A summary of the results of jumping Spotted Frogs and Bullfrogs at two different acclimations, and at two temperatures 5C, 25C. The results are compiled from the experiments performed during 2014-2015. Frogs are acclimated for three days.

Sub-Adult Versus Adult Bullfrogs

The following analysis is to determine if the sub-adult warrant their own classification, or if they should be considered adults for the purposes of this study.

T- and Mann-Whitney Tests

The initial test is a t-test comparing the cold and warm-acclimated and 5 and 25C normalized by SUL jumps.

T-tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 0.2347248
  • cold-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.9949234
  • warm-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 0.8331162
  • warm-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.824458

Mann-Whitney tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 0.3809524
  • cold-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.8571429
  • warm-acclimated, 5C: p-value = 1
  • warm-acclimated, 25C: p-value = 0.8115316

These p-values suggest their is no motivation to segregate these populations. Therefore, the following analysis merge these populations into a single ‘Adult’ category.

Normalized Jumps: Maximum

The following results are for normalized, maximum jumps. Normalized in this case means the means jumping distance divided by the frogs SUL. Maximum means the maximum jump of the triplicate.

Observations

  • Cold acclimated Spotted Frogs significantly outperform all juveline through adult bullfrogs at both temperatures.
  • At warm temperatures, Juveniles jump significantly further than Adults according to SUL.
  • At cold temperatures, Juveniles and adults jump about the same distance according to SUL.
  • There is more spread in the jumps of warm acclimated frogs than cold acclimated frogs.
  • There is greater spread in the maximum jumps for adult bullfrogs than for juvenile and sub-adult bullfrogs and spotted frogs for cold acclimation.

Normalized Jumps: All

All jumps from the triplicate are included in the following results.

Observations

  • Similar to the maximum jumps, cold acclimated Spotted Frogs outperform Bullfrogs.
  • The spread at 25C in jumping distance is similar across all frog types. Juveniles are jumping significantly further w.r.t. SUL @ 25C.
  • Sub-adult Bullfrogs perform similarly to adults at 25C.
  • All Bullfrogs perform similarly at 5C.
  • Juveniles have similar max jumps in cold acclimated tests but are spread out more in the warm tests.
  • The majority of juveniles jump zero distance in warm acclimated tests at 5C.

Absolute Jumps: All

The unnormalized, measured jumping distance is used in the following results.

Observations

  • Cold acclimated Spotted Frogs perform slightly better at 5C, but perform worse than adults at 25C.
  • Cold acclimated spotted frogs outperform Juvenile and Sub-Adult bullfrogs at all temperatures.
  • Adult bullfrogs perform similarly to younger bullfrogs at 5C.
  • Adult bullfrogs jump further than younger bullfrogs from at 25C.
  • Adult Bullfrogs perform similar to smaller frogs in the cold tests but do much better than juveniles or sub-adults in the warm tests.
    • The effect is greatest for warm acclimated frogs

Significance Testing

The following analysis determines if the three category of frog jumps (Adult Bullfrog, Juvenile Bullfrog, and Spotted Frog) come from different populations.

T-tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C:
##                    Adult  Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     0.503057860        NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 0.003161048 0.0101760           NA
## Sub-Adult    0.745420479 0.9672001    0.2127995
  • cold-acclimated, 25C:
##                  Adult  Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     0.7531001        NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 0.1153813 0.7531001           NA
## Sub-Adult    1.0000000 1.0000000    0.7531001
  • warm-acclimated, 5C:
##                   Adult    Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     1.00000000          NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 0.05677011 0.005352159           NA
## Sub-Adult    1.00000000 1.000000000   0.02261887
  • warm-acclimated, 25C:
##                  Adult  Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     0.4268504        NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 1.0000000 1.0000000           NA
## Sub-Adult    1.0000000 0.5644626            1

Mann-Whitney tests

  • cold-acclimated, 5C:
##                    Adult    Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     0.306972809          NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 0.001939237 0.007064591           NA
## Sub-Adult    0.761904762 0.801550424   0.04395604
  • cold-acclimated, 25C:
##                   Adult  Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     0.58636063        NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 0.05073897 0.3015535           NA
## Sub-Adult    1.00000000 1.0000000    0.4547396
  • warm-acclimated, 5C:
##                   Adult   Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile     1.00000000         NA           NA
## Spotted Frog 0.07375798 0.01073922           NA
## Sub-Adult    1.00000000 1.00000000   0.05977603
  • warm-acclimated, 25C:
##              Adult  Juvenile Spotted Frog
## Juvenile         1        NA           NA
## Spotted Frog     1 1.0000000           NA
## Sub-Adult        1 0.9959257            1

Observations

These results suggest the following:

  • For both cold and warm-acclimations at 5C, the Spotted Frogs jumps are distinct from the Bullfrog groups
  • There is not a strong significant difference between Spotted Frogs and Bullfrog jumping performance at 25C.
  • There is not a significant difference between Adult and Juvenile Bullfrogs jumps at any acclimation or jumping temperature