166 -2.329 0.02
CondBase -0.105 0.164 -0.644 0.52
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.386 0.166 419 2.329 0.053
Pill - Base 0.105 0.164 419 0.644 0.796
Gum - Base -0.280 0.165 419 -1.701 0.206

7. Perceived Efficacy (E_AVG)

Condition n M SD
Pill 141 0.91 1.25
Gum 137 0.68 1.15
Base 144 0.67 1.16
Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 5.449 2.724 1.924 0.147
Residuals 419 593.417 1.416 NA NA
Predictor Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 0.915 0.100 9.129 0.000
CondGum -0.232 0.143 -1.628 0.104
CondBase -0.248 0.141 -1.761 0.079
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.232 0.143 419 1.628 0.235
Pill - Base 0.248 0.141 419 1.761 0.184
Gum - Base 0.016 0.142 419 0.111 0.993

8. Warning & Regulation Willingness (W_AVG)

Condition n M SD
Pill 141 1.68 1.19
Gum 137 1.19 1.23
Base 144 1.60 1.14
Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 18.894 9.447 6.702 0.001
Residuals 419 590.590 1.410 NA NA
Predictor Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) 1.681 0.100 16.811 0.000
CondGum -0.488 0.142 -3.427 0.001
CondBase -0.084 0.141 -0.595 0.552
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum 0.488 0.142 419 3.427 0.002
Pill - Base 0.084 0.141 419 0.595 0.823
Gum - Base -0.405 0.142 419 -2.855 0.013

9. Word of Mouth (WOM_AVG)

Condition n M SD
Pill 141 -0.41 1.84
Gum 137 -0.34 1.69
Base 144 -0.30 1.70
Term Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Cond 2 0.915 0.457 0.151 0.86
Residuals 419 1271.847 3.035 NA NA
Predictor Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
(Intercept) -0.414 0.147 -2.820 0.005
CondGum 0.078 0.209 0.373 0.709
CondBase 0.110 0.206 0.535 0.593
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey-adjusted)
contrast estimate SE df t.ratio p.value
Pill - Gum -0.078 0.209 419 -0.373 0.926
Pill - Base -0.110 0.206 419 -0.535 0.854
Gum - Base -0.033 0.208 419 -0.156 0.987

10. Mediation: Format → Risk → Warning & Regulation Willingness

Comparison: Pill (1) vs. Gum (0) | Mediator: R_AVG | Outcome: W_AVG

PROCESS Model 4, 5,000 bootstrap samples, 95% CI

## 
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ****************** 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##  
## PROCESS is now ready for use.
## Copyright 2013-2025 by Andrew F. Hayes ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
## Workshop schedule at haskayne.ucalgary.ca/CCRAM 
## Information about PROCESS available at processmacro.org/faq.html
## 
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ****************** 
##  
##            Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.  www.afhayes.com              
##    Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3   
##  
## *********************************************************************** 
##                      
##   Model: 4           
##       Y: W_AVG       
##       X: Cond_pillgum
##       M: R_AVG       
## 
## Sample size: 278
## 
## Custom seed: 42
## 
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
## 
## Model Summary: 
##           R      R-sq       MSE         F       df1       df2         p
##      0.1371    0.0188    1.9577    5.2850    1.0000  276.0000    0.0223
## 
## Model: 
##                  coeff        se         t         p      LLCI      ULCI
## constant       -0.4355    0.1195   -3.6433    0.0003   -0.6709   -0.2002
## Cond_pillgum    0.3859    0.1679    2.2989    0.0223    0.0554    0.7163
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Outcome Variable: W_AVG
## 
## Model Summary: 
##           R      R-sq       MSE         F       df1       df2         p
##      0.4849    0.2352    1.1691   42.2749    2.0000  275.0000    0.0000
## 
## Model: 
##                  coeff        se         t         p      LLCI      ULCI
## constant        1.3627    0.0946   14.4087    0.0000    1.1765    1.5488
## Cond_pillgum    0.3376    0.1309    2.5778    0.0105    0.0798    0.5953
## R_AVG           0.3902    0.0465    8.3897    0.0000    0.2987    0.4818
## 
## *********************************************************************** 
## Bootstrapping progress:
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                    |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                         |  35%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                        |  35%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                        |  36%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                       |  36%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                       |  37%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                       |  38%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                      |  38%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                      |  39%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                      |  40%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                     |  40%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                     |  41%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                    |  41%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                    |  42%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                    |  43%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                   |  43%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                   |  44%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                  |  44%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                  |  45%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                  |  46%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                 |  46%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                 |  47%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                 |  48%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                |  48%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                                |  49%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                               |  49%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                               |  50%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                               |  51%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                              |  51%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                              |  52%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                             |  52%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                             |  53%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                             |  54%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                            |  54%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                            |  55%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                            |  56%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                           |  56%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                           |  57%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                          |  57%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                          |  58%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                          |  59%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                         |  59%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                         |  60%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                        |  60%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                        |  61%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                        |  62%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                       |  62%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                       |  63%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                       |  64%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                      |  64%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                      |  65%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                     |  65%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                     |  66%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                     |  67%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                    |  67%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                    |  68%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                    |  69%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                   |  69%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                   |  70%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                  |  70%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                  |  71%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                  |  72%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                 |  72%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                 |  73%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                |  73%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                |  74%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>                |  75%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>               |  75%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>               |  76%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>               |  77%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>              |  77%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>              |  78%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>             |  78%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>             |  79%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>             |  80%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>            |  80%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>            |  81%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>           |  81%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>           |  82%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>           |  83%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>          |  83%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>          |  84%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>          |  85%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>         |  85%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>         |  86%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>        |  86%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>        |  87%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>        |  88%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>       |  88%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>       |  89%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>       |  90%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>      |  90%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>      |  91%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>     |  91%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>     |  92%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>     |  93%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    |  93%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    |  94%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>   |  94%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>   |  95%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>   |  96%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>  |  96%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>  |  97%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>  |  98%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |  98%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> |  99%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>|  99%  |                                                                      |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
## 
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
## 
## Direct effect of X on Y:
##      effect        se         t         p      LLCI      ULCI
##      0.3376    0.1309    2.5778    0.0105    0.0798    0.5953
## 
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
##          Effect    BootSE  BootLLCI  BootULCI
## R_AVG    0.1506    0.0690    0.0216    0.2941
## 
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************ 
## 
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
## 
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 5000

Path summary:

Path Description
X → M (a) Pill (vs. Gum) → Perceived Risk
M → Y (b) Perceived Risk → Warning & Regulation Willingness
X → Y direct (c’) Pill (vs. Gum) → W_AVG, controlling for Risk
X → Y total (c) Total effect of format on W_AVG
Indirect (a×b) Effect of format on W_AVG via Risk

End of Analysis — Study 5