Study Results: Format Cues, Risk Perception & Downstream Consequences
Anjali Singh
2026-06-24
1 Sample
## Final sample after exclusions (Deb = 1, R_AC = 3, W_AC = 3): N = 192| Condition | N |
|---|---|
| Gum | 94 |
| Pill | 98 |
2 Scale Reliabilities
| Scale | Items | Alpha |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Risk (R1–R3) | 3 | 0.908 |
| Warning Label Preference (W1–W5) | 5 | 0.909 |
| Word of Mouth (WOM1–WOM3) | 3 | 0.884 |
| Stacking Tendency (S1–S3) | 3 | 0.942 |
| Behavioral Intentions (BI1–BI2) | 2 | 0.931 |
| Perceived Efficacy (E2–E3) | 2 | 0.969 |
3 Condition Differences by Dependent Variable
3.1 Perceived Risk
3.1.1 Descriptives
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 94 | -1.025 | 1.344 |
| Pill | 98 | -0.531 | 1.527 |
3.1.2 t-test & Effect Size
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: R_AVG by Cond
## t = -2.3828, df = 188.63, p-value = 0.01817
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.90334569 -0.08507521
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -1.0248227 -0.5306122## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## --------------------------
## -0.34 | [-0.63, -0.06]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.3.1.3 Plot
3.2 Perceived Efficacy
3.2.1 Descriptives
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 94 | 0.995 | 1.113 |
| Pill | 98 | 0.913 | 1.197 |
3.2.2 t-test & Effect Size
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: E_AVG by Cond
## t = 0.48824, df = 189.82, p-value = 0.6259
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.2475132 0.4103443
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## 0.9946809 0.9132653## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## -------------------------
## 0.07 | [-0.21, 0.35]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.3.2.3 Plot
3.3 Warning Label Preference
3.3.1 Descriptives
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 94 | 0.821 | 1.383 |
| Pill | 98 | 1.347 | 1.298 |
3.3.2 t-test & Effect Size
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: W_AVG by Cond
## t = -2.7132, df = 187.92, p-value = 0.007284
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.9078563 -0.1434681
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## 0.8212766 1.3469388## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## --------------------------
## -0.39 | [-0.68, -0.11]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.3.3.3 Plot
3.4 Behavioral Intentions
3.4.1 Descriptives
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 94 | -0.415 | 2.197 |
| Pill | 98 | -1.107 | 2.097 |
3.4.2 t-test & Effect Size
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: BI_AVG by Cond
## t = 2.2317, df = 188.53, p-value = 0.02681
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.08035298 1.30414550
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -0.4148936 -1.1071429## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## ------------------------
## 0.32 | [0.04, 0.61]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.3.4.3 Plot
3.5 Word of Mouth
3.5.1 Descriptives
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 94 | -0.004 | 1.738 |
| Pill | 98 | -0.534 | 1.687 |
3.5.2 t-test & Effect Size
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: WOM_AVG by Cond
## t = 2.1448, df = 189.04, p-value = 0.03324
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.04259591 1.01833910
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -0.003546099 -0.534013605## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## ------------------------
## 0.31 | [0.02, 0.59]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.3.5.3 Plot
3.6 Stacking Tendency
3.6.1 Descriptives
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 94 | -0.525 | 1.685 |
| Pill | 98 | -0.997 | 1.946 |
3.6.2 t-test & Effect Size
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: S_AVG by Cond
## t = 1.7978, df = 188.06, p-value = 0.07382
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.04589308 0.98944497
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -0.5248227 -0.9965986## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## -------------------------
## 0.26 | [-0.03, 0.54]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.3.6.3 Plot
4 Mediation Analyses (Model 4)
All models use 5,000 bootstrap samples, 95% CIs.
X = Cond_d (Pill = 1, Gummy = 0), M = R_AVG unless noted.
4.1 Cond → R_AVG → Warning Label Preference (W_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: W_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 192
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1699 0.0289 2.0749 5.6477 1.0000 190.0000 0.0185
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0248 0.1486 -6.8978 0.0000 -1.3179 -0.7318
## Cond_d 0.4942 0.2080 2.3765 0.0185 0.0840 0.9044
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: W_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.5383 0.2898 1.3323 38.5587 2.0000 189.0000 0.0000
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant 1.3095 0.1331 9.8368 0.0000 1.0469 1.5721
## Cond_d 0.2902 0.1691 1.7163 0.0878 -0.0433 0.6238
## R_AVG 0.4764 0.0581 8.1955 0.0000 0.3617 0.5911
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | 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|>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## 0.2902 0.1691 1.7163 0.0878 -0.0433 0.6238
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG 0.2355 0.1036 0.0462 0.4502
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.2 Cond → R_AVG → Behavioral Intentions (BI_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: BI_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 192
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1699 0.0289 2.0749 5.6477 1.0000 190.0000 0.0185
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0248 0.1486 -6.8978 0.0000 -1.3179 -0.7318
## Cond_d 0.4942 0.2080 2.3765 0.0185 0.0840 0.9044
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: BI_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1902 0.0362 4.5817 3.5461 2.0000 189.0000 0.0308
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.5740 0.2469 -2.3251 0.0211 -1.0610 -0.0870
## Cond_d -0.6155 0.3136 -1.9629 0.0511 -1.2341 0.0030
## R_AVG -0.1553 0.1078 -1.4401 0.1515 -0.3679 0.0574
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.6155 0.3136 -1.9629 0.0511 -1.2341 0.0030
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG -0.0767 0.0742 -0.2437 0.0497
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.3 Cond → R_AVG → Stacking Tendency (S_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: S_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 192
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1699 0.0289 2.0749 5.6477 1.0000 190.0000 0.0185
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0248 0.1486 -6.8978 0.0000 -1.3179 -0.7318
## Cond_d 0.4942 0.2080 2.3765 0.0185 0.0840 0.9044
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: S_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1572 0.0247 3.3140 2.3954 2.0000 189.0000 0.0939
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.6425 0.2100 -3.0601 0.0025 -1.0567 -0.2283
## Cond_d -0.4150 0.2667 -1.5562 0.1213 -0.9411 0.1111
## R_AVG -0.1148 0.0917 -1.2524 0.2120 -0.2957 0.0660
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.4150 0.2667 -1.5562 0.1213 -0.9411 0.1111
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG -0.0567 0.0616 -0.1947 0.0547
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.4 Cond → E_AVG → Stacking Tendency (S_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: S_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: E_AVG
##
## Sample size: 192
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: E_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.0353 0.0012 1.3382 0.2377 1.0000 190.0000 0.6265
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant 0.9947 0.1193 8.3365 0.0000 0.7593 1.2300
## Cond_d -0.0814 0.1670 -0.4875 0.6265 -0.4108 0.2480
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: S_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.3097 0.0959 3.0722 10.0225 2.0000 189.0000 0.0001
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.9699 0.2113 -4.5906 0.0000 -1.3866 -0.5531
## Cond_d -0.4353 0.2532 -1.7194 0.0872 -0.9348 0.0641
## E_AVG 0.4474 0.1099 4.0705 0.0001 0.2306 0.6643
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.4353 0.2532 -1.7194 0.0872 -0.9348 0.0641
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## E_AVG -0.0364 0.0768 -0.2018 0.1101
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.5 Cond → R_AVG → Word of Mouth (WOM_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: WOM_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 192
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1699 0.0289 2.0749 5.6477 1.0000 190.0000 0.0185
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0248 0.1486 -6.8978 0.0000 -1.3179 -0.7318
## Cond_d 0.4942 0.2080 2.3765 0.0185 0.0840 0.9044
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: WOM_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.2571 0.0661 2.8188 6.6867 2.0000 189.0000 0.0016
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.2574 0.1936 -1.3294 0.1853 -0.6394 0.1245
## Cond_d -0.4080 0.2460 -1.6590 0.0988 -0.8932 0.0771
## R_AVG -0.2477 0.0846 -2.9298 0.0038 -0.4145 -0.0809
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.4080 0.2460 -1.6590 0.0988 -0.8932 0.0771
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG -0.1224 0.0751 -0.2956 -0.0062
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50005 Moderation Analyses
PS and PI are mean-centered. Cond_d: Pill = 1, Gummy = 0.
5.1 Moderators of Cond → Perceived Risk (R_AVG)
5.1.1 PS × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = R_AVG ~ Cond_d + PS_c + Cond_d_x_PS, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6110 -1.0762 -0.2643 1.0076 3.8568
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.02459 0.14886 -6.883 8.49e-11 ***
## Cond_d 0.49468 0.20836 2.374 0.0186 *
## PS_c 0.02457 0.07746 0.317 0.7515
## Cond_d_x_PS -0.10253 0.10558 -0.971 0.3327
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.443 on 188 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03544, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02005
## F-statistic: 2.303 on 3 and 188 DF, p-value: 0.078485.1.2 PI × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = R_AVG ~ Cond_d + PI_c + Cond_d_x_PI, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.3824 -1.0614 -0.0688 0.9570 3.7701
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.01980 0.14993 -6.802 1.34e-10 ***
## Cond_d 0.48176 0.20973 2.297 0.0227 *
## PI_c 0.03199 0.09510 0.336 0.7369
## Cond_d_x_PI 0.01727 0.12716 0.136 0.8921
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.446 on 188 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.0312, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01575
## F-statistic: 2.018 on 3 and 188 DF, p-value: 0.11285.2 Moderators of Cond → Perceived Efficacy (E_AVG)
5.2.1 PS × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = E_AVG ~ Cond_d + PS_c + Cond_d_x_PS, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.3417 -0.7273 0.0576 0.8830 2.2727
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.99435 0.11884 8.367 1.32e-14 ***
## Cond_d -0.08201 0.16635 -0.493 0.623
## PS_c -0.03486 0.06184 -0.564 0.574
## Cond_d_x_PS 0.13725 0.08429 1.628 0.105
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.152 on 188 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01957, Adjusted R-squared: 0.003928
## F-statistic: 1.251 on 3 and 188 DF, p-value: 0.29265.2.2 PI × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = E_AVG ~ Cond_d + PI_c + Cond_d_x_PI, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.6730 -0.7599 0.0663 0.7862 2.3270
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.97106 0.11877 8.176 4.26e-14 ***
## Cond_d -0.07089 0.16615 -0.427 0.6701
## PI_c -0.15031 0.07533 -1.995 0.0475 *
## Cond_d_x_PI 0.23718 0.10073 2.355 0.0196 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.146 on 188 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03048, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01501
## F-statistic: 1.97 on 3 and 188 DF, p-value: 0.1199Prepared for Chethana — 2026-06-24