Chart 1 – Price-to-Income Ratio, Australia 2001–2024

Caption 1

Sources: Demographia International Housing Affordability Report (2025); NHSAC State of the Housing System (2024, 2025). A ratio of 3.0 is considered affordable; above 5.1 is severely unaffordable.

Chart 2 – Median House Prices by Capital City, 2014 vs 2024

Caption 2

Sources: ABS Residential Property Price Indexes, Cat. 6416.0 (2025); AIHW Housing Affordability Report (2025). Prices are median transfer prices for established houses.

Chart 3 – Three Dimensions of Housing Stress, 2003–2024

Caption 3

Sources: NHSAC State of the Housing System (2024, 2025); ANZ–CoreLogic Housing Affordability Report (2023); Cotality / CoreLogic Annual Data. ★ Multivariate — three housing stress indicators on dual axes.

Chart 4 – Rental Stress by Income Group, 2019–2024

Caption 4

Sources: Productivity Commission, Report on Government Services (2024, 2026); NHSAC State of the Housing System (2023, 2024, 2025); ABS Survey of Income and Housing. ★ Multivariate — income group × year × stress rate.

Chart 5 – From Stress to the Street: Affordability Crisis and Homelessness, 2018–2024

Caption 5

Sources: AIHW Specialist Homelessness Services Collection (2023–24); Australian Homelessness Monitor (2024); Homelessness Australia National Facts (2025); ABS Census 2021 (homelessness benchmark). ★ Multivariate — three simultaneous dimensions: affordability pressure (x), SHS demand (y), rough sleeping volume (bubble size).