All mineral import data comes from the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (USGS MCS 2026). Import source percentages reflect 2021-24 averages. The full citation is:
U.S. Geological Survey, 2026, Mineral commodity summaries 2026 (ver. 1.2, April 2026): U.S. Geological Survey, 222 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2026
Each source country is classified as Ally, Competitor, or Neutral using the following definitions:
Each source country is scored on six factors. Each factor is rated 1 to 3 where 1 is high risk and 3 is low risk.
Scores are summed to a total out of 18. Countries scoring 15 to 18 are Low risk. Countries scoring 9 to 14 are Medium risk. Countries scoring 6 to 8 are High risk.
Each mineral receives a vulnerability index score calculated as:
(Net import reliance / 100) x (Dominant mine country share / 100) x (19 - source country reliability score)
This combines three factors into one number. A mineral scores high when the US is heavily import dependent, supply is concentrated in one country, and that country is unreliable. The index is not a definitive risk score. It is a comparative ranking tool to identify which minerals warrant the most policy attention.
The map shows where the U.S. sources its 50 critical minerals. Red countries are geopolitical competitors. Blue countries are allies. Orange countries are neutral. China and Russia dominate the eastern hemisphere. Reliable ally suppliers are concentrated in North America, South America, and Australia. Most of Africa and Central Asia, where significant mineral reserves exist, falls in the neutral or unstable category.
China controls mine production for 30 of the 50 critical minerals on the 2022 list. Gallium stands alone at 99%. The heavy rare earth elements cluster at 90%, all from China. Niobium is the one outlier at 93% from Brazil, an ally. The pattern is clear: high concentration is almost always tied to a competitor or neutral state.
China poses the broadest sector risk. A Chinese export restriction would affect 6 defense minerals, 5 medical minerals, 4 technology minerals, and 3 energy minerals simultaneously. The DRC poses a focused risk to energy supply through cobalt. Russia’s primary exposure is in industry through palladium. No other country comes close to China’s cross-sector reach.
The vulnerability index combines three factors: U.S. import reliance,
single-country mine concentration, and source country reliability. Heavy
rare earth elements score the highest at 9.9 because the U.S. is 100%
import reliant, China controls 90% of mine production, and China is a
high-risk source. Graphite and Bismuth follow closely. Every mineral in
the top 15 is sourced primarily from a competitor. Niobium is the only
top-ranked mineral sourced from an ally.
| Mineral | Top_Import_Source | Import_Share | Second_Source | Second_Share | Dominant_Mine_Country | Mine_Share | Net_Import_Reliance | Classification | Vulnerability_Index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | Canada | 56% | United Arab Emirates | 8% | Australia | 28% | 100 | Ally | 0.28 |
| Antimony | China | 55% | Belgium | 12% | China | 48% | >50 | Competitor | 3.96 |
| Arsenic | China | 87% | Morocco | 8% | China | 70% | 100 | Competitor | 7.70 |
| Barite | India | 36% | China | 30% | China | 37% | >50 | Neutral | 1.66 |
| Beryllium | Kazakhstan | 31% | Latvia | 25% | United States | 90% | 11 | Neutral | 0.79 |
| Bismuth | China | 68% | South Korea | 20% | China | 80% | >95 | Competitor | 8.36 |
| Cerium | China | 71% | Malaysia | 13% | China | 69% | 67 | Competitor | 5.09 |
| Cesium | Canada | 100% | NA | N/A | Canada | 70% | 100 | Ally | 0.70 |
| Chromium | South Africa | 34% | Kazakhstan | 12% | South Africa | 44% | >50 | Neutral | 1.98 |
| Cobalt | Norway | 26% | Finland | 16% | DRC | 73% | >50 | Ally | 0.55 |
| Dysprosium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Erbium | Germany | 51% | China | 40% | China | 90% | 100 | Ally | 0.90 |
| Europium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Fluorspar | Mexico | 62% | Vietnam | 14% | China | 64% | 100 | Neutral | 3.20 |
| Gadolinium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Gallium | Canada | 28% | Japan | 22% | China | 99% | 100 | Ally | 0.99 |
| Germanium | Belgium | 41% | China | 23% | China | N/A | >50 | Ally | NA |
| Graphite | China | 43% | Canada | 13% | China | 78% | 100 | Competitor | 8.58 |
| Hafnium | France | 72% | Germany | 10% | Australia | N/A | 100 | Ally | NA |
| Holmium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Indium | South Korea | 25% | Japan | 22% | China | 70% | 100 | Ally | 0.70 |
| Iridium | South Africa | 90% | Russia | 6% | South Africa | 80% | 100 | Neutral | 4.80 |
| Lanthanum | China | 71% | Malaysia | 13% | China | 69% | 67 | Competitor | 5.09 |
| Lithium | Chile | 54% | Argentina | 43% | Australia | 37% | >50 | Ally | 1.39 |
| Lutetium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Magnesium | Israel | 20% | Canada | 15% | China | 85% | 100 | Ally | 1.70 |
| Manganese | Gabon | 64% | South Africa | 24% | South Africa | 36% | 100 | Neutral | 2.52 |
| Neodymium | China | 71% | Malaysia | 13% | China | 69% | 67 | Competitor | 5.09 |
| Nickel | Canada | 44% | Norway | 11% | Indonesia | 67% | 41 | Ally | 0.27 |
| Niobium | Brazil | 67% | Canada | 28% | Brazil | 93% | 100 | Ally | 4.65 |
| Palladium | South Africa | 37% | Russia | 36% | Russia | 40% | 100 | Neutral | 2.40 |
| Platinum | South Africa | 49% | Belgium | 10% | South Africa | 70% | 100 | Neutral | 4.20 |
| Praseodymium | China | 71% | Malaysia | 13% | China | 69% | 67 | Competitor | 5.09 |
| Rhodium | South Africa | 80% | Russia | 10% | South Africa | 80% | 100 | Neutral | 4.80 |
| Rubidium | NA | NA% | NA | N/A | Canada | N/A | 100 | NA | NA |
| Ruthenium | South Africa | 93% | Russia | 4% | South Africa | 80% | 100 | Neutral | 4.80 |
| Samarium | China | 71% | Malaysia | 13% | China | 69% | 67 | Competitor | 5.09 |
| Scandium | Japan | 89% | China | 11% | China | 66% | 100 | Ally | 0.66 |
| Tantalum | China | 22% | Australia | 14% | DRC | 47% | 100 | Competitor | 5.17 |
| Tellurium | Canada | 64% | Philippines | 14% | China | 50% | >50 | Ally | 0.38 |
| Terbium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Thulium | China | 100% | NA | N/A | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Tin | Peru | 31% | Bolivia | 27% | China | 28% | >50 | Neutral | 1.26 |
| Titanium | South Africa | 26% | Canada | 16% | South Africa | 26% | >50 | Neutral | 1.17 |
| Tungsten | China | 26% | Germany | 14% | China | 79% | >50 | Competitor | 6.52 |
| Vanadium | Canada | 34% | Brazil | 13% | China | 57% | >50 | Ally | 0.43 |
| Ytterbium | China | 86% | Germany | 4% | China | 90% | 100 | Competitor | 9.90 |
| Yttrium | China | 70% | Germany | 11% | China | 70% | 100 | Competitor | 7.70 |
| Zinc | Canada | 56% | Mexico | 15% | China | 34% | 25 | Ally | 0.09 |
| Zirconium | South Africa | 48% | Australia | 35% | Australia | 37% | >50 | Neutral | 1.66 |