Se cargan las librerías necesarias y el dataset Global Oil and Gas Extraction Tracker (GOGET), que contiene registros de unidades de extracción de petróleo y gas a nivel mundial.
library(readxl)
library(dplyr)
library(gt)
library(ggplot2)
library(scales)
library(forcats)
setwd("C:/Users/DETPC/Downloads")
datos <- read_excel("dataset_mundial_petro.xlsx") %>%
filter(!is.na(`Subnational unit (province, state)`), `Subnational unit (province, state)` != "NA",
!is.na(`Unit type`), `Unit type` != "NA")
cat("Registros válidos:", nrow(datos), "\n")## Registros válidos: 5278
## Variables: 32
Se extrae la variable Subnational Unit (Province/State) (Unidad Subnacional: provincia/estado). Es una variable de escala nominal: sus categorías no tienen orden jerárquico intrínseco.
## Variable analizada: Subnational Unit (Province/State)
## Total de observaciones (n): 5278
## Categorías presentes: 103
Se calcula la frecuencia absoluta (nᵢ), la frecuencia relativa en proporción (hᵢ) y en porcentaje (hᵢ %) para cada categoría, ordenadas de mayor a menor.
tabla_freq <- datos %>%
count(`Subnational unit (province, state)`, name = "ni") %>%
arrange(desc(ni)) %>%
rename(UnidadSubnacional = `Subnational unit (province, state)`) %>%
mutate(
hi_prop = ni / n,
hi_pct = hi_prop * 100,
i = row_number()
) %>%
select(i, UnidadSubnacional, ni, hi_pct, hi_prop)
k <- nrow(tabla_freq)
cat("Número de categorías (k):", k, "\n")## Número de categorías (k): 103
cat("Categoría más frecuente :", tabla_freq$UnidadSubnacional[1],
"—", tabla_freq$ni[1], "registros\n")## Categoría más frecuente : Texas — 1504 registros
cat("Categoría menos frecuente:", tabla_freq$UnidadSubnacional[k],
"—", tabla_freq$ni[k], "registro(s)\n")## Categoría menos frecuente: Tianjin — 1 registro(s)
## Verificación — Σnᵢ: 5278 (debe ser 5278 )
## Verificación — Σhᵢ%: 100 (debe ser 100)
tabla_freq %>%
gt() %>%
tab_header(
title = md("**Tabla N. 1**"),
subtitle = md("Distribución de frecuencias por unidad subnacional (provincia/estado) — yacimientos de petróleo y gas")
) %>%
cols_label(
i = md("**N°**"),
UnidadSubnacional = md("**Unidad subnacional (provincia/estado)**"),
ni = md("**nᵢ**"),
hi_pct = md("**(%)** "),
hi_prop = md("**(proporción)**")
) %>%
tab_spanner(label = md("**hᵢ**"), columns = c(hi_pct, hi_prop)) %>%
fmt_number(columns = ni, decimals = 0, use_seps = TRUE) %>%
fmt_number(columns = hi_pct, decimals = 2) %>%
fmt_number(columns = hi_prop, decimals = 4) %>%
grand_summary_rows(
columns = c(ni, hi_pct, hi_prop),
fns = list(label = "Total", fn = "sum"),
fmt = list(
~ fmt_number(., columns = ni, decimals = 0, use_seps = TRUE),
~ fmt_number(., columns = hi_pct, decimals = 2),
~ fmt_number(., columns = hi_prop, decimals = 4)
)
) %>%
tab_source_note("Autor: Grupo 5") %>%
tab_options(
table.width = pct(75),
table.font.size = px(13),
table.font.names = "Arial",
heading.title.font.size = px(15),
heading.subtitle.font.size = px(12),
heading.align = "center",
heading.background.color = "#AAAAAA",
column_labels.font.weight = "bold",
column_labels.background.color = "#FFFFFF",
column_labels.border.top.color = "#AAAAAA",
column_labels.border.bottom.color = "#AAAAAA",
table.border.top.color = "#AAAAAA",
table.border.bottom.color = "#AAAAAA"
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(color = "white", weight = "bold"),
locations = cells_title(groups = c("title", "subtitle"))
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(weight = "bold"),
locations = list(cells_column_labels(), cells_column_spanners(), cells_grand_summary())
)| Tabla N. 1 | |||||
| Distribución de frecuencias por unidad subnacional (provincia/estado) — yacimientos de petróleo y gas | |||||
| N° | Unidad subnacional (provincia/estado) | nᵢ |
hᵢ
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (%) | (proporción) | ||||
| 1 | Texas | 1,504 | 28.50 | 0.2850 | |
| 2 | Alberta | 493 | 9.34 | 0.0934 | |
| 3 | Saskatchewan | 461 | 8.73 | 0.0873 | |
| 4 | North Dakota | 368 | 6.97 | 0.0697 | |
| 5 | Louisiana | 309 | 5.85 | 0.0585 | |
| 6 | British Columbia | 190 | 3.60 | 0.0360 | |
| 7 | Federal offshore | 184 | 3.49 | 0.0349 | |
| 8 | Wyoming | 171 | 3.24 | 0.0324 | |
| 9 | Oklahoma | 140 | 2.65 | 0.0265 | |
| 10 | Queensland | 106 | 2.01 | 0.0201 | |
| 11 | California | 96 | 1.82 | 0.0182 | |
| 12 | Casanare | 74 | 1.40 | 0.0140 | |
| 13 | New Mexico | 71 | 1.35 | 0.0135 | |
| 14 | Neuquén | 69 | 1.31 | 0.0131 | |
| 15 | Colorado | 67 | 1.27 | 0.0127 | |
| 16 | Pennsylvania | 66 | 1.25 | 0.0125 | |
| 17 | Federal Offshore | 62 | 1.17 | 0.0117 | |
| 18 | Western Australia | 48 | 0.91 | 0.0091 | |
| 19 | Meta | 45 | 0.85 | 0.0085 | |
| 20 | Alaska | 42 | 0.80 | 0.0080 | |
| 21 | Santa Cruz | 42 | 0.80 | 0.0080 | |
| 22 | Tabasco | 41 | 0.78 | 0.0078 | |
| 23 | West Virginia | 38 | 0.72 | 0.0072 | |
| 24 | Rio de Janeiro | 34 | 0.64 | 0.0064 | |
| 25 | Xinjiang | 30 | 0.57 | 0.0057 | |
| 26 | Chubut | 29 | 0.55 | 0.0055 | |
| 27 | Mendoza | 29 | 0.55 | 0.0055 | |
| 28 | Ohio | 29 | 0.55 | 0.0055 | |
| 29 | Veracruz | 27 | 0.51 | 0.0051 | |
| 30 | Bohai Sea | 20 | 0.38 | 0.0038 | |
| 31 | South China Sea | 19 | 0.36 | 0.0036 | |
| 32 | Santander | 18 | 0.34 | 0.0034 | |
| 33 | Huila | 17 | 0.32 | 0.0032 | |
| 34 | Newfoundland & Labrador | 17 | 0.32 | 0.0032 | |
| 35 | Arauca | 16 | 0.30 | 0.0030 | |
| 36 | Manitoba | 16 | 0.30 | 0.0030 | |
| 37 | Putumayo | 15 | 0.28 | 0.0028 | |
| 38 | Rio Negro | 14 | 0.27 | 0.0027 | |
| 39 | Sichuan | 12 | 0.23 | 0.0023 | |
| 40 | Tamaulipas | 12 | 0.23 | 0.0023 | |
| 41 | Victoria | 12 | 0.23 | 0.0023 | |
| 42 | Tolima | 11 | 0.21 | 0.0021 | |
| 43 | Cesar | 10 | 0.19 | 0.0019 | |
| 44 | Espírito Santo | 10 | 0.19 | 0.0019 | |
| 45 | São Paulo | 10 | 0.19 | 0.0019 | |
| 46 | Boyaca | 9 | 0.17 | 0.0017 | |
| 47 | Piura | 9 | 0.17 | 0.0017 | |
| 48 | Loreto | 8 | 0.15 | 0.0015 | |
| 49 | Rio Grande do Norte | 8 | 0.15 | 0.0015 | |
| 50 | Tierra del Fuego | 8 | 0.15 | 0.0015 | |
| 51 | Puebla; Veracruz | 7 | 0.13 | 0.0013 | |
| 52 | Antioquia | 6 | 0.11 | 0.0011 | |
| 53 | Bahia | 6 | 0.11 | 0.0011 | |
| 54 | La Pampa | 6 | 0.11 | 0.0011 | |
| 55 | Salta | 6 | 0.11 | 0.0011 | |
| 56 | Sucre | 6 | 0.11 | 0.0011 | |
| 57 | Cordoba | 5 | 0.09 | 0.0009 | |
| 58 | Cusco | 5 | 0.09 | 0.0009 | |
| 59 | Norte de Santander | 5 | 0.09 | 0.0009 | |
| 60 | Chiapas | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 61 | Chiapas; Tabasco | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 62 | Chongqing | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 63 | Estado Nacional | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 64 | Nuevo León; Tamaulipas | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 65 | Shaanxi | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 66 | Shandong | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 67 | Tarija | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| 68 | Amazonas | 3 | 0.06 | 0.0006 | |
| 69 | Guajira | 3 | 0.06 | 0.0006 | |
| 70 | Matanzas | 3 | 0.06 | 0.0006 | |
| 71 | Northern Territory | 3 | 0.06 | 0.0006 | |
| 72 | Qinghai | 3 | 0.06 | 0.0006 | |
| 73 | Bolivar | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 74 | Coahuila | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 75 | East China Sea | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 76 | Gansu | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 77 | Heilongjiang | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 78 | Inner Mongolia | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 79 | Jilin | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 80 | Liaoning | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 81 | Maranhão | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 82 | Sergipe | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 83 | Tumbes | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 84 | Ucayali | 2 | 0.04 | 0.0004 | |
| 85 | Alagoas | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 86 | Atlantico | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 87 | Cauca | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 88 | Chuquisaca | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 89 | Cochabamba | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 90 | Habana | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 91 | Hebei | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 92 | Hidalgo; Veracruz | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 93 | Hubei | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 94 | Magdalena | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 95 | New South Wales | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 96 | Nuevo León | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 97 | Oklahoma-Texas-Kansas | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 98 | Puebla | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 99 | Shanxi | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 100 | South Australia | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 101 | Tabasco; Veracruz | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 102 | Tasmania | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| 103 | Tianjin | 1 | 0.02 | 0.0002 | |
| Total | — | — | 5,278 | 100.00 | 1.0000 |
| Autor: Grupo 5 | |||||
Dado que la variable presenta 103 categorías, las gráficas de barras muestran las 20 unidades subnacionales más frecuentes para mantener la legibilidad. El diagrama circular agrupa el resto en la categoría “Otros”.
top_n <- 20
fuel_graf <- tabla_freq %>%
slice_head(n = top_n) %>%
mutate(UnidadSubnacional = fct_reorder(UnidadSubnacional, ni))
tema_base <- theme_minimal(base_size = 11) +
theme(
legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13),
plot.caption = element_text(color = "#888888", size = 9, hjust = 0),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
panel.grid.major.y = element_blank(),
panel.grid.major.x = element_line(color = "#EEEEEE"),
panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA)
)
pie_label <- paste0("n = ", format(n, big.mark = ","),
" | Fuente: Global Energy Monitor — GOGET 2023")ggplot(fuel_graf, aes(x = UnidadSubnacional, y = ni, fill = ni)) +
geom_col(width = 0.65, color = "white") +
geom_text(aes(label = format(ni, big.mark = ",")),
hjust = -0.15, size = 3, fontface = "bold") +
coord_flip() +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "#AED6F1", high = "#1A5276") +
scale_y_continuous(labels = label_comma(),
expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0.15))) +
labs(title = "Gráfica N. 1: Distribución de yacimientos por unidad subnacional (Top 20)",
x = "Unidad subnacional (provincia/estado)", y = "Frecuencia Absoluta (nᵢ)",
caption = pie_label) +
tema_baseggplot(fuel_graf, aes(x = UnidadSubnacional, y = hi_pct, fill = hi_pct)) +
geom_col(width = 0.65, color = "white") +
geom_text(aes(label = paste0(round(hi_pct, 2), "%")),
hjust = -0.15, size = 3, fontface = "bold") +
coord_flip() +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "#AED6F1", high = "#1A5276") +
scale_y_continuous(labels = function(x) paste0(x, "%"),
expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0.15))) +
labs(title = "Gráfica N. 2: Distribución porcentual por unidad subnacional (Top 20)",
x = "Unidad subnacional (provincia/estado)", y = "Frecuencia Relativa (%)",
caption = pie_label) +
tema_basetop_pie <- 10
pie_data <- tabla_freq %>%
mutate(grupo = ifelse(row_number() <= top_pie, UnidadSubnacional, "Otros")) %>%
group_by(grupo) %>%
summarise(ni = sum(ni), hi_pct = sum(hi_pct), .groups = "drop") %>%
arrange(desc(ni)) %>%
mutate(grupo = fct_reorder(grupo, hi_pct),
etiqueta = paste0(round(hi_pct, 1), "%"))
ggplot(pie_data, aes(x = "", y = hi_pct, fill = grupo)) +
geom_col(width = 1, color = "white") +
geom_text(aes(label = etiqueta),
position = position_stack(vjust = 0.5),
size = 3, fontface = "bold") +
coord_polar(theta = "y") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Blues", direction = -1) +
labs(title = "Gráfica N. 3: Distribución porcentual por unidad subnacional (Top 10 + Otros)",
fill = "Unidad subnacional",
caption = pie_label) +
theme_void(base_size = 12) +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13, hjust = 0.5),
plot.caption = element_text(color = "#888888", size = 9, hjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "right",
legend.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 10),
legend.text = element_text(size = 8),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA)
)Dado que la variable Subnational Unit
(Province/State) presenta 103 categorías, resulta útil
complementar el análisis con una agrupación a nivel de región
geográfica/continental, asignando cada unidad subnacional a una
región según el país (Country) al que pertenece.
region_map <- c(
"United States" = "América del Norte",
"Canada" = "América del Norte",
"Mexico" = "América del Norte",
"Brazil" = "América del Sur",
"Colombia" = "América del Sur",
"Peru" = "América del Sur",
"Bolivia" = "América del Sur",
"Argentina" = "América del Sur",
"Cuba" = "América Central y Caribe",
"China" = "Asia",
"China-Japan" = "Asia",
"Timor Gap" = "Asia",
"Australia" = "Oceanía"
)
tabla_region <- datos %>%
mutate(Region = recode(Country, !!!region_map, .default = "Otros / No especificado")) %>%
count(Region, name = "ni") %>%
arrange(desc(ni)) %>%
mutate(
hi_prop = ni / n,
hi_pct = hi_prop * 100,
i = row_number()
) %>%
select(i, Region, ni, hi_pct, hi_prop)
cat("Verificación — Σnᵢ:", sum(tabla_region$ni), "(debe ser", n, ")\n")## Verificación — Σnᵢ: 5278 (debe ser 5278 )
## Verificación — Σhᵢ%: 100 (debe ser 100)
tabla_region %>%
gt() %>%
tab_header(
title = md("**Tabla N. 2**"),
subtitle = md("Distribución de frecuencias por región geográfica — Subnational Unit")
) %>%
cols_label(
i = md("**N°**"),
Region = md("**Región / Continente**"),
ni = md("**nᵢ**"),
hi_pct = md("**(%)** "),
hi_prop = md("**(proporción)**")
) %>%
tab_spanner(label = md("**hᵢ**"), columns = c(hi_pct, hi_prop)) %>%
fmt_number(columns = ni, decimals = 0, use_seps = TRUE) %>%
fmt_number(columns = hi_pct, decimals = 2) %>%
fmt_number(columns = hi_prop, decimals = 4) %>%
grand_summary_rows(
columns = c(ni, hi_pct, hi_prop),
fns = list(label = "Total", fn = "sum"),
fmt = list(
~ fmt_number(., columns = ni, decimals = 0, use_seps = TRUE),
~ fmt_number(., columns = hi_pct, decimals = 2),
~ fmt_number(., columns = hi_prop, decimals = 4)
)
) %>%
tab_source_note("Autor: Grupo 5") %>%
tab_options(
table.width = pct(75),
table.font.size = px(13),
table.font.names = "Arial",
heading.title.font.size = px(15),
heading.subtitle.font.size = px(12),
heading.align = "center",
heading.background.color = "#AAAAAA",
column_labels.font.weight = "bold",
column_labels.background.color = "#FFFFFF",
column_labels.border.top.color = "#AAAAAA",
column_labels.border.bottom.color = "#AAAAAA",
table.border.top.color = "#AAAAAA",
table.border.bottom.color = "#AAAAAA"
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(color = "white", weight = "bold"),
locations = cells_title(groups = c("title", "subtitle"))
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(weight = "bold"),
locations = list(cells_column_labels(), cells_column_spanners(), cells_grand_summary())
)| Tabla N. 2 | |||||
| Distribución de frecuencias por región geográfica — Subnational Unit | |||||
| N° | Región / Continente | nᵢ |
hᵢ
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (%) | (proporción) | ||||
| 1 | América del Norte | 4,430 | 83.93 | 0.8393 | |
| 2 | América del Sur | 560 | 10.61 | 0.1061 | |
| 3 | Oceanía | 171 | 3.24 | 0.0324 | |
| 4 | Asia | 113 | 2.14 | 0.0214 | |
| 5 | América Central y Caribe | 4 | 0.08 | 0.0008 | |
| Total | — | — | 5,278 | 100.00 | 1.0000 |
| Autor: Grupo 5 | |||||
region_graf <- tabla_region %>%
mutate(Region = fct_reorder(Region, ni))
ggplot(region_graf, aes(x = Region, y = ni, fill = Region)) +
geom_col(width = 0.55, color = "white") +
geom_text(aes(label = format(ni, big.mark = ",")),
vjust = -0.4, size = 3.5, fontface = "bold") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Blues", direction = -1) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = label_comma(),
expand = expansion(mult = c(0, 0.12))) +
labs(title = "Gráfica N. 4: Distribución de yacimientos por región geográfica",
x = "Región / Continente", y = "Frecuencia Absoluta (nᵢ)",
caption = pie_label) +
tema_base +
theme(legend.position = "none",
axis.text.x = element_text(face = "bold", angle = 15, hjust = 1))region_pie <- tabla_region %>%
mutate(Region = fct_reorder(Region, hi_pct),
etiqueta = paste0(round(hi_pct, 2), "%"))
ggplot(region_pie, aes(x = "", y = hi_pct, fill = Region)) +
geom_col(width = 1, color = "white") +
geom_text(aes(label = etiqueta),
position = position_stack(vjust = 0.5),
size = 4, fontface = "bold") +
coord_polar(theta = "y") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Blues", direction = -1) +
labs(title = "Gráfica N. 5: Distribución porcentual por región geográfica",
fill = "Región / Continente",
caption = pie_label) +
theme_void(base_size = 12) +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 13, hjust = 0.5),
plot.caption = element_text(color = "#888888", size = 9, hjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "right",
legend.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 10),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "white", color = NA)
)La variable Subnational Unit (Province/State) es cualitativa nominal. Para este tipo de variable, el único indicador de tendencia central aplicable es la moda.
moda <- tabla_freq$UnidadSubnacional[which.max(tabla_freq$ni)]
moda_n <- max(tabla_freq$ni)
moda_pct <- round(tabla_freq$hi_pct[which.max(tabla_freq$ni)], 2)
data.frame(
"Variable" = "Subnational Unit (Province/State)",
"Rango" = paste0("D={", k, " categorías: provincias/estados a nivel mundial}"),
"Media (X)" = "-",
"Mediana (Me)" = "-",
"Moda (Mo)" = moda,
"Varianza (V)" = "-",
"Desv. Est. (Sd)" = "-",
"C.V. (%)" = "-",
"Asimetría (As)" = "-",
"Curtosis (K)" = "-",
check.names = FALSE
) %>%
gt() %>%
tab_header(
title = md("**Tabla N°2 de Conclusiones — Unidad Subnacional (Provincia/Estado) en yacimientos de petróleo y gas**")
) %>%
tab_source_note("Autor: Grupo 5") %>%
tab_options(
table.width = pct(100),
table.font.size = px(12),
table.font.names = "Arial",
heading.align = "center",
heading.title.font.size = px(13),
heading.background.color = "#AAAAAA",
heading.border.bottom.color = "#AAAAAA",
column_labels.font.weight = "normal",
column_labels.background.color = "#FFFFFF",
column_labels.border.top.color = "#CCCCCC",
column_labels.border.top.width = px(1),
column_labels.border.bottom.color = "#CCCCCC",
column_labels.border.bottom.width = px(1),
table_body.border.bottom.color = "#CCCCCC",
table_body.border.bottom.width = px(1),
table.border.top.color = "#AAAAAA",
table.border.top.width = px(1),
table.border.bottom.color = "#AAAAAA",
table.border.bottom.width = px(1),
source_notes.font.size = px(11),
source_notes.border.lr.color = "transparent",
data_row.padding = px(5)
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(color = "white", weight = "bold"),
locations = cells_title(groups = "title")
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(color = "#333333", align = "center"),
locations = cells_column_labels()
) %>%
tab_style(
style = cell_text(color = "#333333", align = "center"),
locations = cells_body(columns = c("Media (X)", "Mediana (Me)", "Moda (Mo)",
"Varianza (V)", "Desv. Est. (Sd)",
"C.V. (%)", "Asimetría (As)", "Curtosis (K)"))
)| Tabla N°2 de Conclusiones — Unidad Subnacional (Provincia/Estado) en yacimientos de petróleo y gas | |||||||||
| Variable | Rango | Media (X) | Mediana (Me) | Moda (Mo) | Varianza (V) | Desv. Est. (Sd) | C.V. (%) | Asimetría (As) | Curtosis (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subnational Unit (Province/State) | D={103 categorías: provincias/estados a nivel mundial} | - | - | Texas | - | - | - | - | - |
| Autor: Grupo 5 | |||||||||
La variable “unidad subnacional (provincia/estado)” tiene como valor más frecuente “Texas”, con una participación destacada en la muestra