El presente informe corresponde al análisis de los datos obtenidos durante el ensayo de tensión realizado sobre probetas de acero AISI/SAE 1045, bajo dos condiciones experimentales:
Para cada grupo se presentan las curvas de esfuerzo-deformación ingenieril y real, así como la identificación gráfica de las principales propiedades mecánicas del material.
ggplot(datos_g1, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Temperatura Ambiente (Grupo 1)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g1, aes(x = log(1 + Deformacion), y = Esfuerzo * (1 + Deformacion))) +
geom_line(color = "cyan", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Real): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Temperatura Ambiente (Grupo 1)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria Real, \u03b5_true (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo Real, \u03c3_true (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g1, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
# Módulo de Young
geom_abline(slope = 26396.54, intercept = -77.91,
color = "magenta", linetype = "twodash", size = 1) +
# Recta offset 0.2%
geom_abline(slope = 26396.54, intercept = -130.703,
color = "gold3", linetype = "dotted", size = 1) +
# Límite Elástico
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo > 670)[1]],
y = Esfuerzo[which(Esfuerzo > 670)[1]]),
color = "green", size = 4) +
# Esfuerzo de Fluencia
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo >= 749.03)[1]],
y = 749.03),
color = "gold3", size = 4) +
# Esfuerzo Máximo (UTS)
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which.max(Esfuerzo)],
y = max(Esfuerzo)),
color = "cyan", size = 4) +
# Punto de Ruptura
geom_point(aes(x = tail(Deformacion, 1),
y = tail(Esfuerzo, 1)),
color = "red", size = 5, shape = 18) +
# Etiquetas
annotate("label", x = 0.035, y = 320,
label = "Modulo de Young:\nm = 26396.54 MPa\n\nIntersecto:\nb = -77.91 MPa",
fill = "#e600e6", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.002, y = 710,
label = "Limite Elastico:\nEsf: 677.08 MPa\nDef: 0.0288",
fill = "#4caf50", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.042, y = 749,
label = "Esfuerzo de Fluencia:\n(749.03 MPa)",
fill = "gold3", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.060, y = 880,
label = "Esfuerzo Máximo:\n(923.58 MPa)",
fill = "cyan", color = "black", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.082, y = 750,
label = "Esfuerzo de Ruptura:\n750.57 MPa\nDef: 0.1226",
fill = "#ff4d4d", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Temperatura Ambiente (Grupo 1)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g2, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Condición Criogénica (Nitrógeno Líquido - Grupo 2)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g2, aes(x = log(1 + Deformacion), y = Esfuerzo * (1 + Deformacion))) +
geom_line(color = "cyan", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Real): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Condición Criogénica (Nitrógeno Líquido - Grupo 2)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria Real, \u03b5_true (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo Real, \u03c3_true (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g2, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
geom_abline(slope = 24132.37, intercept = -64.89,
color = "magenta", linetype = "twodash", size = 1) +
geom_abline(slope = 24132.37, intercept = -113.155,
color = "gold3", linetype = "dotted", size = 1) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo > 620)[1]],
y = Esfuerzo[which(Esfuerzo > 620)[1]]),
color = "#4caf50", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo >= 829.94)[1]],
y = 829.94),
color = "gold3", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which.max(Esfuerzo)],
y = max(Esfuerzo)),
color = "cyan", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = tail(Deformacion, 1),
y = tail(Esfuerzo, 1)),
color = "#ff4d4d", size = 5, shape = 18) +
annotate("label", x = 0.032, y = 300,
label = "Modulo de Young:\nm = 24132.37 MPa\n\nIntersecto:\nb = -64.89 MPa",
fill = "#e600e6", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.002, y = 660,
label = "Limite Elastico:\nEsf: 627.56 MPa\nDef: 0.0274",
fill = "#4caf50", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.010, y = 830,
label = "Esfuerzo de Fluencia:\n(829.94 MPa)",
fill = "gold3", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.052, y = 920,
label = "Esfuerzo Máximo:\n(878.88 MPa)",
fill = "cyan", color = "black", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.048, y = 550,
label = "Esfuerzo de Ruptura:\n640.06 MPa\nDef: 0.0776",
fill = "#ff4d4d", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Condición Criogénica (Nitrógeno Líquido - Grupo 2)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g3, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Temperatura Ambiente (Grupo 3)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g3, aes(x = log(1 + Deformacion), y = Esfuerzo * (1 + Deformacion))) +
geom_line(color = "cyan", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Real): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Temperatura Ambiente (Grupo 3)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria Real, \u03b5_true (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo Real, \u03c3_true (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g3, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
geom_abline(slope = 26273.34, intercept = -70.86,
color = "magenta", linetype = "twodash", size = 1) +
geom_abline(slope = 26273.34, intercept = -123.407,
color = "gold3", linetype = "dotted", size = 1) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo > 670)[1]],
y = Esfuerzo[which(Esfuerzo > 670)[1]]),
color = "#4caf50", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo >= 775.11)[1]],
y = 775.11),
color = "gold3", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which.max(Esfuerzo)],
y = max(Esfuerzo)),
color = "cyan", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = tail(Deformacion, 1),
y = tail(Esfuerzo, 1)),
color = "#ff4d4d", size = 5, shape = 18) +
annotate("label", x = 0.035, y = 300,
label = "Modulo de Young:\nm = 26273.34 MPa\n\nIntersecto:\nb = -70.86 MPa",
fill = "#e600e6", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.002, y = 710,
label = "Limite Elastico:\nEsf: 678.74 MPa\nDef: 0.0282",
fill = "#4caf50", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.042, y = 775,
label = "Esfuerzo de Fluencia:\n(775.11 MPa)",
fill = "gold3", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.060, y = 920,
label = "Esfuerzo Máximo:\n(891.31 MPa)",
fill = "cyan", color = "black", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.075, y = 650,
label = "Esfuerzo de Ruptura:\n722.22 MPa\nDef: 0.1135",
fill = "#ff4d4d", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Ensayo de Tracción - Temperatura Ambiente (Grupo 3)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g4, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Condición Criogénica (Nitrógeno Líquido - Grupo 4)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g4, aes(x = log(1 + Deformacion), y = Esfuerzo * (1 + Deformacion))) +
geom_line(color = "cyan", size = 1) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Real): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Condición Criogénica (Nitrógeno Líquido - Grupo 4)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria Real, \u03b5_true (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo Real, \u03c3_true (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)ggplot(datos_g4, aes(x = Deformacion, y = Esfuerzo)) +
geom_line(color = "darkblue", size = 1) +
geom_abline(slope = 23238.37, intercept = -64.84,
color = "magenta", linetype = "twodash", size = 1) +
geom_abline(slope = 23238.37, intercept = -111.317,
color = "gold3", linetype = "dotted", size = 1) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo > 590)[1]],
y = Esfuerzo[which(Esfuerzo > 590)[1]]),
color = "#4caf50", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which(Esfuerzo >= 709.34)[1]],
y = 709.34),
color = "gold3", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = Deformacion[which.max(Esfuerzo)],
y = max(Esfuerzo)),
color = "cyan", size = 4) +
geom_point(aes(x = tail(Deformacion, 1),
y = tail(Esfuerzo, 1)),
color = "#ff4d4d", size = 5, shape = 18) +
annotate("label", x = 0.035, y = 300,
label = "Modulo de Young:\nm = 23238.37 MPa\n\nIntersecto:\nb = -64.84 MPa",
fill = "#e600e6", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.002, y = 630,
label = "Limite Elastico:\nEsf: 601.46 MPa\nDef: 0.0281",
fill = "#4caf50", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.040, y = 710,
label = "Esfuerzo de Fluencia:\n(709.34 MPa)",
fill = "gold3", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.060, y = 900,
label = "Esfuerzo Máximo:\n(816.24 MPa)",
fill = "cyan", color = "black", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
annotate("label", x = 0.075, y = 580,
label = "Esfuerzo de Ruptura:\n619.47 MPa\nDef: 0.1097",
fill = "#ff4d4d", color = "white", fontface = "bold", size = 3, hjust = 0) +
coord_cartesian(ylim = c(0, 1000)) +
labs(
title = "Curva Esfuerzo-Deformación (Ingenieril): Acero AISI/SAE 1045",
subtitle = "Condición Criogénica (Nitrógeno Líquido - Grupo 4)",
x = "Deformación Unitaria, \u03b5 (mm/mm)",
y = "Esfuerzo, \u03c3 (MPa)"
) +
theme_minimal() +
theme(
plot.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 14, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(size = 11, hjust = 0.5),
axis.title = element_text(face = "bold", size = 11)
)| Grupo | E (MPa) | σ_e (MPa) | σ_y (MPa) | σ_u (MPa) | σ_r (MPa) | ε_r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1 - Amb. | 26396.54 | 677.08 | 749.03 | 923.58 | 750.57 | 0.1226 |
| G2 - Crió. | 24132.37 | 627.56 | 829.94 | 878.88 | 640.06 | 0.0776 |
| G3 - Amb. | 26273.34 | 678.74 | 775.11 | 891.31 | 722.22 | 0.1135 |
| G4 - Crió. | 23238.37 | 601.46 | 709.34 | 816.24 | 619.47 | 0.1097 |
Referencias: E = Módulo de Young · σ_e = Límite Elástico · σ_y = Esfuerzo de Fluencia · σ_u = Esfuerzo Máximo (UTS) · σ_r = Esfuerzo de Ruptura · ε_r = Deformación de Ruptura