The Laplace Transform converts a function of time \(f(t)\) into a function of a complex variable \(s\):
\[ \mathcal{L}\{f(t)\}=F(s)=\int_{0}^{\infty} f(t) e^{-st} \, dt \]
| \(f(t)\) for \(t \ge 0\) | \(F(s)\) | Condition |
|---|---|---|
| \(\delta(t)\) (Dirac delta) | \(1\) | |
| \(1\) (unit step) | \(\frac{1}{s}\) | \(s > 0\) |
| \(t^n\) | \(\frac{n!}{s^{n+1}}\) | \(s > 0\) |
| \(e^{at}\) | \(\frac{1}{s-a}\) | \(s > a\) |
| \(\sin(\omega t)\) | \(\frac{\omega}{s^2 + \omega^2}\) | \(s > 0\) |
| \(\cos(\omega t)\) | \(\frac{s}{s^2 + \omega^2}\) | \(s > 0\) |
| \(e^{at} \sin(\omega t)\) | \(\frac{\omega}{(s-a)^2 + \omega^2}\) | \(s > a\) |
| \(e^{at} \cos(\omega t)\) | \(\frac{s-a}{(s-a)^2 + \omega^2}\) | \(s > a\) |
| Operation | Time Domain | Laplace Domain |
|---|---|---|
| Linearity | \(af(t)+bg(t)\) | \(aF(s)+bG(s)\) |
| First derivative | \(f'(t)\) | \(sF(s)-f(0)\) |
| Second derivative | \(f''(t)\) | \(s^2F(s)-sf(0)-f'(0)\) |
| \(n\)-th derivative | \(f^{(n)}(t)\) | \(s^nF(s)-\sum_{k=1}^{n} s^{n-k} f^{(k-1)}(0)\) |
| Integration | \(\int_{0}^{t} f(\tau) d\tau\) | \(\frac{F(s)}{s}\) |
| \(t\)-multiplication | \(tf(t)\) | \(-F'(s)\) |
| Frequency shift | \(e^{at}f(t)\) | \(F(s-a)\) |
| Time shift (for \(t \ge 0\)) | \(f(t-a)u(t-a)\) | \(e^{-as}F(s)\) |
Problem: Solve \(y'' + 3y' + 2y = 0\) with \(y(0)=1\), \(y'(0)=0\)
Step 1: Take Laplace transform
\[ \mathcal{L}\{y''\} + 3\mathcal{L}\{y'\} + 2\mathcal{L}\{y\} = 0 \]
\[ [s^2 Y(s) - s y(0) - y'(0)] + 3[s Y(s) - y(0)] + 2Y(s) = 0 \]
Step 2: Substitute initial conditions \(y(0)=1\), \(y'(0)=0\):
\[ s^2 Y(s) - s + 3s Y(s) - 3 + 2Y(s) = 0 \]
Step 3: Solve for \(Y(s)\)
\[ (s^2 + 3s + 2)Y(s) = s + 3 \]
\[ Y(s) = \frac{s+3}{s^2 + 3s + 2} = \frac{s+3}{(s+1)(s+2)} \]
Step 4: Partial fractions
\[ \frac{s+3}{(s+1)(s+2)} = \frac{A}{s+1} + \frac{B}{s+2} \]
\[ s+3 = A(s+2) + B(s+1) = (A+B)s + (2A+B) \]
Comparing coefficients: \(A+B=1\), \(2A+B=3\)
Solving: \(A=2\), \(B=-1\)
Thus: \(Y(s) = \frac{2}{s+1} - \frac{1}{s+2}\)
Step 5: Inverse Laplace transform
\[ y(t) = 2e^{-t} - e^{-2t} \]
y <- function(t) {
2*exp(-t) - exp(-2*t)
}
cat("y(0) =", y(0), "\n")
## y(0) = 1
y_prime <- function(t) {
-2*exp(-t) + 2*exp(-2*t)
}
cat("y'(0) =", y_prime(0), "\n")
## y'(0) = 0
t_vals <- seq(0, 5, length.out = 100)
y_vals <- y(t_vals)
plot(t_vals, y_vals, type = "l", lwd = 2, col = "blue",
xlab = "t", ylab = "y(t)", main = "Solution: y(t) = 2e^{-t} - e^{-2t}")
grid()