class: title-slide <div> <style type="text/css">.xaringan-extra-logo { width: 200px; height: auto; z-index: 0; background-image: url(fig/logo_hsrm.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; position: absolute; top:10px;right:15px; } </style> <script>(function () { let tries = 0 function addLogo () { if (typeof slideshow === 'undefined') { tries += 1 if (tries < 10) { setTimeout(addLogo, 100) } } else { document.querySelectorAll('.remark-slide-content') .forEach(function (slide) { const logo = document.createElement('div') logo.classList = 'xaringan-extra-logo' logo.href = null slide.appendChild(logo) }) } } document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', addLogo) })()</script> </div><style>.xe__progress-bar__container { top:0; opacity: 1; position:absolute; right:0; left: 0; } .xe__progress-bar { height: 4px; background-color: #5E3EE1; width: calc(var(--slide-current) / var(--slide-total) * 100%); } .remark-visible .xe__progress-bar { animation: xe__progress-bar__wipe 200ms forwards; animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(.86,0,.07,1); } @keyframes xe__progress-bar__wipe { 0% { width: calc(var(--slide-previous) / var(--slide-total) * 100%); } 100% { width: calc(var(--slide-current) / var(--slide-total) * 100%); } }</style> # Flottengestaltung und Tourenplanung<br>bei heterogenen Umweltpräferenzen von Verladern ## Problemaufriss und Projektaufbau .author[Thomas Kirschstein] .date[Hochschule RheinMain &nbsp;&middot;&nbsp; Fachbereich Wirtschaft<br>RITMO Workshop, 26. Mai 2026] --- ## Overview 1. **Einleitung** 2. **Problembeschreibung** 3. **Projektaufbau** 4. **Ausblick** --- class: inverse, center, middle # Einleitung --- ## Emissionssensitivität Beispiel <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/rewe.png" alt="" width="90%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- ## Emissionssensitivität allgemein .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/transporeon_2024_CO2sensitive.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> (Lehmacher and Lind, 2024) ] -- .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/transporeon_2022_Wtp.png" alt="" width="82%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> (Jameson, Schack, Egloff et al., 2023) ] --- ## Emission awareness .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/transporeon_2022_emis_account.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> (Transporeon, 2022) ] -- .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/transporeon_2024_technologies.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> (Lehmacher and Lind, 2024) ] --- ## Motivation - Zulassungen von zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/sales_shares_zev.png" alt="" width="88%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> (Mulholland and Benoit, 2026) --- ## Motivation - Zulassung von ZEV-LKW in Deutschland .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#talk_kirschstein_files/figure-html/zulassung-zev-lwk-1.png" alt="" width="100%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/transporeon_2024_strategies.png" alt="" width="95%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> (Lehmacher and Lind, 2024) ] --- class: inverse, center, middle # Problembeschreibung --- class: center, middle ## Einordnung Planungsprobleme .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/planning_scheme_operational.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] -- .col-50[ <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/planning_scheme.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- ## Beispiel präferenz-orientiertes Routuing (I/III) .col-50[ .small[ - technologische Annahmen: - TEU-VRP: Güternachfrage in TEU - Kapazität: 2 TEU je LKW - Nachfrage: 1 TEU je Kunde - Flotte: 1 Diesel-LKW, 1 Batterie-LWK - ökonomische Annahmen: - Ziel Kunden: Entweder Kosten- oder Emissionsminimierer - Allokation: Kosten und Emissionen einer Tour werden nach Direktdistanz zwischen Depot und Kundenort allokiert ] `\(\Rightarrow\)` Jede Tour hat maximale Länge von 2 Kunden `\(\rightarrow\)` insgesamt 6 Tourenpläne möglich <!-- `\(\Rightarrow\)` mögliche Zielfunktion Spediteur: Maximiere Kundenzufriedenheit `\(\max \rightarrow \sum_{l \in \mathcal{L}} x_l \cdot os_{l}\)` --> ] -- .col-50[ <table class="table table-condensed" style="font-size: 12px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;"> Parameter </th> <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;"> ActrosL (diesel) </th> <th style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;"> eActros 600 (BEV) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Vehicle data </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Net vehicle price </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 150,000 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 300,000 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Service life (years) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 6 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Annual mileage (km) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 120,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 90,000 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Energy consumption </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 33 l/100km </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 103 kWh/100km </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Economic variables </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Energy price </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.50 €/l </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.55 €/kWh </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Road toll </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 1.85 €/100km </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.00 €/100km </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Fixed cost p.a. </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Depreciation (time-dep.) </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 6,667 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 16,667 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Imputed interest </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3,750 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 7,500 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Driver wages </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 60,000 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 60,000 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Total fixed cost </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> 75,417 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> 90,167 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Variable cost p.a. </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Energy cost </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 59,400 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 50,985 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Road toll </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2,220 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Total variable cost </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> 68,287 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> 67,652 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> Total vehicle cost p.a. </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> 143,704 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;background-color: rgba(240, 240, 240, 255) !important;"> 157,819 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Vehicle cost per day </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 314.24 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 375.69 € </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> Vehicle cost per km </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.57 € </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.75 € </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] --- ## Beispiel präferenz-orientiertes Routuing (II/III) .col-50[ Gesamtkosten-optimaler Tourenplan <img src="data:image/png;base64,#talk_kirschstein_files/figure-html/beispiel-tour-1-1.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] -- .col-50[ Gesamtemissions-optimaler Tourenplan <img src="data:image/png;base64,#talk_kirschstein_files/figure-html/beispiel-tour-2-1.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- ## Beispiel präferenz-orientiertes Routuing (III/III) .col-50[ Präferenz-optimaler Tourenplan <img src="data:image/png;base64,#talk_kirschstein_files/figure-html/beispiel-tour-3-1.png" alt="" width="99%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] -- .col-50[ <table class="table table-condensed table-striped" style="font-size: 12px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> A,B / C,D </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> A,C / B,D </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> A,D / B,C </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> B,C / A,D </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> B,D / A,C </th> <th style="text-align:right;"> C,D / A,B </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr grouplength="2"><td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><strong>Gesamt</strong></td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Kosten </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 37.66 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 44.65 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 40.13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 39.55 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 45.69 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 48.27 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Emiss. </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 29.11 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.51 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 18.66 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.59 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.86 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 12.14 </td> </tr> <tr grouplength="2"><td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><strong>Kunde A</strong></td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Kosten </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 13.72 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;"> 12.95 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.42 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 22.69 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 20.58 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Emiss. </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 13.72 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 15.13 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 12.95 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.59 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.03 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.74 </td> </tr> <tr grouplength="2"><td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><strong>Kunde B</strong></td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Kosten </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.07 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 19.73 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 13.15 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.42 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 21.11 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Emiss. </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.07 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.88 </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;"> 2.63 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 13.15 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 14.42 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.81 </td> </tr> <tr grouplength="2"><td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><strong>Kunde C</strong></td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Kosten </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.78 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.97 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.05 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.37 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 5.96 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.85 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Emiss. </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.77 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.97 </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;"> 0.67 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.37 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.79 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.85 </td> </tr> <tr grouplength="2"><td colspan="7" style="border-bottom: 1px solid;"><strong>Kunde D</strong></td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Kosten </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 4.09 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.92 </td> <td style="text-align:right;font-weight: bold;"> 2.40 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 3.61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.72 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;padding-left: 2em;" indentlevel="1"> Emiss. </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.54 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.52 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.40 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 0.48 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.61 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> 2.72 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> `\(\Rightarrow\)` passende Fahrzeugflotte ist notwendig `\(\rightarrow\)` Wechselwirkung zwischen Zieldimensionen Kosten, Emissionen und Kundennutzen ] --- ## Literaturüberblick: Taxonomie <table class="table table-striped table-condensed table-hover" style="font-size: 11px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;border-bottom: 0;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="empty-cells: hide;border-bottom:hidden;" colspan="2"></th> <th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: rgba(237, 231, 246, 255) !important;" colspan="1"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Flottenmerkmal</div></th> <th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: rgba(237, 231, 246, 255) !important;" colspan="2"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Optimierung</div></th> <th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: rgba(237, 231, 246, 255) !important;" colspan="1"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Unsicherheit</div></th> <th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: rgba(237, 231, 246, 255) !important;" colspan="1"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Methodik</div></th> <th style="border-bottom:hidden;padding-bottom:0; padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px; background-color: rgba(237, 231, 246, 255) !important;" colspan="1"><div style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd; padding-bottom: 5px; ">Nachhaltigkeit</div></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"> Quelle </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Problemtyp </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Flotte </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Opt.-Ziel </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Zeitstruktur </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Stochastizität </th> <th style="text-align:left;"> Modelltyp </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Emissionen </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Fagerholt Christiansen et al., 2010) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fleet composition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> OPEX </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> mehrperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> deterministisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> MIP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> NB </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Bakkehaug Eidem et al., 2014) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fleet Transition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Kosten </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> mehrperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> stochastisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Stoch. Programmierung </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> – </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Zheng Chen et al., 2018) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fleet Transition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> homogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> OPEX </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> mehrperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> stochastisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Simulation </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> NB </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Sarangi Chakraborty et al., 2023) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Sizing &amp; Routing </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Kosten + Emissionen </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> einperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> deterministisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Review </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Ziel </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Truden and Hewitt, 2026) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fleet Transition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> TCO </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> mehrperiodisch (fin.) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> deterministisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> MIP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> NB </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Zackrisson Engholm et al., 2025) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fleet Electrification </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> TCO / LCA </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> einperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> deterministisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Simulation / LCA </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Ziel </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Engholm Zackrisson et al., 2025) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Elektrifizierung </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> OPEX </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> einperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> deterministisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fallstudie </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> NB </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> (Winkelmann Spinter et al., 2024) </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> Fleet Transition </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> heterogen </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> TCO + Emissionen </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> mehrperiodisch </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> stochastisch </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> dyn. Programm + MIP </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Ziel </td> </tr> </tbody> <tfoot><tr><td style="padding: 0; " colspan="100%"> <span style="font-style: italic;">Anmerkung:</span>  NB = Emissionen als Nebenbedingung; Ziel = Emissionen als Optimierungsziel; – = nicht berücksichtigt.</td></tr></tfoot> </table> -- `\(\Rightarrow\)` Projektziel: Entwicklung eines integrierten Simulation-Optimization-Ansatzes für Flottenumbau-Problem unter Berücksichtigung von heterogenen Verladernutzen --- class: inverse, center, middle # Projektaufbau --- ## Team & Zuordnung <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/projekt_team.png" alt="" width="75%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- ## Methodische Ansätze <img src="data:image/png;base64,#fig/projekt_methoden.png" alt="" width="77%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- class: inverse, center, middle # Ausblick --- ## Ausblick **Nächste Schritte** - Formale Modellierung des präferenz-orientierten VRP mit gemischter Flotte `\(\rightarrow\)` Präferenzen und Nutzen - Modellierungsansatz Flottenplanung `\(\rightarrow\)` dynamische Programmierung vs. rollierendes, mehrperiodiges MILP - Sammlung techno-ökonomischer Daten von Antriebssystemen `\(\rightarrow\)` B-LKW, H2-LKW, FC-LKW, Gas-LKW, etc. - Instanzgenerierung auf Basis realistischer Logistikdaten - Simulationsrahmen für mehrperiodische Flottenszenarien `\(\rightarrow\)` Einfluss von Infrastruktur und Betriebsmodi -- .center[ <br> **Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!** *Fragen und Anmerkungen sind herzlich willkommen.* ] --- class: small-slide ## Quellen .small[ Bakkehaug, R., E. S. Eidem, et al. (2014). "A stochastic programming formulation for strategic fleet renewal in shipping". In: _Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review_ 72, pp. 60-76. DOI: [10.1016/j.tre.2014.09.010](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tre.2014.09.010). Engholm, A., A. Zackrisson, et al. (2025). _Beyond Replacing Diesel Trucks: How Optimised Fleet Planning Increases Electrification and Lowers Transportation Costs_. Fallstudie auf Basis von 38.000 Sendungen; präsentiert am 13. Juni 2025. Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI. Fagerholt, K., M. Christiansen, et al. (2010). "A decision support methodology for strategic planning in maritime transportation". In: _Omega_ 38.6, pp. 465-474. DOI: [10.1016/j.omega.2009.12.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.omega.2009.12.003). Hoff, A., H. Andersson, et al. (2010). "Industrial aspects and literature survey: Fleet composition and routing". In: _Computers & Operations Research_ 37.12, pp. 2041-2061. 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