Study Results: Format Cues, Risk Perception & Downstream Consequences
Anjali Singh
2026-06-24
1 Sample
## Final sample after exclusions (Deb = 1, R_AC = 3, W_AC = 3): N = 186| Condition | N |
|---|---|
| Gum | 91 |
| Pill | 95 |
2 Scale Reliabilities
| Scale | Items | Alpha |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Risk (R1–R3) | 3 | 0.905 |
| Warning Label Preference (W1–W5) | 5 | 0.910 |
| Word of Mouth (WOM1–WOM3) | 3 | 0.889 |
| Stacking Tendency (S1–S3) | 3 | 0.946 |
| Behavioral Intentions (BI1–BI2) | 2 | 0.927 |
| Perceived Efficacy (E2–E3) | 2 | 0.968 |
3 Condition Differences by Dependent Variable
3.1 Perceived Risk (R_AVG)
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 91 | -1.059 | 1.308 |
| Pill | 95 | -0.544 | 1.515 |
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: R_AVG by Cond
## t = -2.4836, df = 182.06, p-value = 0.01391
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.9236901 -0.1058067
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -1.0586081 -0.5438596## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## --------------------------
## -0.36 | [-0.65, -0.07]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
3.2 Perceived Efficacy (E_AVG)
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 91 | 0.962 | 1.106 |
| Pill | 95 | 0.889 | 1.205 |
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: E_AVG by Cond
## t = 0.42508, df = 183.67, p-value = 0.6713
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.2624133 0.4065429
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## 0.9615385 0.8894737## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## -------------------------
## 0.06 | [-0.23, 0.35]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
3.3 Warning Label Preference (W_AVG)
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 91 | 0.807 | 1.384 |
| Pill | 95 | 1.358 | 1.292 |
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: W_AVG by Cond
## t = -2.805, df = 181.73, p-value = 0.00558
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.9391065 -0.1634962
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## 0.8065934 1.3578947## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## --------------------------
## -0.41 | [-0.70, -0.12]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
3.4 Behavioral Intentions (BI_AVG)
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 91 | -0.445 | 2.177 |
| Pill | 95 | -1.200 | 2.057 |
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: BI_AVG by Cond
## t = 2.4285, df = 182.18, p-value = 0.01613
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.1415817 1.3683084
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -0.4450549 -1.2000000## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## ------------------------
## 0.36 | [0.07, 0.65]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
3.5 Word of Mouth (WOM_AVG)
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 91 | 0.022 | 1.725 |
| Pill | 95 | -0.607 | 1.656 |
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: WOM_AVG by Cond
## t = 2.5346, df = 182.7, p-value = 0.0121
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.1393674 1.1186237
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## 0.02197802 -0.60701754## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## ------------------------
## 0.37 | [0.08, 0.66]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
3.6 Stacking Tendency (S_AVG)
| Cond | N | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gum | 91 | -0.509 | 1.685 |
| Pill | 95 | -1.056 | 1.910 |
##
## Welch Two Sample t-test
##
## data: S_AVG by Cond
## t = 2.0733, df = 182.77, p-value = 0.03954
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group Gum and group Pill is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## 0.0264654 1.0675003
## sample estimates:
## mean in group Gum mean in group Pill
## -0.5091575 -1.0561404## Cohen's d | 95% CI
## ------------------------
## 0.30 | [0.01, 0.59]
##
## - Estimated using pooled SD.
4 Mediation Analyses (Model 4)
All models use 5,000 bootstrap samples, 95% CIs. X = Cond_d (Pill = 1, Gummy = 0).
4.1 R_AVG → Warning Label Preference (W_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: W_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 186
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1795 0.0322 2.0092 6.1293 1.0000 184.0000 0.0142
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0586 0.1486 -7.1243 0.0000 -1.3518 -0.7654
## Cond_d 0.5147 0.2079 2.4757 0.0142 0.1045 0.9250
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: W_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.5251 0.2757 1.3596 34.8259 2.0000 183.0000 0.0000
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant 1.3008 0.1381 9.4215 0.0000 1.0284 1.5732
## Cond_d 0.3110 0.1739 1.7887 0.0753 -0.0320 0.6540
## R_AVG 0.4668 0.0606 7.6982 0.0000 0.3472 0.5865
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | 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|>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## 0.3110 0.1739 1.7887 0.0753 -0.0320 0.6540
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG 0.2403 0.1041 0.0530 0.4588
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.2 R_AVG → Behavioral Intentions (BI_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: BI_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 186
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1795 0.0322 2.0092 6.1293 1.0000 184.0000 0.0142
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0586 0.1486 -7.1243 0.0000 -1.3518 -0.7654
## Cond_d 0.5147 0.2079 2.4757 0.0142 0.1045 0.9250
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: BI_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.2307 0.0532 4.4023 5.1441 2.0000 183.0000 0.0067
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.6838 0.2484 -2.7524 0.0065 -1.1740 -0.1936
## Cond_d -0.6389 0.3128 -2.0421 0.0426 -1.2561 -0.0216
## R_AVG -0.2255 0.1091 -2.0666 0.0402 -0.4408 -0.0102
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.6389 0.3128 -2.0421 0.0426 -1.2561 -0.0216
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG -0.1161 0.0774 -0.2861 0.0175
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.3 R_AVG → Word of Mouth (WOM_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: WOM_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 186
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1795 0.0322 2.0092 6.1293 1.0000 184.0000 0.0142
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0586 0.1486 -7.1243 0.0000 -1.3518 -0.7654
## Cond_d 0.5147 0.2079 2.4757 0.0142 0.1045 0.9250
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: WOM_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.2886 0.0833 2.7256 8.3155 2.0000 183.0000 0.0003
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.2638 0.1955 -1.3494 0.1789 -0.6495 0.1219
## Cond_d -0.4900 0.2462 -1.9907 0.0480 -0.9757 -0.0044
## R_AVG -0.2700 0.0859 -3.1440 0.0019 -0.4394 -0.1005
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.4900 0.2462 -1.9907 0.0480 -0.9757 -0.0044
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG -0.1390 0.0809 -0.3179 -0.0090
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.4 R_AVG → Stacking Tendency (S_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: S_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: R_AVG
##
## Sample size: 186
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: R_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1795 0.0322 2.0092 6.1293 1.0000 184.0000 0.0142
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -1.0586 0.1486 -7.1243 0.0000 -1.3518 -0.7654
## Cond_d 0.5147 0.2079 2.4757 0.0142 0.1045 0.9250
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: S_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.1872 0.0350 3.2289 3.3227 2.0000 183.0000 0.0382
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.6605 0.2128 -3.1041 0.0022 -1.0803 -0.2407
## Cond_d -0.4734 0.2679 -1.7669 0.0789 -1.0020 0.0552
## R_AVG -0.1429 0.0935 -1.5293 0.1279 -0.3273 0.0415
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.4734 0.2679 -1.7669 0.0789 -1.0020 0.0552
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## R_AVG -0.0736 0.0660 -0.2146 0.0474
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50004.5 E_AVG → Stacking Tendency (S_AVG)
##
## **************** PROCESS Procedure for R Version 5.0 ******************
##
## Written by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. www.afhayes.com
## Documentation available in Hayes (2022). www.guilford.com/p/hayes3
##
## ***********************************************************************
##
## Model: 4
## Y: S_AVG
## X: Cond_d
## M: E_AVG
##
## Sample size: 186
##
## Custom seed: 42
##
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: E_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.0313 0.0010 1.3408 0.1800 1.0000 184.0000 0.6718
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant 0.9615 0.1214 7.9215 0.0000 0.7221 1.2010
## Cond_d -0.0721 0.1698 -0.4243 0.6718 -0.4072 0.2630
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Outcome Variable: S_AVG
##
## Model Summary:
## R R-sq MSE F df1 df2 p
## 0.3198 0.1023 3.0040 10.4231 2.0000 183.0000 0.0001
##
## Model:
## coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
## constant -0.9364 0.2104 -4.4507 0.0000 -1.3516 -0.5213
## Cond_d -0.5150 0.2544 -2.0246 0.0444 -1.0168 -0.0131
## E_AVG 0.4444 0.1103 4.0270 0.0001 0.2267 0.6621
##
## ***********************************************************************
## Bootstrapping progress:
## | | | 0% | | | 1% | |> | 1% | |> | 2% | |>> | 2% | |>> | 3% | |>> | 4% | |>>> | 4% | |>>> | 5% | |>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 6% | |>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 7% | |>>>>> | 8% | |>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 9% | |>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 10% | |>>>>>>> | 11% | |>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 12% | |>>>>>>>> | 13% | |>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 14% | |>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 15% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 16% | |>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 17% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 18% | |>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 19% | |>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 20% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 21% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 22% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 23% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 24% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 25% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 26% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 27% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 28% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 29% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 30% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 31% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 32% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 33% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 34% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 35% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 36% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 37% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 38% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 39% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 40% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 41% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 42% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 43% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 44% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 45% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 46% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 47% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 48% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 49% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 50% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 51% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 52% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 53% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 54% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 55% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 56% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 57% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 58% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 59% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 60% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 61% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 62% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 63% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 64% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 65% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 66% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 67% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 68% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 69% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 70% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 71% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 72% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 73% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 74% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 75% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 76% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 77% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 78% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 79% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 80% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 81% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 82% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 83% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 84% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 85% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 86% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 87% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 88% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 89% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 90% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 91% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 92% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 93% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 94% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 95% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 96% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 97% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 98% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> | 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 99% | |>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>| 100%
##
## **************** DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF X ON Y ****************
##
## Direct effect of X on Y:
## effect se t p LLCI ULCI
## -0.5150 0.2544 -2.0246 0.0444 -1.0168 -0.0131
##
## Indirect effect(s) of X on Y:
## Effect BootSE BootLLCI BootULCI
## E_AVG -0.0320 0.0784 -0.1952 0.1181
##
## ******************** ANALYSIS NOTES AND ERRORS ************************
##
## Level of confidence for all confidence intervals in output: 95
##
## Number of bootstraps for percentile bootstrap confidence intervals: 50005 Moderation Analyses
PS and PI are mean-centered before computing interaction terms. Cond_d: Pill = 1, Gummy = 0.
5.1 Moderators of Cond → Perceived Risk (R_AVG)
5.1.1 PS × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = R_AVG ~ Cond_d + PS_c + Cond_d_x_PS, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.6409 -1.0672 -0.1955 1.0093 3.9935
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.06054 0.14845 -7.144 2.11e-11 ***
## Cond_d 0.51214 0.20772 2.466 0.0146 *
## PS_c 0.04317 0.07650 0.564 0.5732
## Cond_d_x_PS -0.14891 0.10535 -1.413 0.1592
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.416 on 182 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04509, Adjusted R-squared: 0.02935
## F-statistic: 2.864 on 3 and 182 DF, p-value: 0.038095.1.2 PI × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = R_AVG ~ Cond_d + PI_c + Cond_d_x_PI, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.4104 -1.0974 -0.0882 0.9125 3.6168
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -1.05137 0.14947 -7.034 3.92e-11 ***
## Cond_d 0.50485 0.20909 2.414 0.0167 *
## PI_c 0.07058 0.09576 0.737 0.4621
## Cond_d_x_PI -0.04341 0.12905 -0.336 0.7370
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.423 on 182 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.03564, Adjusted R-squared: 0.01974
## F-statistic: 2.242 on 3 and 182 DF, p-value: 0.084955.2 Moderators of Cond → Perceived Efficacy (E_AVG)
5.2.1 PS × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = E_AVG ~ Cond_d + PS_c + Cond_d_x_PS, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.2942 -0.7232 0.0642 0.8962 2.2768
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.96253 0.12118 7.943 1.98e-13 ***
## Cond_d -0.06897 0.16956 -0.407 0.685
## PS_c -0.02212 0.06244 -0.354 0.724
## Cond_d_x_PS 0.11729 0.08600 1.364 0.174
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.156 on 182 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.01566, Adjusted R-squared: -0.0005619
## F-statistic: 0.9654 on 3 and 182 DF, p-value: 0.41035.2.2 PI × Condition
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = E_AVG ~ Cond_d + PI_c + Cond_d_x_PI, data = df)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -3.7090 -0.7464 0.0893 0.8280 2.2910
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 0.94700 0.12090 7.833 3.82e-13 ***
## Cond_d -0.06413 0.16913 -0.379 0.7050
## PI_c -0.14184 0.07746 -1.831 0.0687 .
## Cond_d_x_PI 0.20906 0.10438 2.003 0.0467 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.151 on 182 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.02391, Adjusted R-squared: 0.00782
## F-statistic: 1.486 on 3 and 182 DF, p-value: 0.2199Prepared for Chethana — 2026-06-24