KAHO Study: Coping Skills and Mental & Functional Health Outcomes

Descriptive and Regression Tables

1 Depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder,and Dementia

Less than ten percent of the participants had moderate-to-severe depression when assessed with GDS-SF scale and was predominantly among males (11.54%). When assessed with the PHQ-9, nearly seven percent of the participants had moderate-to-severe depression, with a higher prevalence among females (6.48%). Also, a quarter of the participants had generalised anxiety disorder with five percent have moderate-to-severe anxiety - this prevalence was higher among females than their counterparts. Nearly 1 in 5 participants had dementia and was more pronounced among female (19.44%) (Table 1).

Table 1: Distribution of Depression, Anxiety, and Dementia Outcomes

Characteristic	Overall N = 1601	Male N = 521	Female N = 1081
GDS-SF Depression Category
Normal (0–4)	98 (61.25%)	34 (65.38%)	64 (59.26%)
Mild depression (5–8)	47 (29.38%)	12 (23.08%)	35 (32.41%)
Moderate/Severe depression (9–15)	15 (9.38%)	6 (11.54%)	9 (8.33%)
PHQ-9 Depression Category
No/minimal depression (0–4)	116 (72.50%)	41 (78.85%)	75 (69.44%)
Mild depression (5–9)	33 (20.63%)	8 (15.38%)	25 (23.15%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	11 (6.88%)	3 (5.77%)	8 (7.41%)
GAD-7 Anxiety Category
Minimal anxiety (0–4)	120 (75.00%)	40 (76.92%)	80 (74.07%)
Mild anxiety (5–9)	32 (20.00%)	11 (21.15%)	21 (19.44%)
Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21)	8 (5.00%)	1 (1.92%)	7 (6.48%)
Dementia diagnosis
No dementia	134 (83.75%)	47 (90.38%)	87 (80.56%)
Dementia	26 (16.25%)	5 (9.62%)	21 (19.44%)
1 n (%)

2 Depression Outcomes

2.1 GDS-SF Depression Categories

On the average, participants with moderate-to-severe depression were relatively younger than those with mild depression (57.5 ± 5.3 vs 59.1 ± 7.9 years).

Table 2a. Characteristics by GDS-SF Depression Category (Overall)

Variable	Overall N = 1601	Normal (0–4) N = 981	Mild depression (5–8) N = 471	Moderate/Severe depression (9–15) N = 151	p-value2
Age (years)	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.0)	59.8 ± 7.9 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 65.0)	59.1 ± 7.4 / Median: 58.0 (53.0, 64.0)	57.5 ± 5.3 / Median: 58.0 (54.0, 60.0)	0.668
Age group (years)					0.658
50–59	89 (55.63%)	53 (54.08%)	26 (55.32%)	10 (66.67%)
≥60	71 (44.38%)	45 (45.92%)	21 (44.68%)	5 (33.33%)
Education level					0.586
No formal education	34 (21.25%)	18 (18.37%)	11 (23.40%)	5 (33.33%)
Basic education	38 (23.75%)	23 (23.47%)	13 (27.66%)	2 (13.33%)
Middle school leaver	63 (39.38%)	40 (40.82%)	16 (34.04%)	7 (46.67%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	24 (15.00%)	17 (17.35%)	6 (12.77%)	1 (6.67%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)
Marital status					0.166
Married/Cohabiting	44 (27.50%)	24 (24.49%)	12 (25.53%)	8 (53.33%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	53 (33.13%)	37 (37.76%)	13 (27.66%)	3 (20.00%)
Single	63 (39.38%)	37 (37.76%)	22 (46.81%)	4 (26.67%)
Religion					0.656
Christian	20 (12.50%)	12 (12.24%)	6 (12.77%)	2 (13.33%)
Non-Christian	139 (86.88%)	86 (87.76%)	40 (85.11%)	13 (86.67%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.282
Above median	36 (22.50%)	21 (21.43%)	10 (21.28%)	5 (33.33%)
Below median	31 (19.38%)	23 (23.47%)	5 (10.64%)	3 (20.00%)
(Missing)	93 (58.13%)	54 (55.10%)	32 (68.09%)	7 (46.67%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.168
Yes	152 (95.00%)	93 (94.90%)	46 (97.87%)	13 (86.67%)
No	5 (3.13%)	2 (2.04%)	1 (2.13%)	2 (13.33%)
(Missing)	3 (1.88%)	3 (3.06%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.271
Normal (12–14)	107 (66.88%)	71 (72.45%)	28 (59.57%)	8 (53.33%)
At risk (8–11)	51 (31.88%)	26 (26.53%)	18 (38.30%)	7 (46.67%)
Malnourished (0–7)	2 (1.25%)	1 (1.02%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.330
Active	112 (70.00%)	71 (72.45%)	33 (70.21%)	8 (53.33%)
Inactive	48 (30.00%)	27 (27.55%)	14 (29.79%)	7 (46.67%)
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.1 / Median: 25.3 (22.5, 29.2)	25.8 ± 5.0 / Median: 24.7 (22.2, 28.5)	26.6 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.2, 29.8)	25.8 ± 4.7 / Median: 26.8 (22.2, 29.8)	0.563
Missing	1	1	0	0
BMI category					0.809
Underweight	5 (3.13%)	3 (3.06%)	1 (2.13%)	1 (6.67%)
Normal Weight	72 (45.00%)	48 (48.98%)	19 (40.43%)	5 (33.33%)
Overweight	49 (30.63%)	27 (27.55%)	16 (34.04%)	6 (40.00%)
Obese	33 (20.63%)	19 (19.39%)	11 (23.40%)	3 (20.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (1.02%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.8 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.0 ± 2.0 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	34.5 ± 1.7 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (33.0, 36.0)	0.100
Smoking status					0.140
Never	152 (95.00%)	95 (96.94%)	42 (89.36%)	15 (100.00%)
Former	8 (5.00%)	3 (3.06%)	5 (10.64%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category					0.045
No Alcohol	109 (68.13%)	67 (68.37%)	36 (76.60%)	6 (40.00%)
Low	39 (24.38%)	21 (21.43%)	9 (19.15%)	9 (60.00%)
Moderate	7 (4.38%)	5 (5.10%)	2 (4.26%)	0 (0.00%)
High/Severe	5 (3.13%)	5 (5.10%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HbA1c (%)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.1)	6.2 ± 2.2 / Median: 5.6 (5.3, 6.2)	0.979
Diabetes mellitus					0.474
No diabetes	93 (58.13%)	58 (59.18%)	26 (55.32%)	9 (60.00%)
Pre-diabetes	46 (28.75%)	29 (29.59%)	14 (29.79%)	3 (20.00%)
Controlled	4 (2.50%)	1 (1.02%)	3 (6.38%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled	17 (10.63%)	10 (10.20%)	4 (8.51%)	3 (20.00%)
any_abnormal_lipids	70 (43.75%)	46 (46.94%)	20 (42.55%)	4 (26.67%)	0.331
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 7.8 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	5.7 ± 10.0 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.2)	4.8 ± 1.2 / Median: 4.9 (3.9, 5.6)	4.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.6 (3.9, 5.2)	0.828
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	12 (7.50%)	6 (6.12%)	5 (10.64%)	1 (6.67%)	0.599
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.3, 3.3)	2.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 3.0 (2.2, 3.7)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.3)	0.651
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	10 (6.25%)	4 (4.08%)	5 (10.64%)	1 (6.67%)	0.255
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)	0.873
Low HDL cholesterol	53 (33.13%)	38 (38.78%)	12 (25.53%)	3 (20.00%)	0.168
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.9 (0.6, 1.1)	0.717
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	7 (4.38%)	5 (5.10%)	2 (4.26%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Systolic BP (mmHg)	142.4 ± 23.6 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.5)	143.0 ± 25.0 / Median: 140.5 (121.0, 159.0)	142.7 ± 22.4 / Median: 138.0 (124.0, 160.0)	137.7 ± 17.2 / Median: 137.0 (126.0, 144.0)	0.804
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.9 ± 14.0 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 94.5)	87.2 ± 14.2 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 97.0)	85.1 ± 14.0 / Median: 83.0 (74.0, 91.0)	89.9 ± 12.1 / Median: 90.0 (83.0, 99.0)	0.297
Hypertension status					0.704
No Hypertension	53 (33.13%)	32 (32.65%)	18 (38.30%)	3 (20.00%)
Controlled Hypertension	16 (10.00%)	9 (9.18%)	5 (10.64%)	2 (13.33%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	91 (56.88%)	57 (58.16%)	24 (51.06%)	10 (66.67%)
PHQ-9 score	2.9 ± 3.9 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.4 ± 2.1 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)	4.3 ± 4.5 / Median: 3.0 (1.0, 6.0)	8.7 ± 3.8 / Median: 7.0 (6.0, 11.0)	<0.001
PHQ-9 category					<0.001
No/minimal depression (0–4)	116 (72.50%)	87 (88.78%)	28 (59.57%)	1 (6.67%)
Mild depression (5–9)	33 (20.63%)	10 (10.20%)	15 (31.91%)	8 (53.33%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	11 (6.88%)	1 (1.02%)	4 (8.51%)	6 (40.00%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	60.2 ± 12.7 / Median: 59.9 (51.0, 68.8)	61.5 ± 13.2 / Median: 60.7 (52.1, 71.4)	58.7 ± 12.3 / Median: 57.7 (47.4, 66.4)	56.8 ± 9.5 / Median: 55.6 (51.3, 63.0)	0.248
Missing	1	1	0	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	137.3 ± 944.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 21.5)	208.5 ± 1,201.5 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 20.7)	27.5 ± 87.4 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 22.8)	16.5 ± 19.9 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 20.3)	0.845
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	155 (96.88%)	94 (95.92%)	46 (97.87%)	15 (100.00%)	>0.999
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.1)	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	1.9 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.9 (1.8, 2.0)	0.055
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.2 (1.9, 2.4)	2.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 2.4)	0.320
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.4, 1.6)	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.5 (1.1, 1.8)	0.251
Active coping facet	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.093
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.884
Planning facet	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	0.002
Positive reframing facet	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.181
Venting facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.216
Emotional support facet	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.489
Humor facet	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	0.010
Acceptance facet	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 4.0)	2.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.0)	0.141
Self-blame facet	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	<0.001
Religion facet	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 3.5)	0.541
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.637
Denial facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.387
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.427
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.021
Katz ADL category					0.591
Full function	156 (97.50%)	96 (97.96%)	45 (95.74%)	15 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	2 (1.25%)	1 (1.02%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	1 (1.02%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.637
SPPB total score	9.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	9.1 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 11.0)	9.6 ± 1.7 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	8.5 ± 2.1 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	0.131
Missing	2	1	1	0
SPPB category					0.275
Poor physical performance (0-6)	12 (7.50%)	8 (8.16%)	1 (2.13%)	3 (20.00%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	67 (41.88%)	41 (41.84%)	19 (40.43%)	7 (46.67%)
Good performance (10-12)	79 (49.38%)	48 (48.98%)	26 (55.32%)	5 (33.33%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	1 (1.02%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (0.63%)	1 (1.02%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.262
No problem	97 (60.63%)	64 (65.31%)	26 (55.32%)	7 (46.67%)
Problem	63 (39.38%)	34 (34.69%)	21 (44.68%)	8 (53.33%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.337
No problem	110 (68.75%)	63 (64.29%)	36 (76.60%)	11 (73.33%)
Problem	50 (31.25%)	35 (35.71%)	11 (23.40%)	4 (26.67%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

2.1.1 GDS-SF Depression by Sex

Table 2b. Characteristics by GDS-SF Depression by gender

Characteristic	Male					Female
	Overall N = 521	Normal (0–4) N = 341	Mild depression (5–8) N = 121	Moderate/Severe depression (9–15) N = 61	p-value2	Overall N = 1081	Normal (0–4) N = 641	Mild depression (5–8) N = 351	Moderate/Severe depression (9–15) N = 91	p-value2
Age (years)	59.5 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.5 (52.5, 64.5)	58.9 ± 7.0 / Median: 57.5 (52.0, 64.0)	62.4 ± 9.2 / Median: 62.0 (54.0, 66.0)	56.7 ± 6.6 / Median: 55.0 (51.0, 62.0)	0.313	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.5, 63.5)	60.3 ± 8.4 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 65.0)	58.0 ± 6.4 / Median: 57.0 (53.0, 63.0)	58.1 ± 4.5 / Median: 59.0 (55.0, 60.0)	0.444
Age group (years)					0.264					0.478
50–59	28 (53.85%)	20 (58.82%)	4 (33.33%)	4 (66.67%)		61 (56.48%)	33 (51.56%)	22 (62.86%)	6 (66.67%)
≥60	24 (46.15%)	14 (41.18%)	8 (66.67%)	2 (33.33%)		47 (43.52%)	31 (48.44%)	13 (37.14%)	3 (33.33%)
Education level					0.483					0.795
No formal education	4 (7.69%)	1 (2.94%)	2 (16.67%)	1 (16.67%)		30 (27.78%)	17 (26.56%)	9 (25.71%)	4 (44.44%)
Basic education	7 (13.46%)	4 (11.76%)	2 (16.67%)	1 (16.67%)		31 (28.70%)	19 (29.69%)	11 (31.43%)	1 (11.11%)
Middle school leaver	23 (44.23%)	16 (47.06%)	4 (33.33%)	3 (50.00%)		40 (37.04%)	24 (37.50%)	12 (34.29%)	4 (44.44%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	18 (34.62%)	13 (38.24%)	4 (33.33%)	1 (16.67%)		6 (5.56%)	4 (6.25%)	2 (5.71%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
Marital status					0.812					0.029
Married/Cohabiting	27 (51.92%)	18 (52.94%)	5 (41.67%)	4 (66.67%)		17 (15.74%)	6 (9.38%)	7 (20.00%)	4 (44.44%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	17 (32.69%)	10 (29.41%)	5 (41.67%)	2 (33.33%)		36 (33.33%)	27 (42.19%)	8 (22.86%)	1 (11.11%)
Single	8 (15.38%)	6 (17.65%)	2 (16.67%)	0 (0.00%)		55 (50.93%)	31 (48.44%)	20 (57.14%)	4 (44.44%)
Religion					0.478					0.899
Christian	7 (13.46%)	5 (14.71%)	1 (8.33%)	1 (16.67%)		13 (12.04%)	7 (10.94%)	5 (14.29%)	1 (11.11%)
Non-Christian	44 (84.62%)	29 (85.29%)	10 (83.33%)	5 (83.33%)		95 (87.96%)	57 (89.06%)	30 (85.71%)	8 (88.89%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (8.33%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.067					0.348
Above median	22 (42.31%)	14 (41.18%)	3 (25.00%)	5 (83.33%)		14 (12.96%)	7 (10.94%)	7 (20.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Below median	6 (11.54%)	6 (17.65%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		25 (23.15%)	17 (26.56%)	5 (14.29%)	3 (33.33%)
(Missing)	24 (46.15%)	14 (41.18%)	9 (75.00%)	1 (16.67%)		69 (63.89%)	40 (62.50%)	23 (65.71%)	6 (66.67%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.630					0.116
Yes	48 (92.31%)	31 (91.18%)	12 (100.00%)	5 (83.33%)		104 (96.30%)	62 (96.88%)	34 (97.14%)	8 (88.89%)
No	3 (5.77%)	2 (5.88%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (16.67%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.86%)	1 (11.11%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	2 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.058					0.694
Normal (12–14)	37 (71.15%)	27 (79.41%)	8 (66.67%)	2 (33.33%)		70 (64.81%)	44 (68.75%)	20 (57.14%)	6 (66.67%)
At risk (8–11)	15 (28.85%)	7 (20.59%)	4 (33.33%)	4 (66.67%)		36 (33.33%)	19 (29.69%)	14 (40.00%)	3 (33.33%)
Malnourished (0–7)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (1.56%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.182					0.863
Active	42 (80.77%)	29 (85.29%)	10 (83.33%)	3 (50.00%)		70 (64.81%)	42 (65.63%)	23 (65.71%)	5 (55.56%)
Inactive	10 (19.23%)	5 (14.71%)	2 (16.67%)	3 (50.00%)		38 (35.19%)	22 (34.38%)	12 (34.29%)	4 (44.44%)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 4.2 / Median: 23.6 (21.4, 25.9)	24.3 ± 4.1 / Median: 23.4 (22.1, 24.8)	23.7 ± 3.2 / Median: 23.8 (21.1, 26.0)	26.0 ± 6.5 / Median: 26.3 (22.1, 31.2)	0.877	26.8 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.4, 29.9)	26.5 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.0 (23.3, 29.6)	27.6 ± 5.5 / Median: 26.9 (23.6, 31.2)	25.7 ± 3.5 / Median: 26.8 (23.0, 28.4)	0.502
Missing	1	1	0	0
BMI category					0.040					0.454
Underweight	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (16.67%)		3 (2.78%)	2 (3.13%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
Normal Weight	34 (65.38%)	24 (70.59%)	8 (66.67%)	2 (33.33%)		38 (35.19%)	24 (37.50%)	11 (31.43%)	3 (33.33%)
Overweight	8 (15.38%)	4 (11.76%)	4 (33.33%)	0 (0.00%)		41 (37.96%)	23 (35.94%)	12 (34.29%)	6 (66.67%)
Obese	7 (13.46%)	4 (11.76%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (50.00%)		26 (24.07%)	15 (23.44%)	11 (31.43%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.7 ± 2.5 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.6 ± 2.9 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 1.8 / Median: 35.5 (33.0, 36.0)	0.642	34.9 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.1 ± 1.2 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	34.4 ± 1.8 / Median: 35.0 (33.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	0.149
Smoking status					0.081					0.407
Never	45 (86.54%)	31 (91.18%)	8 (66.67%)	6 (100.00%)		107 (99.07%)	64 (100.00%)	34 (97.14%)	9 (100.00%)
Former	7 (13.46%)	3 (8.82%)	4 (33.33%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category					0.783					0.020
No Alcohol	28 (53.85%)	17 (50.00%)	8 (66.67%)	3 (50.00%)		81 (75.00%)	50 (78.13%)	28 (80.00%)	3 (33.33%)
Low	19 (36.54%)	13 (38.24%)	3 (25.00%)	3 (50.00%)		20 (18.52%)	8 (12.50%)	6 (17.14%)	6 (66.67%)
Moderate	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.94%)	1 (8.33%)	0 (0.00%)		5 (4.63%)	4 (6.25%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
High/Severe	3 (5.77%)	3 (8.82%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	2 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	6.0 ± 1.3 / Median: 5.6 (5.3, 6.2)	5.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 5.7 (5.0, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 5.8 (5.1, 6.7)	0.895	5.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.0)	5.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.7 (5.4, 5.9)	5.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.1)	6.5 ± 2.8 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.1)	0.895
Diabetes mellitus					0.358					0.656
No diabetes	30 (57.69%)	20 (58.82%)	7 (58.33%)	3 (50.00%)		63 (58.33%)	38 (59.38%)	19 (54.29%)	6 (66.67%)
Pre-diabetes	15 (28.85%)	9 (26.47%)	5 (41.67%)	1 (16.67%)		31 (28.70%)	20 (31.25%)	9 (25.71%)	2 (22.22%)
Controlled	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		4 (3.70%)	1 (1.56%)	3 (8.57%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled	7 (13.46%)	5 (14.71%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (33.33%)		10 (9.26%)	5 (7.81%)	4 (11.43%)	1 (11.11%)
any_abnormal_lipids	19 (36.54%)	13 (38.24%)	5 (41.67%)	1 (16.67%)	0.634	51 (47.22%)	33 (51.56%)	15 (42.86%)	3 (33.33%)	0.529
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.1 ± 13.7 / Median: 4.3 (3.7, 4.9)	7.2 ± 16.9 / Median: 4.4 (3.8, 5.1)	4.1 ± 1.2 / Median: 4.0 (3.1, 4.7)	4.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.9 (3.6, 4.5)	0.424	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.9 (4.4, 5.5)	4.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.8 (4.4, 5.4)	5.0 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.2 (4.1, 5.7)	5.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.7 (4.6, 5.8)	0.503
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.94%)	1 (8.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0.577	10 (9.26%)	5 (7.81%)	4 (11.43%)	1 (11.11%)	0.680
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.1, 3.0)	2.6 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.6 (1.5, 3.3)	2.3 ± 0.2 / Median: 2.2 (2.1, 2.5)	0.562	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.4, 3.4)	3.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.2 (2.3, 3.7)	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.2 (2.9, 3.6)	0.420
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (8.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0.346	9 (8.33%)	4 (6.25%)	4 (11.43%)	1 (11.11%)	0.461
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.0, 1.7)	1.2 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.3)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.2 (1.1, 2.2)	0.502	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.260
Low HDL cholesterol	17 (32.69%)	12 (35.29%)	4 (33.33%)	1 (16.67%)	0.821	36 (33.33%)	26 (40.63%)	8 (22.86%)	2 (22.22%)	0.160
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.0)	0.9 ± 0.4 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.3)	0.8 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.779	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)	1.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	0.9 ± 0.2 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.1)	0.892
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	6 (5.56%)	4 (6.25%)	2 (5.71%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Systolic BP (mmHg)	143.0 ± 21.2 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.0)	145.0 ± 23.0 / Median: 149.5 (122.0, 160.0)	141.6 ± 20.4 / Median: 141.5 (122.5, 159.0)	134.0 ± 7.6 / Median: 136.5 (134.0, 138.0)	0.483	142.1 ± 24.7 / Median: 139.5 (124.0, 160.0)	141.9 ± 26.1 / Median: 139.5 (120.0, 159.0)	143.1 ± 23.3 / Median: 137.0 (124.0, 162.0)	140.1 ± 21.5 / Median: 142.0 (126.0, 159.0)	0.930
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.7 ± 12.6 / Median: 85.5 (75.0, 92.0)	86.6 ± 13.5 / Median: 84.5 (75.0, 92.0)	83.8 ± 9.8 / Median: 85.0 (74.0, 90.0)	93.3 ± 11.1 / Median: 90.0 (90.0, 92.0)	0.249	86.9 ± 14.6 / Median: 86.0 (78.0, 96.5)	87.5 ± 14.7 / Median: 86.0 (77.0, 97.0)	85.6 ± 15.3 / Median: 83.0 (75.0, 91.0)	87.6 ± 12.8 / Median: 87.0 (80.0, 99.0)	0.708
Hypertension status					0.063					0.964
No Hypertension	18 (34.62%)	13 (38.24%)	5 (41.67%)	0 (0.00%)		35 (32.41%)	19 (29.69%)	13 (37.14%)	3 (33.33%)
Controlled Hypertension	2 (3.85%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (8.33%)	1 (16.67%)		14 (12.96%)	9 (14.06%)	4 (11.43%)	1 (11.11%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	32 (61.54%)	21 (61.76%)	6 (50.00%)	5 (83.33%)		59 (54.63%)	36 (56.25%)	18 (51.43%)	5 (55.56%)
PHQ-9 score	2.3 ± 3.5 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	0.8 ± 1.5 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 1.0)	3.3 ± 3.1 / Median: 3.0 (0.5, 6.0)	9.0 ± 4.1 / Median: 8.5 (6.0, 12.0)	<0.001	3.2 ± 4.0 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.7 ± 2.4 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 3.0)	4.6 ± 4.8 / Median: 3.0 (1.0, 6.0)	8.6 ± 3.8 / Median: 7.0 (6.0, 11.0)	<0.001
PHQ-9 category					<0.001					<0.001
No/minimal depression (0–4)	41 (78.85%)	32 (94.12%)	8 (66.67%)	1 (16.67%)		75 (69.44%)	55 (85.94%)	20 (57.14%)	0 (0.00%)
Mild depression (5–9)	8 (15.38%)	2 (5.88%)	4 (33.33%)	2 (33.33%)		25 (23.15%)	8 (12.50%)	11 (31.43%)	6 (66.67%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	3 (5.77%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (50.00%)		8 (7.41%)	1 (1.56%)	4 (11.43%)	3 (33.33%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	61.9 ± 13.3 / Median: 61.1 (51.6, 73.2)	63.2 ± 13.8 / Median: 64.5 (56.0, 73.4)	59.8 ± 12.5 / Median: 58.8 (49.2, 65.6)	59.0 ± 13.3 / Median: 60.5 (51.6, 69.5)	0.603	59.5 ± 12.4 / Median: 57.5 (50.0, 67.0)	60.7 ± 12.9 / Median: 60.3 (50.6, 68.5)	58.4 ± 12.4 / Median: 57.7 (47.2, 66.4)	55.3 ± 6.4 / Median: 55.3 (51.3, 56.9)	0.386
Missing	1	1	0	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	69.7 ± 347.2 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 23.7)	99.0 ± 428.6 / Median: 19.1 (19.1, 29.0)	13.6 ± 15.7 / Median: 9.6 (0.1, 21.9)	15.6 ± 13.0 / Median: 20.2 (0.1, 20.3)	0.452	169.8 ± 1,124.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.9)	266.6 ± 1,454.9 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	32.2 ± 100.8 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 26.7)	17.0 ± 24.3 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	0.915
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	51 (98.08%)	33 (97.06%)	12 (100.00%)	6 (100.00%)	>0.999	104 (96.30%)	61 (95.31%)	34 (97.14%)	9 (100.00%)	>0.999
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	2.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.9 (1.1, 2.4)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.3)	0.566	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.8)	1.8 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.9 (1.8, 2.0)	0.315
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.3 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.4 (2.1, 2.5)	2.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.3 (2.2, 2.5)	0.197	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.1 (1.9, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.2 / Median: 2.2 (2.0, 2.3)	0.768
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.8)	1.5 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.7 (1.4, 2.3)	0.231	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.4, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)	0.434
Active coping facet	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.813	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.266
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 3.0)	0.817	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.752
Planning facet	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 3.0)	0.108	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.025
Positive reframing facet	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.092	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.919
Venting facet	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	2.4 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 2.5)	0.056	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.716
Emotional support facet	2.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.2 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.3 (1.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.8)	1.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 3.0)	0.673	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.633
Humor facet	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.5 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 3.5)	2.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 3.0)	0.040	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	2.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.0, 3.0)	0.080
Acceptance facet	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.3 (2.5, 4.0)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	2.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 2.5)	0.315	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.0, 4.0)	2.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.0)	0.266
Self-blame facet	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 1.5)	2.5 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.5 (1.5, 3.5)	0.043	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.5)	0.003
Religion facet	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 4.0)	3.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.8 (3.0, 4.0)	3.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	0.194	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.8 (3.0, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 3.5)	0.192
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.0)	0.712	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.797
Denial facet	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 1.8)	1.7 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	0.324	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.445
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.088	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.553
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	0.066	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.239
Katz ADL category					>0.999					0.263
Full function	50 (96.15%)	32 (94.12%)	12 (100.00%)	6 (100.00%)		106 (98.15%)	64 (100.00%)	33 (94.29%)	9 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.931	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	8.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.577
SPPB total score	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (9.0, 11.0)	10.3 ± 1.4 / Median: 11.0 (9.0, 11.0)	9.2 ± 2.2 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 11.0)	0.483	8.9 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	8.8 ± 2.1 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.4 ± 1.8 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	8.1 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 9.0)	0.167
Missing	1	1	0	0		1	0	1	0
SPPB category					0.704					0.218
Poor physical performance (0-6)	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (16.67%)		10 (9.26%)	7 (10.94%)	1 (2.86%)	2 (22.22%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	17 (32.69%)	11 (32.35%)	4 (33.33%)	2 (33.33%)		50 (46.30%)	30 (46.88%)	15 (42.86%)	5 (55.56%)
Good performance (10-12)	32 (61.54%)	21 (61.76%)	8 (66.67%)	3 (50.00%)		47 (43.52%)	27 (42.19%)	18 (51.43%)	2 (22.22%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (2.86%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.94%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.285					0.632
No problem	36 (69.23%)	26 (76.47%)	7 (58.33%)	3 (50.00%)		61 (56.48%)	38 (59.38%)	19 (54.29%)	4 (44.44%)
Problem	16 (30.77%)	8 (23.53%)	5 (41.67%)	3 (50.00%)		47 (43.52%)	26 (40.63%)	16 (45.71%)	5 (55.56%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.023					0.296
No problem	38 (73.08%)	23 (67.65%)	12 (100.00%)	3 (50.00%)		72 (66.67%)	40 (62.50%)	24 (68.57%)	8 (88.89%)
Problem	14 (26.92%)	11 (32.35%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (50.00%)		36 (33.33%)	24 (37.50%)	11 (31.43%)	1 (11.11%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test

2.2 PHQ-9 Depression Categories

Table 3a. Characteristics by PHQ-9 Depression Category (Overall)

Variable	Overall N = 1601	No/minimal depression (0–4) N = 1161	Mild depression (5–9) N = 331	Moderate–Severe depression (10–27) N = 111	p-value2
Age (years)	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.0)	60.1 ± 8.1 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 65.0)	57.5 ± 5.6 / Median: 57.0 (53.0, 60.0)	57.9 ± 5.2 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 62.0)	0.370
Age group (years)					0.479
50–59	89 (55.63%)	61 (52.59%)	21 (63.64%)	7 (63.64%)
≥60	71 (44.38%)	55 (47.41%)	12 (36.36%)	4 (36.36%)
Education level					0.145
No formal education	34 (21.25%)	21 (18.10%)	12 (36.36%)	1 (9.09%)
Basic education	38 (23.75%)	27 (23.28%)	8 (24.24%)	3 (27.27%)
Middle school leaver	63 (39.38%)	45 (38.79%)	11 (33.33%)	7 (63.64%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	24 (15.00%)	22 (18.97%)	2 (6.06%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (0.86%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Marital status					0.285
Married/Cohabiting	44 (27.50%)	30 (25.86%)	12 (36.36%)	2 (18.18%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	53 (33.13%)	43 (37.07%)	6 (18.18%)	4 (36.36%)
Single	63 (39.38%)	43 (37.07%)	15 (45.45%)	5 (45.45%)
Religion					0.525
Christian	20 (12.50%)	14 (12.07%)	6 (18.18%)	0 (0.00%)
Non-Christian	139 (86.88%)	101 (87.07%)	27 (81.82%)	11 (100.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (0.86%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.809
Above median	36 (22.50%)	27 (23.28%)	7 (21.21%)	2 (18.18%)
Below median	31 (19.38%)	25 (21.55%)	5 (15.15%)	1 (9.09%)
(Missing)	93 (58.13%)	64 (55.17%)	21 (63.64%)	8 (72.73%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.299
Yes	152 (95.00%)	111 (95.69%)	31 (93.94%)	10 (90.91%)
No	5 (3.13%)	2 (1.72%)	2 (6.06%)	1 (9.09%)
(Missing)	3 (1.88%)	3 (2.59%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.302
Normal (12–14)	107 (66.88%)	82 (70.69%)	19 (57.58%)	6 (54.55%)
At risk (8–11)	51 (31.88%)	33 (28.45%)	13 (39.39%)	5 (45.45%)
Malnourished (0–7)	2 (1.25%)	1 (0.86%)	1 (3.03%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.180
Active	112 (70.00%)	84 (72.41%)	23 (69.70%)	5 (45.45%)
Inactive	48 (30.00%)	32 (27.59%)	10 (30.30%)	6 (54.55%)
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.1 / Median: 25.3 (22.5, 29.2)	25.8 ± 5.1 / Median: 24.6 (22.2, 28.6)	27.4 ± 4.5 / Median: 27.1 (24.4, 29.8)	24.8 ± 6.2 / Median: 23.0 (19.9, 31.2)	0.075
Missing	1	0	1	0
BMI category					0.038
Underweight	5 (3.13%)	4 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)
Normal Weight	72 (45.00%)	57 (49.14%)	9 (27.27%)	6 (54.55%)
Overweight	49 (30.63%)	32 (27.59%)	16 (48.48%)	1 (9.09%)
Obese	33 (20.63%)	23 (19.83%)	7 (21.21%)	3 (27.27%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.03%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.8 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.0 ± 1.8 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	34.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.3 ± 1.8 / Median: 35.0 (33.0, 36.0)	0.019
Smoking status					0.824
Never	152 (95.00%)	109 (93.97%)	32 (96.97%)	11 (100.00%)
Former	8 (5.00%)	7 (6.03%)	1 (3.03%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category					0.554
No Alcohol	109 (68.13%)	81 (69.83%)	21 (63.64%)	7 (63.64%)
Low	39 (24.38%)	25 (21.55%)	11 (33.33%)	3 (27.27%)
Moderate	7 (4.38%)	6 (5.17%)	1 (3.03%)	0 (0.00%)
High/Severe	5 (3.13%)	4 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)
HbA1c (%)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	6.1 ± 1.6 / Median: 5.7 (5.4, 6.1)	5.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 5.5 (5.3, 5.9)	0.566
Diabetes mellitus					0.313
No diabetes	93 (58.13%)	66 (56.90%)	19 (57.58%)	8 (72.73%)
Pre-diabetes	46 (28.75%)	37 (31.90%)	7 (21.21%)	2 (18.18%)
Controlled	4 (2.50%)	4 (3.45%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled	17 (10.63%)	9 (7.76%)	7 (21.21%)	1 (9.09%)
any_abnormal_lipids	70 (43.75%)	51 (43.97%)	16 (48.48%)	3 (27.27%)	0.476
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 7.8 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	5.5 ± 9.2 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	4.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.7 (4.2, 5.4)	4.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 4.4 (3.9, 5.1)	0.522
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	12 (7.50%)	10 (8.62%)	2 (6.06%)	0 (0.00%)	0.885
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	3.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.5)	2.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.5 (2.2, 2.9)	0.373
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	10 (6.25%)	6 (5.17%)	4 (12.12%)	0 (0.00%)	0.331
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)	0.703
Low HDL cholesterol	53 (33.13%)	36 (31.03%)	14 (42.42%)	3 (27.27%)	0.437
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	0.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.9 (0.6, 1.1)	0.330
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	7 (4.38%)	5 (4.31%)	2 (6.06%)	0 (0.00%)	0.790
Systolic BP (mmHg)	142.4 ± 23.6 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.5)	143.1 ± 23.6 / Median: 141.5 (124.0, 159.0)	142.2 ± 24.1 / Median: 137.0 (128.0, 160.0)	135.9 ± 22.0 / Median: 134.0 (117.0, 160.0)	0.715
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.9 ± 14.0 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 94.5)	86.4 ± 14.0 / Median: 84.5 (75.5, 94.5)	88.7 ± 13.5 / Median: 87.0 (82.0, 92.0)	86.3 ± 16.1 / Median: 90.0 (74.0, 99.0)	0.526
Hypertension status					0.768
No Hypertension	53 (33.13%)	39 (33.62%)	10 (30.30%)	4 (36.36%)
Controlled Hypertension	16 (10.00%)	11 (9.48%)	5 (15.15%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	91 (56.88%)	66 (56.90%)	18 (54.55%)	7 (63.64%)
PHQ-9 score	2.9 ± 3.9 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.0 ± 1.3 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)	6.2 ± 1.2 / Median: 6.0 (5.0, 7.0)	13.3 ± 4.2 / Median: 11.0 (11.0, 15.0)	<0.001
VACS Index 2.0 score	60.2 ± 12.7 / Median: 59.9 (51.0, 68.8)	61.8 ± 13.0 / Median: 60.9 (52.6, 72.4)	55.0 ± 11.6 / Median: 54.3 (46.6, 65.0)	58.9 ± 8.3 / Median: 60.8 (53.5, 66.5)	0.024
Missing	1	0	1	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	137.3 ± 944.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 21.5)	177.9 ± 1,105.8 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 20.3)	36.8 ± 104.8 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 31.2)	11.1 ± 19.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 20.1)	0.561
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	155 (96.88%)	112 (96.55%)	32 (96.97%)	11 (100.00%)	>0.999
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.7 (1.3, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.6, 2.1)	0.124
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.3 (2.1, 2.3)	2.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.4 (2.2, 2.7)	0.010
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.4 (1.4, 1.5)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.3)	0.156
Active coping facet	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.286
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	0.292
Planning facet	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	0.049
Positive reframing facet	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.919
Venting facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.3 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.5 (1.5, 3.0)	0.007
Emotional support facet	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.759
Humor facet	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.3 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.0)	2.2 ± 1.2 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.5)	0.007
Acceptance facet	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.0, 3.5)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	0.786
Self-blame facet	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.001
Religion facet	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.998
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.4 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.5)	0.461
Denial facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.329
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.092
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.002
Katz ADL category					0.153
Full function	156 (97.50%)	114 (98.28%)	31 (93.94%)	11 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	2 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (6.06%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	2 (1.72%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.926
SPPB total score	9.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	9.3 ± 2.0 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	8.9 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.1 ± 1.8 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	0.465
Missing	2	1	1	0
SPPB category					0.639
Poor physical performance (0-6)	12 (7.50%)	8 (6.90%)	3 (9.09%)	1 (9.09%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	67 (41.88%)	46 (39.66%)	16 (48.48%)	5 (45.45%)
Good performance (10-12)	79 (49.38%)	61 (52.59%)	13 (39.39%)	5 (45.45%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	1 (0.86%)	1 (3.03%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.03%)	0 (0.00%)	0.275
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.486
No problem	97 (60.63%)	73 (62.93%)	19 (57.58%)	5 (45.45%)
Problem	63 (39.38%)	43 (37.07%)	14 (42.42%)	6 (54.55%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.050
No problem	110 (68.75%)	76 (65.52%)	28 (84.85%)	6 (54.55%)
Problem	50 (31.25%)	40 (34.48%)	5 (15.15%)	5 (45.45%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test

2.2.1 PHQ-9 Depression by Sex

Table 3b. Characteristics by PHQ-9 Depression by gender

Characteristic	Male					Female
	Overall N = 521	No/minimal depression (0–4) N = 411	Mild depression (5–9) N = 81	Moderate–Severe depression (10–27) N = 31	p-value2	Overall N = 1081	No/minimal depression (0–4) N = 751	Mild depression (5–9) N = 251	Moderate–Severe depression (10–27) N = 81	p-value2
Age (years)	59.5 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.5 (52.5, 64.5)	60.0 ± 8.0 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 65.0)	57.9 ± 6.0 / Median: 57.0 (52.5, 63.5)	56.0 ± 6.0 / Median: 56.0 (50.0, 62.0)	0.578	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.5, 63.5)	60.1 ± 8.3 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.0)	57.4 ± 5.5 / Median: 57.0 (54.0, 60.0)	58.6 ± 5.1 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 62.0)	0.450
Age group (years)					>0.999					0.360
50–59	28 (53.85%)	22 (53.66%)	4 (50.00%)	2 (66.67%)		61 (56.48%)	39 (52.00%)	17 (68.00%)	5 (62.50%)
≥60	24 (46.15%)	19 (46.34%)	4 (50.00%)	1 (33.33%)		47 (43.52%)	36 (48.00%)	8 (32.00%)	3 (37.50%)
Education level					0.166					0.756
No formal education	4 (7.69%)	2 (4.88%)	2 (25.00%)	0 (0.00%)		30 (27.78%)	19 (25.33%)	10 (40.00%)	1 (12.50%)
Basic education	7 (13.46%)	5 (12.20%)	1 (12.50%)	1 (33.33%)		31 (28.70%)	22 (29.33%)	7 (28.00%)	2 (25.00%)
Middle school leaver	23 (44.23%)	17 (41.46%)	4 (50.00%)	2 (66.67%)		40 (37.04%)	28 (37.33%)	7 (28.00%)	5 (62.50%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	18 (34.62%)	17 (41.46%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		6 (5.56%)	5 (6.67%)	1 (4.00%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Marital status					0.826					0.020
Married/Cohabiting	27 (51.92%)	22 (53.66%)	4 (50.00%)	1 (33.33%)		17 (15.74%)	8 (10.67%)	8 (32.00%)	1 (12.50%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	17 (32.69%)	12 (29.27%)	3 (37.50%)	2 (66.67%)		36 (33.33%)	31 (41.33%)	3 (12.00%)	2 (25.00%)
Single	8 (15.38%)	7 (17.07%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		55 (50.93%)	36 (48.00%)	14 (56.00%)	5 (62.50%)
Religion					0.664					0.616
Christian	7 (13.46%)	5 (12.20%)	2 (25.00%)	0 (0.00%)		13 (12.04%)	9 (12.00%)	4 (16.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Non-Christian	44 (84.62%)	35 (85.37%)	6 (75.00%)	3 (100.00%)		95 (87.96%)	66 (88.00%)	21 (84.00%)	8 (100.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.44%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.897					0.565
Above median	22 (42.31%)	16 (39.02%)	4 (50.00%)	2 (66.67%)		14 (12.96%)	11 (14.67%)	3 (12.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Below median	6 (11.54%)	5 (12.20%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		25 (23.15%)	20 (26.67%)	4 (16.00%)	1 (12.50%)
(Missing)	24 (46.15%)	20 (48.78%)	3 (37.50%)	1 (33.33%)		69 (63.89%)	44 (58.67%)	18 (72.00%)	7 (87.50%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.390					0.185
Yes	48 (92.31%)	38 (92.68%)	8 (100.00%)	2 (66.67%)		104 (96.30%)	73 (97.33%)	23 (92.00%)	8 (100.00%)
No	3 (5.77%)	2 (4.88%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (33.33%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (8.00%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.44%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	2 (2.67%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.012					0.819
Normal (12–14)	37 (71.15%)	33 (80.49%)	3 (37.50%)	1 (33.33%)		70 (64.81%)	49 (65.33%)	16 (64.00%)	5 (62.50%)
At risk (8–11)	15 (28.85%)	8 (19.51%)	5 (62.50%)	2 (66.67%)		36 (33.33%)	25 (33.33%)	8 (32.00%)	3 (37.50%)
Malnourished (0–7)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (1.33%)	1 (4.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.125					0.632
Active	42 (80.77%)	34 (82.93%)	7 (87.50%)	1 (33.33%)		70 (64.81%)	50 (66.67%)	16 (64.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Inactive	10 (19.23%)	7 (17.07%)	1 (12.50%)	2 (66.67%)		38 (35.19%)	25 (33.33%)	9 (36.00%)	4 (50.00%)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 4.2 / Median: 23.6 (21.4, 25.9)	24.1 ± 3.9 / Median: 23.6 (22.1, 24.8)	25.9 ± 5.3 / Median: 25.3 (21.4, 30.4)	23.4 ± 7.3 / Median: 22.2 (16.9, 31.2)	0.668	26.8 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.4, 29.9)	26.7 ± 5.4 / Median: 26.4 (23.2, 30.3)	27.7 ± 4.3 / Median: 27.1 (25.1, 29.8)	25.3 ± 6.3 / Median: 23.0 (20.6, 30.0)	0.254
Missing	1	0	1	0
BMI category					0.036					0.284
Underweight	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.44%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (33.33%)		3 (2.78%)	3 (4.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Normal Weight	34 (65.38%)	30 (73.17%)	3 (37.50%)	1 (33.33%)		38 (35.19%)	27 (36.00%)	6 (24.00%)	5 (62.50%)
Overweight	8 (15.38%)	6 (14.63%)	2 (25.00%)	0 (0.00%)		41 (37.96%)	26 (34.67%)	14 (56.00%)	1 (12.50%)
Obese	7 (13.46%)	4 (9.76%)	2 (25.00%)	1 (33.33%)		26 (24.07%)	19 (25.33%)	5 (20.00%)	2 (25.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.7 ± 2.5 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 2.6 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	34.6 ± 1.8 / Median: 35.5 (33.5, 36.0)	34.7 ± 2.3 / Median: 36.0 (32.0, 36.0)	0.920	34.9 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.2 ± 1.1 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	34.1 ± 2.0 / Median: 34.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.1 ± 1.7 / Median: 34.5 (33.0, 35.5)	0.008
Smoking status					>0.999					>0.999
Never	45 (86.54%)	35 (85.37%)	7 (87.50%)	3 (100.00%)		107 (99.07%)	74 (98.67%)	25 (100.00%)	8 (100.00%)
Former	7 (13.46%)	6 (14.63%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category					0.808					0.086
No Alcohol	28 (53.85%)	21 (51.22%)	6 (75.00%)	1 (33.33%)		81 (75.00%)	60 (80.00%)	15 (60.00%)	6 (75.00%)
Low	19 (36.54%)	15 (36.59%)	2 (25.00%)	2 (66.67%)		20 (18.52%)	10 (13.33%)	9 (36.00%)	1 (12.50%)
Moderate	2 (3.85%)	2 (4.88%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		5 (4.63%)	4 (5.33%)	1 (4.00%)	0 (0.00%)
High/Severe	3 (5.77%)	3 (7.32%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (1.33%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (12.50%)
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	6.4 ± 1.4 / Median: 6.0 (5.5, 6.9)	5.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.6 (4.6, 5.9)	0.296	5.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 5.7 (5.4, 6.0)	6.0 ± 1.7 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.1)	5.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 5.5 (5.4, 5.9)	0.860
Diabetes mellitus					0.293					0.410
No diabetes	30 (57.69%)	25 (60.98%)	3 (37.50%)	2 (66.67%)		63 (58.33%)	41 (54.67%)	16 (64.00%)	6 (75.00%)
Pre-diabetes	15 (28.85%)	12 (29.27%)	2 (25.00%)	1 (33.33%)		31 (28.70%)	25 (33.33%)	5 (20.00%)	1 (12.50%)
Controlled	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		4 (3.70%)	4 (5.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled	7 (13.46%)	4 (9.76%)	3 (37.50%)	0 (0.00%)		10 (9.26%)	5 (6.67%)	4 (16.00%)	1 (12.50%)
any_abnormal_lipids	19 (36.54%)	15 (36.59%)	4 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.427	51 (47.22%)	36 (48.00%)	12 (48.00%)	3 (37.50%)	0.901
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.1 ± 13.7 / Median: 4.3 (3.7, 4.9)	6.7 ± 15.5 / Median: 4.2 (3.6, 5.0)	4.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 4.1 (3.7, 4.5)	4.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 4.5 (3.9, 5.2)	0.679	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.9 (4.4, 5.5)	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.0 (4.4, 5.6)	5.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 5.1 (4.4, 5.5)	4.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 4.4 (3.8, 4.8)	0.212
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	2 (3.85%)	2 (4.88%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	10 (9.26%)	8 (10.67%)	2 (8.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.4 (1.8, 3.1)	2.4 ± 0.2 / Median: 2.5 (2.1, 2.5)	0.853	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.2 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.9, 3.7)	2.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.5 (2.3, 3.1)	0.312
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.44%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	9 (8.33%)	5 (6.67%)	4 (16.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.315
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.2 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.1 (1.0, 1.3)	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.2 (1.1, 2.2)	0.126	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.5)	0.567
Low HDL cholesterol	17 (32.69%)	13 (31.71%)	4 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.287	36 (33.33%)	23 (30.67%)	10 (40.00%)	3 (37.50%)	0.660
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.9 ± 0.4 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.0)	1.2 ± 1.1 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)	0.7 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.6 (0.5, 1.0)	0.445	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	0.9 ± 0.2 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.687
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0.212	6 (5.56%)	5 (6.67%)	1 (4.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Systolic BP (mmHg)	143.0 ± 21.2 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.0)	142.3 ± 22.8 / Median: 140.0 (121.0, 159.0)	150.8 ± 12.5 / Median: 156.0 (136.5, 160.0)	131.0 ± 10.8 / Median: 134.0 (119.0, 140.0)	0.266	142.1 ± 24.7 / Median: 139.5 (124.0, 160.0)	143.5 ± 24.2 / Median: 142.0 (124.0, 160.0)	139.4 ± 26.4 / Median: 135.0 (119.0, 153.0)	137.8 ± 25.4 / Median: 142.5 (114.5, 160.0)	0.678
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.7 ± 12.6 / Median: 85.5 (75.0, 92.0)	85.5 ± 13.1 / Median: 83.0 (75.0, 92.0)	88.4 ± 6.2 / Median: 90.0 (88.0, 91.0)	98.3 ± 14.4 / Median: 90.0 (90.0, 115.0)	0.120	86.9 ± 14.6 / Median: 86.0 (78.0, 96.5)	86.9 ± 14.5 / Median: 86.0 (78.0, 96.0)	88.8 ± 15.3 / Median: 86.0 (81.0, 98.0)	81.8 ± 14.9 / Median: 79.5 (69.0, 94.5)	0.497
Hypertension status					0.033					0.486
No Hypertension	18 (34.62%)	18 (43.90%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		35 (32.41%)	21 (28.00%)	10 (40.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Controlled Hypertension	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.44%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		14 (12.96%)	10 (13.33%)	4 (16.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	32 (61.54%)	22 (53.66%)	7 (87.50%)	3 (100.00%)		59 (54.63%)	44 (58.67%)	11 (44.00%)	4 (50.00%)
PHQ-9 score	2.3 ± 3.5 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	0.8 ± 1.2 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 1.0)	6.5 ± 1.2 / Median: 6.5 (5.5, 7.5)	12.3 ± 2.5 / Median: 12.0 (10.0, 15.0)	<0.001	3.2 ± 4.0 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.1 ± 1.4 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)	6.1 ± 1.2 / Median: 6.0 (5.0, 7.0)	13.6 ± 4.8 / Median: 11.0 (11.0, 15.5)	<0.001
VACS Index 2.0 score	61.9 ± 13.3 / Median: 61.1 (51.6, 73.2)	63.5 ± 13.4 / Median: 62.9 (56.4, 73.7)	51.6 ± 11.1 / Median: 49.1 (43.6, 66.1)	63.5 ± 5.7 / Median: 63.0 (58.1, 69.5)	0.115	59.5 ± 12.4 / Median: 57.5 (50.0, 67.0)	60.9 ± 12.7 / Median: 59.9 (51.0, 68.8)	55.9 ± 11.8 / Median: 55.3 (47.7, 63.8)	57.1 ± 8.8 / Median: 57.2 (50.2, 64.7)	0.214
Missing	1	0	1	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	69.7 ± 347.2 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 23.7)	85.0 ± 390.6 / Median: 19.1 (19.1, 29.0)	12.5 ± 13.8 / Median: 9.6 (0.1, 23.7)	13.5 ± 11.6 / Median: 20.1 (0.1, 20.2)	0.654	169.8 ± 1,124.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.9)	228.6 ± 1,345.5 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	44.6 ± 119.7 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 35.1)	10.2 ± 21.8 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 9.6)	0.410
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	51 (98.08%)	40 (97.56%)	8 (100.00%)	3 (100.00%)	>0.999	104 (96.30%)	72 (96.00%)	24 (96.00%)	8 (100.00%)	>0.999
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.5, 2.1)	2.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.3 (1.9, 2.4)	2.5 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.3 (2.1, 3.0)	0.037	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	1.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.8)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.7 (1.4, 2.0)	0.340
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.3 (2.3, 2.5)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.3, 3.8)	0.055	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.2 (2.0, 2.3)	2.3 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.3 (2.1, 2.5)	0.066
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.7)	2.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.3 (1.4, 2.4)	0.150	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.4 (1.4, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 2.0)	0.567
Active coping facet	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 2.8)	2.3 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 3.5)	0.158	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	0.449
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.8)	2.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (1.5, 3.0)	0.236	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.3)	0.577
Planning facet	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.3)	2.8 ± 0.3 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.0)	0.006	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.3)	0.238
Positive reframing facet	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	0.728	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.5, 2.0)	0.795
Venting facet	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.3)	3.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.024	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 2.8)	0.102
Emotional support facet	2.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.0, 3.5)	0.185	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.8)	0.412
Humor facet	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 3.3)	2.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.5)	0.096	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 3.0)	2.1 ± 1.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 3.5)	0.045
Acceptance facet	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.3, 4.0)	2.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 4.0)	0.902	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.0)	3.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 3.0 (2.8, 3.5)	0.451
Self-blame facet	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.8 ± 1.2 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.5)	3.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.023	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.006
Religion facet	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 3.8)	3.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.859	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (3.5, 4.0)	3.5 ± 0.5 / Median: 3.5 (3.3, 4.0)	0.885
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.5)	2.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.5)	0.719	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.4 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.3 (1.8, 3.0)	0.593
Denial facet	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 1.5)	1.8 ± 1.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 3.5)	0.835	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.168
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.003	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.152
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.006	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.091
Katz ADL category					0.382					0.520
Full function	50 (96.15%)	40 (97.56%)	7 (87.50%)	3 (100.00%)		106 (98.15%)	74 (98.67%)	24 (96.00%)	8 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.00%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.44%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.3 ± 1.8 / Median: 8.0 (7.5, 8.0)	7.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (7.0, 8.0)	0.671	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.9 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	8.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.596
SPPB total score	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (9.0, 11.0)	10.1 ± 1.3 / Median: 10.0 (9.0, 11.0)	8.7 ± 3.1 / Median: 8.0 (6.0, 12.0)	0.663	8.9 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.0 ± 2.1 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 11.0)	8.6 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.3 ± 1.3 / Median: 9.5 (8.5, 10.0)	0.490
Missing	1	0	1	0		1	1	0	0
SPPB category					0.128					0.765
Poor physical performance (0-6)	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.44%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (33.33%)		10 (9.26%)	7 (9.33%)	3 (12.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	17 (32.69%)	14 (34.15%)	2 (25.00%)	1 (33.33%)		50 (46.30%)	32 (42.67%)	14 (56.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Good performance (10-12)	32 (61.54%)	26 (63.41%)	5 (62.50%)	1 (33.33%)		47 (43.52%)	35 (46.67%)	8 (32.00%)	4 (50.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (12.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0.212	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.176					0.533
No problem	36 (69.23%)	28 (68.29%)	7 (87.50%)	1 (33.33%)		61 (56.48%)	45 (60.00%)	12 (48.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Problem	16 (30.77%)	13 (31.71%)	1 (12.50%)	2 (66.67%)		47 (43.52%)	30 (40.00%)	13 (52.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.066					0.282
No problem	38 (73.08%)	29 (70.73%)	8 (100.00%)	1 (33.33%)		72 (66.67%)	47 (62.67%)	20 (80.00%)	5 (62.50%)
Problem	14 (26.92%)	12 (29.27%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (66.67%)		36 (33.33%)	28 (37.33%)	5 (20.00%)	3 (37.50%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test

3 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Outcomes

Table 4a. Characteristics by GAD Category (Overall)

Variable	Overall N = 1601	Minimal anxiety (0–4) N = 1201	Mild anxiety (5–9) N = 321	Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21) N = 81	p-value2
Age (years)	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.0)	60.0 ± 7.9 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.5)	57.8 ± 6.3 / Median: 55.5 (53.5, 61.5)	56.6 ± 6.2 / Median: 56.0 (51.0, 61.0)	0.216
Age group (years)					0.232
50–59	89 (55.63%)	62 (51.67%)	21 (65.63%)	6 (75.00%)
≥60	71 (44.38%)	58 (48.33%)	11 (34.38%)	2 (25.00%)
Education level					0.213
No formal education	34 (21.25%)	23 (19.17%)	8 (25.00%)	3 (37.50%)
Basic education	38 (23.75%)	30 (25.00%)	7 (21.88%)	1 (12.50%)
Middle school leaver	63 (39.38%)	43 (35.83%)	16 (50.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	24 (15.00%)	23 (19.17%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (0.83%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Marital status					0.012
Married/Cohabiting	44 (27.50%)	26 (21.67%)	16 (50.00%)	2 (25.00%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	53 (33.13%)	46 (38.33%)	6 (18.75%)	1 (12.50%)
Single	63 (39.38%)	48 (40.00%)	10 (31.25%)	5 (62.50%)
Religion					0.221
Christian	20 (12.50%)	14 (11.67%)	4 (12.50%)	2 (25.00%)
Non-Christian	139 (86.88%)	106 (88.33%)	27 (84.38%)	6 (75.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.818
Above median	36 (22.50%)	27 (22.50%)	8 (25.00%)	1 (12.50%)
Below median	31 (19.38%)	25 (20.83%)	4 (12.50%)	2 (25.00%)
(Missing)	93 (58.13%)	68 (56.67%)	20 (62.50%)	5 (62.50%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.002
Yes	152 (95.00%)	117 (97.50%)	27 (84.38%)	8 (100.00%)
No	5 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)	5 (15.63%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	3 (1.88%)	3 (2.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.326
Normal (12–14)	107 (66.88%)	84 (70.00%)	19 (59.38%)	4 (50.00%)
At risk (8–11)	51 (31.88%)	35 (29.17%)	12 (37.50%)	4 (50.00%)
Malnourished (0–7)	2 (1.25%)	1 (0.83%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.018
Active	112 (70.00%)	91 (75.83%)	17 (53.13%)	4 (50.00%)
Inactive	48 (30.00%)	29 (24.17%)	15 (46.88%)	4 (50.00%)
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.1 / Median: 25.3 (22.5, 29.2)	26.0 ± 5.1 / Median: 25.0 (22.5, 28.8)	26.2 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (22.2, 29.4)	25.4 ± 4.6 / Median: 25.4 (21.5, 29.9)	0.906
Missing	1	0	1	0
BMI category					0.503
Underweight	5 (3.13%)	3 (2.50%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)
Normal Weight	72 (45.00%)	57 (47.50%)	11 (34.38%)	4 (50.00%)
Overweight	49 (30.63%)	36 (30.00%)	11 (34.38%)	2 (25.00%)
Obese	33 (20.63%)	24 (20.00%)	7 (21.88%)	2 (25.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.8 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.0 ± 1.7 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.2 ± 2.5 / Median: 35.0 (33.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 1.3 / Median: 35.0 (33.5, 36.0)	0.225
Smoking status					0.583
Never	152 (95.00%)	115 (95.83%)	29 (90.63%)	8 (100.00%)
Former	8 (5.00%)	5 (4.17%)	3 (9.38%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category					0.028
No Alcohol	109 (68.13%)	89 (74.17%)	16 (50.00%)	4 (50.00%)
Low	39 (24.38%)	22 (18.33%)	14 (43.75%)	3 (37.50%)
Moderate	7 (4.38%)	6 (5.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)
High/Severe	5 (3.13%)	3 (2.50%)	1 (3.13%)	1 (12.50%)
HbA1c (%)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 5.7 (5.4, 6.0)	6.0 ± 1.7 / Median: 5.6 (5.3, 6.0)	5.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.6 (5.5, 6.5)	0.829
Diabetes mellitus					0.411
No diabetes	93 (58.13%)	68 (56.67%)	20 (62.50%)	5 (62.50%)
Pre-diabetes	46 (28.75%)	38 (31.67%)	7 (21.88%)	1 (12.50%)
Controlled	4 (2.50%)	4 (3.33%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled	17 (10.63%)	10 (8.33%)	5 (15.63%)	2 (25.00%)
any_abnormal_lipids	70 (43.75%)	57 (47.50%)	9 (28.13%)	4 (50.00%)	0.138
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 7.8 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	5.5 ± 9.0 / Median: 4.8 (4.0, 5.4)	4.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.5 (3.9, 5.1)	4.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.9 (4.0, 5.5)	0.569
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	12 (7.50%)	10 (8.33%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.3, 3.4)	2.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.2, 3.1)	3.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.3 (2.5, 3.5)	0.224
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	10 (6.25%)	8 (6.67%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	0.290
Low HDL cholesterol	53 (33.13%)	43 (35.83%)	6 (18.75%)	4 (50.00%)	0.097
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.1 (0.8, 1.2)	0.723
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	7 (4.38%)	4 (3.33%)	3 (9.38%)	0 (0.00%)	0.314
Systolic BP (mmHg)	142.4 ± 23.6 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.5)	142.0 ± 23.8 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.0)	145.0 ± 20.8 / Median: 141.0 (128.0, 163.0)	137.0 ± 31.0 / Median: 131.0 (111.0, 156.5)	0.488
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.9 ± 14.0 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 94.5)	86.4 ± 13.6 / Median: 86.0 (75.5, 93.0)	88.4 ± 13.5 / Median: 87.0 (78.0, 100.0)	87.0 ± 21.5 / Median: 80.0 (71.5, 104.5)	0.645
Hypertension status					0.822
No Hypertension	53 (33.13%)	40 (33.33%)	9 (28.13%)	4 (50.00%)
Controlled Hypertension	16 (10.00%)	13 (10.83%)	3 (9.38%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	91 (56.88%)	67 (55.83%)	20 (62.50%)	4 (50.00%)
PHQ-9 score	2.9 ± 3.9 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.6 ± 2.2 / Median: 0.5 (0.0, 3.0)	5.8 ± 4.0 / Median: 5.5 (3.0, 8.0)	11.5 ± 6.1 / Median: 9.5 (7.0, 14.0)	<0.001
PHQ-9 category					<0.001
No/minimal depression (0–4)	116 (72.50%)	103 (85.83%)	13 (40.63%)	0 (0.00%)
Mild depression (5–9)	33 (20.63%)	16 (13.33%)	13 (40.63%)	4 (50.00%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	11 (6.88%)	1 (0.83%)	6 (18.75%)	4 (50.00%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	60.2 ± 12.7 / Median: 59.9 (51.0, 68.8)	61.1 ± 12.9 / Median: 60.5 (51.8, 71.2)	57.1 ± 12.9 / Median: 55.3 (46.8, 66.4)	59.9 ± 6.0 / Median: 60.2 (54.5, 65.0)	0.238
Missing	1	0	1	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	137.3 ± 944.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 21.5)	176.9 ± 1,088.1 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 21.5)	16.7 ± 26.2 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 20.2)	25.3 ± 33.7 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 30.7)	0.582
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	155 (96.88%)	115 (95.83%)	32 (100.00%)	8 (100.00%)	0.680
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 1.9)	0.244
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.2 / Median: 2.2 (2.1, 2.4)	0.083
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.6 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.2, 1.5)	0.198
Active coping facet	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.3)	0.154
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.3)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	0.687
Planning facet	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.009
Positive reframing facet	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.3)	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.0)	0.811
Venting facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.8)	0.012
Emotional support facet	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.066
Humor facet	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.5)	2.3 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.3, 3.0)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 3.0)	0.018
Acceptance facet	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.0 (2.0, 3.8)	2.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.3)	2.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.8 (2.3, 3.3)	0.661
Self-blame facet	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.8)	<0.001
Religion facet	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 3.8)	0.887
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 2.8)	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.3, 2.3)	0.215
Denial facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	0.739
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.664
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.049
Katz ADL category					0.056
Full function	156 (97.50%)	119 (99.17%)	29 (90.63%)	8 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	2 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	1 (0.83%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.6 ± 1.1 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	8.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.477
SPPB total score	9.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	9.3 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	8.9 ± 2.2 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.6 ± 1.2 / Median: 10.0 (8.5, 10.5)	0.828
Missing	2	0	2	0
SPPB category					0.084
Poor physical performance (0-6)	12 (7.50%)	7 (5.83%)	5 (15.63%)	0 (0.00%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	67 (41.88%)	53 (44.17%)	11 (34.38%)	3 (37.50%)
Good performance (10-12)	79 (49.38%)	60 (50.00%)	14 (43.75%)	5 (62.50%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)	0.250
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.909
No problem	97 (60.63%)	74 (61.67%)	18 (56.25%)	5 (62.50%)
Problem	63 (39.38%)	46 (38.33%)	14 (43.75%)	3 (37.50%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.950
No problem	110 (68.75%)	83 (69.17%)	21 (65.63%)	6 (75.00%)
Problem	50 (31.25%)	37 (30.83%)	11 (34.38%)	2 (25.00%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test

Table 4b. Characteristics by Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) gender

Characteristic	Male					Female
	Overall N = 521	Minimal anxiety (0–4) N = 401	Mild anxiety (5–9) N = 111	Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21) N = 11	p-value2	Overall N = 1081	Minimal anxiety (0–4) N = 801	Mild anxiety (5–9) N = 211	Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21) N = 71	p-value2
Age (years)	59.5 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.5 (52.5, 64.5)	60.3 ± 7.9 / Median: 59.5 (52.5, 65.0)	57.4 ± 6.1 / Median: 55.0 (53.0, 64.0)	51.0 ± NA / Median: 51.0 (51.0, 51.0)	0.230	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.5, 63.5)	59.9 ± 7.9 / Median: 59.0 (53.5, 64.0)	58.0 ± 6.6 / Median: 57.0 (54.0, 60.0)	57.4 ± 6.2 / Median: 58.0 (51.0, 63.0)	0.500
Age group (years)					0.612					0.426
50–59	28 (53.85%)	20 (50.00%)	7 (63.64%)	1 (100.00%)		61 (56.48%)	42 (52.50%)	14 (66.67%)	5 (71.43%)
≥60	24 (46.15%)	20 (50.00%)	4 (36.36%)	0 (0.00%)		47 (43.52%)	38 (47.50%)	7 (33.33%)	2 (28.57%)
Education level					0.035					0.828
No formal education	4 (7.69%)	1 (2.50%)	3 (27.27%)	0 (0.00%)		30 (27.78%)	22 (27.50%)	5 (23.81%)	3 (42.86%)
Basic education	7 (13.46%)	6 (15.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		31 (28.70%)	24 (30.00%)	6 (28.57%)	1 (14.29%)
Middle school leaver	23 (44.23%)	16 (40.00%)	6 (54.55%)	1 (100.00%)		40 (37.04%)	27 (33.75%)	10 (47.62%)	3 (42.86%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	18 (34.62%)	17 (42.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		6 (5.56%)	6 (7.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Marital status					0.857					0.003
Married/Cohabiting	27 (51.92%)	19 (47.50%)	7 (63.64%)	1 (100.00%)		17 (15.74%)	7 (8.75%)	9 (42.86%)	1 (14.29%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	17 (32.69%)	14 (35.00%)	3 (27.27%)	0 (0.00%)		36 (33.33%)	32 (40.00%)	3 (14.29%)	1 (14.29%)
Single	8 (15.38%)	7 (17.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		55 (50.93%)	41 (51.25%)	9 (42.86%)	5 (71.43%)
Religion					0.067					0.669
Christian	7 (13.46%)	5 (12.50%)	1 (9.09%)	1 (100.00%)		13 (12.04%)	9 (11.25%)	3 (14.29%)	1 (14.29%)
Non-Christian	44 (84.62%)	35 (87.50%)	9 (81.82%)	0 (0.00%)		95 (87.96%)	71 (88.75%)	18 (85.71%)	6 (85.71%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.675					0.668
Above median	22 (42.31%)	15 (37.50%)	6 (54.55%)	1 (100.00%)		14 (12.96%)	12 (15.00%)	2 (9.52%)	0 (0.00%)
Below median	6 (11.54%)	5 (12.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		25 (23.15%)	20 (25.00%)	3 (14.29%)	2 (28.57%)
(Missing)	24 (46.15%)	20 (50.00%)	4 (36.36%)	0 (0.00%)		69 (63.89%)	48 (60.00%)	16 (76.19%)	5 (71.43%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.016					0.135
Yes	48 (92.31%)	39 (97.50%)	8 (72.73%)	1 (100.00%)		104 (96.30%)	78 (97.50%)	19 (90.48%)	7 (100.00%)
No	3 (5.77%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (27.27%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (9.52%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	2 (2.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.235					0.558
Normal (12–14)	37 (71.15%)	30 (75.00%)	7 (63.64%)	0 (0.00%)		70 (64.81%)	54 (67.50%)	12 (57.14%)	4 (57.14%)
At risk (8–11)	15 (28.85%)	10 (25.00%)	4 (36.36%)	1 (100.00%)		36 (33.33%)	25 (31.25%)	8 (38.10%)	3 (42.86%)
Malnourished (0–7)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (1.25%)	1 (4.76%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.056					0.176
Active	42 (80.77%)	35 (87.50%)	6 (54.55%)	1 (100.00%)		70 (64.81%)	56 (70.00%)	11 (52.38%)	3 (42.86%)
Inactive	10 (19.23%)	5 (12.50%)	5 (45.45%)	0 (0.00%)		38 (35.19%)	24 (30.00%)	10 (47.62%)	4 (57.14%)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 4.2 / Median: 23.6 (21.4, 25.9)	24.1 ± 3.7 / Median: 23.5 (22.1, 25.1)	24.8 ± 5.9 / Median: 23.1 (20.1, 31.2)	30.4 ± NA / Median: 30.4 (30.4, 30.4)	0.435	26.8 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.4, 29.9)	27.0 ± 5.4 / Median: 26.7 (23.4, 30.6)	26.8 ± 5.1 / Median: 26.7 (23.7, 29.2)	24.6 ± 4.4 / Median: 24.0 (19.9, 29.8)	0.561
Missing	1	0	1	0
BMI category					0.027					0.759
Underweight	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		3 (2.78%)	2 (2.50%)	1 (4.76%)	0 (0.00%)
Normal Weight	34 (65.38%)	29 (72.50%)	5 (45.45%)	0 (0.00%)		38 (35.19%)	28 (35.00%)	6 (28.57%)	4 (57.14%)
Overweight	8 (15.38%)	7 (17.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		41 (37.96%)	29 (36.25%)	10 (47.62%)	2 (28.57%)
Obese	7 (13.46%)	3 (7.50%)	3 (27.27%)	1 (100.00%)		26 (24.07%)	21 (26.25%)	4 (19.05%)	1 (14.29%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.7 ± 2.5 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.9 ± 2.1 / Median: 36.0 (34.5, 36.0)	34.2 ± 3.6 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	33.0 ± NA / Median: 33.0 (33.0, 33.0)	0.368	34.9 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.0 ± 1.4 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.2 ± 1.8 / Median: 35.0 (33.0, 36.0)	35.0 ± 1.2 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	0.154
Smoking status					0.684					0.259
Never	45 (86.54%)	35 (87.50%)	9 (81.82%)	1 (100.00%)		107 (99.07%)	80 (100.00%)	20 (95.24%)	7 (100.00%)
Former	7 (13.46%)	5 (12.50%)	2 (18.18%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.76%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category					0.449					0.002
No Alcohol	28 (53.85%)	23 (57.50%)	4 (36.36%)	1 (100.00%)		81 (75.00%)	66 (82.50%)	12 (57.14%)	3 (42.86%)
Low	19 (36.54%)	14 (35.00%)	5 (45.45%)	0 (0.00%)		20 (18.52%)	8 (10.00%)	9 (42.86%)	3 (42.86%)
Moderate	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		5 (4.63%)	5 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
High/Severe	3 (5.77%)	2 (5.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (14.29%)
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	5.8 ± 1.3 / Median: 5.5 (5.1, 5.9)	7.1 ± NA / Median: 7.1 (7.1, 7.1)	0.231	5.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.0)	5.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.0)	6.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.2)	0.981
Diabetes mellitus					0.086					0.791
No diabetes	30 (57.69%)	22 (55.00%)	8 (72.73%)	0 (0.00%)		63 (58.33%)	46 (57.50%)	12 (57.14%)	5 (71.43%)
Pre-diabetes	15 (28.85%)	14 (35.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		31 (28.70%)	24 (30.00%)	6 (28.57%)	1 (14.29%)
Controlled	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		4 (3.70%)	4 (5.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled	7 (13.46%)	4 (10.00%)	2 (18.18%)	1 (100.00%)		10 (9.26%)	6 (7.50%)	3 (14.29%)	1 (14.29%)
any_abnormal_lipids	19 (36.54%)	16 (40.00%)	2 (18.18%)	1 (100.00%)	0.153	51 (47.22%)	41 (51.25%)	7 (33.33%)	3 (42.86%)	0.325
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.1 ± 13.7 / Median: 4.3 (3.7, 4.9)	6.8 ± 15.6 / Median: 4.4 (3.8, 5.0)	4.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.9 (3.5, 4.5)	3.5 ± NA / Median: 3.5 (3.5, 3.5)	0.275	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.9 (4.4, 5.5)	4.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.0 (4.3, 5.6)	4.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.7 (4.3, 5.3)	4.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 5.1 (4.6, 5.5)	0.887
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	2 (3.85%)	2 (5.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	10 (9.26%)	8 (10.00%)	2 (9.52%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.6 (2.1, 3.2)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.1 ± NA / Median: 2.1 (2.1, 2.1)	0.069	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.4, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.5, 3.5)	3.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.3 (2.9, 3.6)	0.644
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	9 (8.33%)	7 (8.75%)	2 (9.52%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.2 (1.1, 1.9)	0.9 ± NA / Median: 0.9 (0.9, 0.9)	0.316	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.4)	0.349
Low HDL cholesterol	17 (32.69%)	14 (35.00%)	2 (18.18%)	1 (100.00%)	0.252	36 (33.33%)	29 (36.25%)	4 (19.05%)	3 (42.86%)	0.242
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.8 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.7 (0.6, 1.0)	1.2 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (0.6, 1.3)	1.1 ± NA / Median: 1.1 (1.1, 1.1)	0.374	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.1)	1.0 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.1 (0.8, 1.2)	0.840
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)	0.231	6 (5.56%)	4 (5.00%)	2 (9.52%)	0 (0.00%)	0.736
Systolic BP (mmHg)	143.0 ± 21.2 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.0)	143.9 ± 21.5 / Median: 146.5 (124.5, 159.0)	140.4 ± 22.0 / Median: 137.0 (119.0, 160.0)	136.0 ± NA / Median: 136.0 (136.0, 136.0)	0.819	142.1 ± 24.7 / Median: 139.5 (124.0, 160.0)	141.1 ± 25.0 / Median: 139.0 (124.0, 154.0)	147.5 ± 20.2 / Median: 144.0 (131.0, 164.0)	137.1 ± 33.4 / Median: 126.0 (110.0, 160.0)	0.310
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.7 ± 12.6 / Median: 85.5 (75.0, 92.0)	85.7 ± 12.1 / Median: 84.5 (75.0, 92.0)	89.8 ± 14.8 / Median: 90.0 (75.0, 102.0)	92.0 ± NA / Median: 92.0 (92.0, 92.0)	0.427	86.9 ± 14.6 / Median: 86.0 (78.0, 96.5)	86.8 ± 14.3 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 94.5)	87.7 ± 13.1 / Median: 86.0 (79.0, 100.0)	86.3 ± 23.1 / Median: 80.0 (64.0, 117.0)	0.688
Hypertension status					0.896					0.744
No Hypertension	18 (34.62%)	15 (37.50%)	3 (27.27%)	0 (0.00%)		35 (32.41%)	25 (31.25%)	6 (28.57%)	4 (57.14%)
Controlled Hypertension	2 (3.85%)	2 (5.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		14 (12.96%)	11 (13.75%)	3 (14.29%)	0 (0.00%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	32 (61.54%)	23 (57.50%)	8 (72.73%)	1 (100.00%)		59 (54.63%)	44 (55.00%)	12 (57.14%)	3 (42.86%)
PHQ-9 score	2.3 ± 3.5 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	1.3 ± 2.0 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)	5.5 ± 5.3 / Median: 6.0 (0.0, 10.0)	7.0 ± NA / Median: 7.0 (7.0, 7.0)	0.028	3.2 ± 4.0 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.7 ± 2.2 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)	6.0 ± 3.2 / Median: 5.0 (3.0, 7.0)	12.1 ± 6.3 / Median: 11.0 (7.0, 17.0)	<0.001
PHQ-9 category					<0.001					<0.001
No/minimal depression (0–4)	41 (78.85%)	36 (90.00%)	5 (45.45%)	0 (0.00%)		75 (69.44%)	67 (83.75%)	8 (38.10%)	0 (0.00%)
Mild depression (5–9)	8 (15.38%)	4 (10.00%)	3 (27.27%)	1 (100.00%)		25 (23.15%)	12 (15.00%)	10 (47.62%)	3 (42.86%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	3 (5.77%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (27.27%)	0 (0.00%)		8 (7.41%)	1 (1.25%)	3 (14.29%)	4 (57.14%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	61.9 ± 13.3 / Median: 61.1 (51.6, 73.2)	62.9 ± 12.7 / Median: 62.0 (56.2, 73.5)	58.7 ± 15.9 / Median: 60.5 (43.6, 69.5)	51.6 ± NA / Median: 51.6 (51.6, 51.6)	0.444	59.5 ± 12.4 / Median: 57.5 (50.0, 67.0)	60.2 ± 12.9 / Median: 59.1 (50.0, 67.8)	56.3 ± 11.6 / Median: 53.5 (47.4, 65.7)	61.0 ± 5.4 / Median: 60.8 (55.3, 67.0)	0.313
Missing	1	0	1	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	69.7 ± 347.2 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 23.7)	82.9 ± 395.7 / Median: 19.1 (9.6, 21.9)	25.1 ± 36.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 42.7)	32.9 ± NA / Median: 32.9 (32.9, 32.9)	0.550	169.8 ± 1,124.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.9)	223.9 ± 1,303.6 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 21.3)	12.3 ± 18.8 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	24.2 ± 36.2 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 28.5)	0.643
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	51 (98.08%)	39 (97.50%)	11 (100.00%)	1 (100.00%)	>0.999	104 (96.30%)	76 (95.00%)	21 (100.00%)	7 (100.00%)	0.678
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.8)	1.9 ± NA / Median: 1.9 (1.9, 1.9)	0.316	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	1.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.8)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.8 (1.5, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.8 (1.1, 2.0)	0.526
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.5 (2.2, 3.3)	2.3 ± NA / Median: 2.3 (2.3, 2.3)	0.044	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.1 (1.9, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.2 / Median: 2.2 (2.1, 2.4)	0.423
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.4, 2.3)	1.1 ± NA / Median: 1.1 (1.1, 1.1)	0.022	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.906
Active coping facet	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 3.0)	2.0 ± NA / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.990	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	0.045
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	2.5 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.5 (1.5, 3.0)	2.0 ± NA / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.045	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.269
Planning facet	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	1.5 ± NA / Median: 1.5 (1.5, 1.5)	0.057	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.044
Positive reframing facet	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± NA / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.971	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.968
Venting facet	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.4 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.5 (1.0, 3.5)	2.5 ± NA / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 2.5)	0.010	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 3.0)	0.145
Emotional support facet	2.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.5 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 3.5)	1.0 ± NA / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.254	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.8)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.066
Humor facet	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.7 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 4.0)	2.5 ± NA / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 2.5)	0.045	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.5, 3.0)	0.184
Acceptance facet	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 4.0)	2.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.5)	2.0 ± NA / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.240	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.0)	2.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	0.911
Self-blame facet	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	2.4 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 4.0)	3.5 ± NA / Median: 3.5 (3.5, 3.5)	<0.001	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.015
Religion facet	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 4.0)	2.5 ± NA / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 2.5)	0.706	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.5 ± 0.5 / Median: 3.5 (3.5, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	0.924
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	1.5 ± NA / Median: 1.5 (1.5, 1.5)	0.246	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (1.5, 3.0)	1.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	0.556
Denial facet	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.5)	1.0 ± NA / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.417	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	0.257
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.0 ± NA / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.077	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.224
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.0 ± NA / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.008	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.577
Katz ADL category					0.412					0.065
Full function	50 (96.15%)	39 (97.50%)	10 (90.91%)	1 (100.00%)		106 (98.15%)	80 (100.00%)	19 (90.48%)	7 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.76%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.50%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.76%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.9 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.3 ± 1.5 / Median: 8.0 (7.0, 8.0)	8.0 ± NA / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.219	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	8.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.483
SPPB total score	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	9.9 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.5, 11.0)	9.3 ± 1.7 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 10.0)	11.0 ± NA / Median: 11.0 (11.0, 11.0)	0.416	8.9 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	8.9 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	8.8 ± 2.4 / Median: 9.0 (8.5, 10.5)	9.4 ± 1.1 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 10.0)	0.849
Missing	1	0	1	0		1	0	1	0
SPPB category					0.250					0.227
Poor physical performance (0-6)	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.50%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		10 (9.26%)	6 (7.50%)	4 (19.05%)	0 (0.00%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	17 (32.69%)	13 (32.50%)	4 (36.36%)	0 (0.00%)		50 (46.30%)	40 (50.00%)	7 (33.33%)	3 (42.86%)
Good performance (10-12)	32 (61.54%)	26 (65.00%)	5 (45.45%)	1 (100.00%)		47 (43.52%)	34 (42.50%)	9 (42.86%)	4 (57.14%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.76%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (9.09%)	0 (0.00%)	0.231	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.808					0.941
No problem	36 (69.23%)	28 (70.00%)	7 (63.64%)	1 (100.00%)		61 (56.48%)	46 (57.50%)	11 (52.38%)	4 (57.14%)
Problem	16 (30.77%)	12 (30.00%)	4 (36.36%)	0 (0.00%)		47 (43.52%)	34 (42.50%)	10 (47.62%)	3 (42.86%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					>0.999					0.878
No problem	38 (73.08%)	29 (72.50%)	8 (72.73%)	1 (100.00%)		72 (66.67%)	54 (67.50%)	13 (61.90%)	5 (71.43%)
Problem	14 (26.92%)	11 (27.50%)	3 (27.27%)	0 (0.00%)		36 (33.33%)	26 (32.50%)	8 (38.10%)	2 (28.57%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test

4 Dementia Outcomes

Table 5a. Characteristics by Dementia Category (Overall)

Variable	Overall N = 1601	No dementia N = 1341	Dementia N = 261	p-value2
Age (years)	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.0)	59.6 ± 7.4 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 64.0)	58.7 ± 8.6 / Median: 56.0 (52.0, 63.0)	0.404
Age group (years)				0.817
50–59	89 (55.63%)	74 (55.22%)	15 (57.69%)
≥60	71 (44.38%)	60 (44.78%)	11 (42.31%)
Education level				0.002
No formal education	34 (21.25%)	24 (17.91%)	10 (38.46%)
Basic education	38 (23.75%)	30 (22.39%)	8 (30.77%)
Middle school leaver	63 (39.38%)	56 (41.79%)	7 (26.92%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	24 (15.00%)	24 (17.91%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.85%)
Marital status				0.133
Married/Cohabiting	44 (27.50%)	41 (30.60%)	3 (11.54%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	53 (33.13%)	43 (32.09%)	10 (38.46%)
Single	63 (39.38%)	50 (37.31%)	13 (50.00%)
Religion				0.787
Christian	20 (12.50%)	16 (11.94%)	4 (15.38%)
Non-Christian	139 (86.88%)	117 (87.31%)	22 (84.62%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (0.75%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage				0.710
Above median	36 (22.50%)	31 (23.13%)	5 (19.23%)
Below median	31 (19.38%)	27 (20.15%)	4 (15.38%)
(Missing)	93 (58.13%)	76 (56.72%)	17 (65.38%)
Valid NHIS registration				0.098
Yes	152 (95.00%)	128 (95.52%)	24 (92.31%)
No	5 (3.13%)	5 (3.73%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	3 (1.88%)	1 (0.75%)	2 (7.69%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)				0.321
Normal (12–14)	107 (66.88%)	91 (67.91%)	16 (61.54%)
At risk (8–11)	51 (31.88%)	42 (31.34%)	9 (34.62%)
Malnourished (0–7)	2 (1.25%)	1 (0.75%)	1 (3.85%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)				0.575
Active	112 (70.00%)	95 (70.90%)	17 (65.38%)
Inactive	48 (30.00%)	39 (29.10%)	9 (34.62%)
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.1 / Median: 25.3 (22.5, 29.2)	26.3 ± 5.0 / Median: 25.3 (22.9, 29.4)	24.6 ± 5.1 / Median: 24.5 (20.8, 28.9)	0.215
Missing	1	1	0
BMI category				0.027
Underweight	5 (3.13%)	2 (1.49%)	3 (11.54%)
Normal Weight	72 (45.00%)	62 (46.27%)	10 (38.46%)
Overweight	49 (30.63%)	38 (28.36%)	11 (42.31%)
Obese	33 (20.63%)	31 (23.13%)	2 (7.69%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (0.75%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.8 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.1 ± 1.3 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	0.374
Smoking status				0.356
Never	152 (95.00%)	126 (94.03%)	26 (100.00%)
Former	8 (5.00%)	8 (5.97%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category				0.968
No Alcohol	109 (68.13%)	90 (67.16%)	19 (73.08%)
Low	39 (24.38%)	33 (24.63%)	6 (23.08%)
Moderate	7 (4.38%)	6 (4.48%)	1 (3.85%)
High/Severe	5 (3.13%)	5 (3.73%)	0 (0.00%)
HbA1c (%)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	5.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 5.7 (5.4, 6.0)	0.666
Diabetes mellitus				0.488
No diabetes	93 (58.13%)	80 (59.70%)	13 (50.00%)
Pre-diabetes	46 (28.75%)	36 (26.87%)	10 (38.46%)
Controlled	4 (2.50%)	3 (2.24%)	1 (3.85%)
Uncontrolled	17 (10.63%)	15 (11.19%)	2 (7.69%)
any_abnormal_lipids	70 (43.75%)	59 (44.03%)	11 (42.31%)	0.871
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 7.8 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	5.4 ± 8.6 / Median: 4.6 (4.0, 5.3)	4.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.0 (4.0, 5.4)	0.493
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	12 (7.50%)	10 (7.46%)	2 (7.69%)	>0.999
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.1 (2.2, 3.4)	0.723
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	10 (6.25%)	9 (6.72%)	1 (3.85%)	>0.999
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	0.240
Low HDL cholesterol	53 (33.13%)	45 (33.58%)	8 (30.77%)	0.780
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.4 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	0.945
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	7 (4.38%)	5 (3.73%)	2 (7.69%)	0.318
Systolic BP (mmHg)	142.4 ± 23.6 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.5)	142.6 ± 23.9 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 160.0)	141.5 ± 21.8 / Median: 139.5 (127.0, 153.0)	0.862
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.9 ± 14.0 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 94.5)	86.8 ± 14.3 / Median: 86.0 (75.0, 95.0)	87.2 ± 12.2 / Median: 87.0 (80.0, 92.0)	0.563
Hypertension status				0.659
No Hypertension	53 (33.13%)	44 (32.84%)	9 (34.62%)
Controlled Hypertension	16 (10.00%)	15 (11.19%)	1 (3.85%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	91 (56.88%)	75 (55.97%)	16 (61.54%)
PHQ-9 score	2.9 ± 3.9 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	3.0 ± 4.0 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	2.5 ± 3.0 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	0.871
PHQ-9 category				0.873
No/minimal depression (0–4)	116 (72.50%)	97 (72.39%)	19 (73.08%)
Mild depression (5–9)	33 (20.63%)	27 (20.15%)	6 (23.08%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	11 (6.88%)	10 (7.46%)	1 (3.85%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	60.2 ± 12.7 / Median: 59.9 (51.0, 68.8)	60.3 ± 13.1 / Median: 60.2 (49.8, 68.8)	59.7 ± 10.2 / Median: 56.7 (53.7, 67.3)	0.876
Missing	1	1	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	137.3 ± 944.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 21.5)	120.0 ± 922.3 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 24.6)	226.4 ± 1,064.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	0.299
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	155 (96.88%)	130 (97.01%)	25 (96.15%)	>0.999
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.1)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	0.018
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.9, 2.4)	2.0 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.3)	0.136
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.172
Active coping facet	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.002
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.941
Planning facet	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.125
Positive reframing facet	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.093
Venting facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.220
Emotional support facet	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	0.422
Humor facet	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.027
Acceptance facet	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	0.419
Self-blame facet	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.093
Religion facet	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.277
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.699
Denial facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.217
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.166
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.133
Katz ADL category				>0.999
Full function	156 (97.50%)	130 (97.01%)	26 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	2 (1.25%)	2 (1.49%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	2 (1.49%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.282
SPPB total score	9.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	9.4 ± 1.9 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	8.5 ± 2.1 / Median: 8.5 (8.0, 10.0)	0.038
Missing	2	2	0
SPPB category				0.520
Poor physical performance (0-6)	12 (7.50%)	9 (6.72%)	3 (11.54%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	67 (41.88%)	54 (40.30%)	13 (50.00%)
Good performance (10-12)	79 (49.38%)	69 (51.49%)	10 (38.46%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	2 (1.49%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (0.63%)	1 (0.75%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear				0.738
No problem	97 (60.63%)	82 (61.19%)	15 (57.69%)
Problem	63 (39.38%)	52 (38.81%)	11 (42.31%)
Hearing problem – Left ear				0.686
No problem	110 (68.75%)	93 (69.40%)	17 (65.38%)
Problem	50 (31.25%)	41 (30.60%)	9 (34.62%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Table 5b. Characteristics by Dementia gender

Characteristic	Male				Female
	Overall N = 521	No dementia N = 471	Dementia N = 51	p-value2	Overall N = 1081	No dementia N = 871	Dementia N = 211	p-value3
Age (years)	59.5 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.5 (52.5, 64.5)	59.5 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.0 (53.0, 64.0)	59.0 ± 7.8 / Median: 60.0 (52.0, 66.0)	>0.999	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.5, 63.5)	59.6 ± 7.2 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 64.0)	58.6 ± 9.0 / Median: 56.0 (52.0, 62.0)	0.357
Age group (years)				0.652				0.576
50–59	28 (53.85%)	26 (55.32%)	2 (40.00%)		61 (56.48%)	48 (55.17%)	13 (61.90%)
≥60	24 (46.15%)	21 (44.68%)	3 (60.00%)		47 (43.52%)	39 (44.83%)	8 (38.10%)
Education level				0.198				0.011
No formal education	4 (7.69%)	4 (8.51%)	0 (0.00%)		30 (27.78%)	20 (22.99%)	10 (47.62%)
Basic education	7 (13.46%)	6 (12.77%)	1 (20.00%)		31 (28.70%)	24 (27.59%)	7 (33.33%)
Middle school leaver	23 (44.23%)	19 (40.43%)	4 (80.00%)		40 (37.04%)	37 (42.53%)	3 (14.29%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	18 (34.62%)	18 (38.30%)	0 (0.00%)		6 (5.56%)	6 (6.90%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (4.76%)
Marital status				0.063				0.573
Married/Cohabiting	27 (51.92%)	26 (55.32%)	1 (20.00%)		17 (15.74%)	15 (17.24%)	2 (9.52%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	17 (32.69%)	13 (27.66%)	4 (80.00%)		36 (33.33%)	30 (34.48%)	6 (28.57%)
Single	8 (15.38%)	8 (17.02%)	0 (0.00%)		55 (50.93%)	42 (48.28%)	13 (61.90%)
Religion				>0.999				0.275
Christian	7 (13.46%)	7 (14.89%)	0 (0.00%)		13 (12.04%)	9 (10.34%)	4 (19.05%)
Non-Christian	44 (84.62%)	39 (82.98%)	5 (100.00%)		95 (87.96%)	78 (89.66%)	17 (80.95%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage				0.820				0.821
Above median	22 (42.31%)	19 (40.43%)	3 (60.00%)		14 (12.96%)	12 (13.79%)	2 (9.52%)
Below median	6 (11.54%)	6 (12.77%)	0 (0.00%)		25 (23.15%)	21 (24.14%)	4 (19.05%)
(Missing)	24 (46.15%)	22 (46.81%)	2 (40.00%)		69 (63.89%)	54 (62.07%)	15 (71.43%)
Valid NHIS registration				>0.999				0.072
Yes	48 (92.31%)	43 (91.49%)	5 (100.00%)		104 (96.30%)	85 (97.70%)	19 (90.48%)
No	3 (5.77%)	3 (6.38%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	2 (2.30%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (9.52%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)				0.021				0.258
Normal (12–14)	37 (71.15%)	36 (76.60%)	1 (20.00%)		70 (64.81%)	55 (63.22%)	15 (71.43%)
At risk (8–11)	15 (28.85%)	11 (23.40%)	4 (80.00%)		36 (33.33%)	31 (35.63%)	5 (23.81%)
Malnourished (0–7)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (1.15%)	1 (4.76%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)				>0.999				0.756
Active	42 (80.77%)	38 (80.85%)	4 (80.00%)		70 (64.81%)	57 (65.52%)	13 (61.90%)
Inactive	10 (19.23%)	9 (19.15%)	1 (20.00%)		38 (35.19%)	30 (34.48%)	8 (38.10%)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 4.2 / Median: 23.6 (21.4, 25.9)	24.7 ± 4.1 / Median: 23.6 (22.1, 25.9)	21.2 ± 4.4 / Median: 20.8 (18.9, 21.0)	0.044	26.8 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.4, 29.9)	27.1 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.5, 30.8)	25.5 ± 5.0 / Median: 26.0 (22.1, 29.0)	0.346
Missing	1	1	0
BMI category				0.341				0.069
Underweight	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.13%)	1 (20.00%)		3 (2.78%)	1 (1.15%)	2 (9.52%)
Normal Weight	34 (65.38%)	31 (65.96%)	3 (60.00%)		38 (35.19%)	31 (35.63%)	7 (33.33%)
Overweight	8 (15.38%)	7 (14.89%)	1 (20.00%)		41 (37.96%)	31 (35.63%)	10 (47.62%)
Obese	7 (13.46%)	7 (14.89%)	0 (0.00%)		26 (24.07%)	24 (27.59%)	2 (9.52%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.7 ± 2.5 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 2.5 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	33.8 ± 2.3 / Median: 34.0 (32.0, 36.0)	0.238	34.9 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 1.6 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	35.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 36.0 (35.0, 36.0)	0.082
Smoking status				>0.999				>0.999
Never	45 (86.54%)	40 (85.11%)	5 (100.00%)		107 (99.07%)	86 (98.85%)	21 (100.00%)
Former	7 (13.46%)	7 (14.89%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.15%)	0 (0.00%)
AUDIT-C category				0.635				0.934
No Alcohol	28 (53.85%)	26 (55.32%)	2 (40.00%)		81 (75.00%)	64 (73.56%)	17 (80.95%)
Low	19 (36.54%)	16 (34.04%)	3 (60.00%)		20 (18.52%)	17 (19.54%)	3 (14.29%)
Moderate	2 (3.85%)	2 (4.26%)	0 (0.00%)		5 (4.63%)	4 (4.60%)	1 (4.76%)
High/Severe	3 (5.77%)	3 (6.38%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	2 (2.30%)	0 (0.00%)
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.2)	5.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 5.6 (5.0, 5.9)	0.544	5.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.0)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.6 (5.3, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 5.8 (5.5, 6.0)	0.361
Diabetes mellitus				>0.999				0.559
No diabetes	30 (57.69%)	27 (57.45%)	3 (60.00%)		63 (58.33%)	53 (60.92%)	10 (47.62%)
Pre-diabetes	15 (28.85%)	13 (27.66%)	2 (40.00%)		31 (28.70%)	23 (26.44%)	8 (38.10%)
Controlled	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		4 (3.70%)	3 (3.45%)	1 (4.76%)
Uncontrolled	7 (13.46%)	7 (14.89%)	0 (0.00%)		10 (9.26%)	8 (9.20%)	2 (9.52%)
any_abnormal_lipids	19 (36.54%)	17 (36.17%)	2 (40.00%)	>0.999	51 (47.22%)	42 (48.28%)	9 (42.86%)	0.655
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.1 ± 13.7 / Median: 4.3 (3.7, 4.9)	6.3 ± 14.4 / Median: 4.2 (3.8, 4.8)	4.3 ± 1.3 / Median: 4.8 (3.1, 5.2)	0.768	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.9 (4.4, 5.5)	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.9 (4.4, 5.6)	4.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 5.1 (4.2, 5.4)	0.920
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	2 (3.85%)	2 (4.26%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	10 (9.26%)	8 (9.20%)	2 (9.52%)	>0.999
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.1, 3.0)	2.4 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.5 (1.7, 3.3)	0.950	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.5, 3.6)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.2 (2.3, 3.4)	0.898
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	9 (8.33%)	8 (9.20%)	1 (4.76%)	>0.999
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 2.0)	0.731	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.3 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	0.403
Low HDL cholesterol	17 (32.69%)	15 (31.91%)	2 (40.00%)	>0.999	36 (33.33%)	30 (34.48%)	6 (28.57%)	0.606
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	0.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.7 (0.6, 1.1)	1.0 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (0.9, 1.0)	0.220	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.9 (0.6, 1.2)	0.302
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	6 (5.56%)	4 (4.60%)	2 (9.52%)	0.331
Systolic BP (mmHg)	143.0 ± 21.2 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.0)	142.9 ± 21.2 / Median: 140.0 (122.0, 159.0)	143.8 ± 23.8 / Median: 140.0 (128.0, 152.0)	>0.999	142.1 ± 24.7 / Median: 139.5 (124.0, 160.0)	142.4 ± 25.4 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 160.0)	140.9 ± 21.9 / Median: 139.0 (127.0, 153.0)	0.898
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.7 ± 12.6 / Median: 85.5 (75.0, 92.0)	86.6 ± 13.0 / Median: 85.0 (75.0, 92.0)	87.4 ± 8.0 / Median: 88.0 (85.0, 90.0)	0.608	86.9 ± 14.6 / Median: 86.0 (78.0, 96.5)	86.9 ± 15.0 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 98.0)	87.2 ± 13.2 / Median: 87.0 (80.0, 92.0)	0.666
Hypertension status				0.708				0.488
No Hypertension	18 (34.62%)	17 (36.17%)	1 (20.00%)		35 (32.41%)	27 (31.03%)	8 (38.10%)
Controlled Hypertension	2 (3.85%)	2 (4.26%)	0 (0.00%)		14 (12.96%)	13 (14.94%)	1 (4.76%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	32 (61.54%)	28 (59.57%)	4 (80.00%)		59 (54.63%)	47 (54.02%)	12 (57.14%)
PHQ-9 score	2.3 ± 3.5 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	2.2 ± 3.5 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 4.0)	3.8 ± 3.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 5.0)	0.083	3.2 ± 4.0 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	3.4 ± 4.3 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	2.2 ± 2.8 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	0.238
PHQ-9 category				0.168				0.473
No/minimal depression (0–4)	41 (78.85%)	38 (80.85%)	3 (60.00%)		75 (69.44%)	59 (67.82%)	16 (76.19%)
Mild depression (5–9)	8 (15.38%)	7 (14.89%)	1 (20.00%)		25 (23.15%)	20 (22.99%)	5 (23.81%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	3 (5.77%)	2 (4.26%)	1 (20.00%)		8 (7.41%)	8 (9.20%)	0 (0.00%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	61.9 ± 13.3 / Median: 61.1 (51.6, 73.2)	61.7 ± 13.7 / Median: 61.0 (51.6, 73.2)	63.4 ± 9.5 / Median: 66.7 (56.4, 69.5)	0.866	59.5 ± 12.4 / Median: 57.5 (50.0, 67.0)	59.6 ± 12.8 / Median: 59.2 (49.7, 67.0)	58.8 ± 10.4 / Median: 55.6 (53.7, 63.8)	0.901
Missing	1	1	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	69.7 ± 347.2 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 23.7)	76.3 ± 365.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 29.0)	7.7 ± 10.4 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	0.058	169.8 ± 1,124.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.9)	143.6 ± 1,114.7 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 21.9)	278.5 ± 1,183.3 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	0.912
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	51 (98.08%)	46 (97.87%)	5 (100.00%)	>0.999	104 (96.30%)	84 (96.55%)	20 (95.24%)	>0.999
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	2.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.3)	1.7 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.6 (1.4, 2.1)	0.334	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	0.108
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.3 (1.8, 2.4)	0.888	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.2 (1.9, 2.3)	2.0 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.0 (1.8, 2.3)	0.146
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)	1.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	0.511	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)	0.053
Active coping facet	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.259	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.007
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 3.0)	1.5 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.608	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.885
Planning facet	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	0.602	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.146
Positive reframing facet	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.116	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.480
Venting facet	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.684	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.113
Emotional support facet	2.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.214	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 3.0)	0.092
Humor facet	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.2 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	0.733	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.009
Acceptance facet	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 4.0)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.0)	0.486	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.7 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	0.707
Self-blame facet	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	2.0 ± 1.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.354	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.023
Religion facet	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.5, 3.0)	0.330	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	0.318
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	0.623	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.536
Denial facet	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.7 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.550	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.070
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.448	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.203
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.690	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.1 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.050
Katz ADL category				>0.999				>0.999
Full function	50 (96.15%)	45 (95.74%)	5 (100.00%)		106 (98.15%)	85 (97.70%)	21 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.15%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.15%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.6 ± 0.5 / Median: 8.0 (7.0, 8.0)	0.247	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.409
SPPB total score	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	9.4 ± 1.9 / Median: 10.0 (10.0, 10.0)	0.651	8.9 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	9.1 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 11.0)	8.2 ± 2.1 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 10.0)	0.070
Missing	1	1	0		1	1	0
SPPB category				0.119				0.423
Poor physical performance (0-6)	2 (3.85%)	1 (2.13%)	1 (20.00%)		10 (9.26%)	8 (9.20%)	2 (9.52%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	17 (32.69%)	17 (36.17%)	0 (0.00%)		50 (46.30%)	37 (42.53%)	13 (61.90%)
Good performance (10-12)	32 (61.54%)	28 (59.57%)	4 (80.00%)		47 (43.52%)	41 (47.13%)	6 (28.57%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	1 (1.15%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (1.92%)	1 (2.13%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear				>0.999				0.673
No problem	36 (69.23%)	32 (68.09%)	4 (80.00%)		61 (56.48%)	50 (57.47%)	11 (52.38%)
Problem	16 (30.77%)	15 (31.91%)	1 (20.00%)		47 (43.52%)	37 (42.53%)	10 (47.62%)
Hearing problem – Left ear				>0.999				0.606
No problem	38 (73.08%)	34 (72.34%)	4 (80.00%)		72 (66.67%)	59 (67.82%)	13 (61.90%)
Problem	14 (26.92%)	13 (27.66%)	1 (20.00%)		36 (33.33%)	28 (32.18%)	8 (38.10%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Wilcoxon rank sum exact test
3 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

5 Frailty Outcomes

Table 6a. Characteristics by Frailty Category (Overall)

Variable	Overall N = 1601	Frail N = 141	Pre-Frail N = 951	Not Frail N = 511	p-value2
Age (years)	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.0, 64.0)	60.6 ± 7.7 / Median: 60.0 (53.0, 66.0)	60.0 ± 8.0 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 65.0)	57.9 ± 6.5 / Median: 57.0 (52.0, 62.0)	0.249
Age group (years)					0.347
50–59	89 (55.63%)	6 (42.86%)	51 (53.68%)	32 (62.75%)
≥60	71 (44.38%)	8 (57.14%)	44 (46.32%)	19 (37.25%)
Education level					0.038
No formal education	34 (21.25%)	2 (14.29%)	19 (20.00%)	13 (25.49%)
Basic education	38 (23.75%)	4 (28.57%)	29 (30.53%)	5 (9.80%)
Middle school leaver	63 (39.38%)	8 (57.14%)	34 (35.79%)	21 (41.18%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	24 (15.00%)	0 (0.00%)	13 (13.68%)	11 (21.57%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (1.96%)
Marital status					0.735
Married/Cohabiting	44 (27.50%)	5 (35.71%)	25 (26.32%)	14 (27.45%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	53 (33.13%)	4 (28.57%)	35 (36.84%)	14 (27.45%)
Single	63 (39.38%)	5 (35.71%)	35 (36.84%)	23 (45.10%)
Religion					0.857
Christian	20 (12.50%)	2 (14.29%)	13 (13.68%)	5 (9.80%)
Non-Christian	139 (86.88%)	12 (85.71%)	81 (85.26%)	46 (90.20%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (1.05%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.138
Above median	36 (22.50%)	1 (7.14%)	20 (21.05%)	15 (29.41%)
Below median	31 (19.38%)	6 (42.86%)	16 (16.84%)	9 (17.65%)
(Missing)	93 (58.13%)	7 (50.00%)	59 (62.11%)	27 (52.94%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.775
Yes	152 (95.00%)	14 (100.00%)	88 (92.63%)	50 (98.04%)
No	5 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (4.21%)	1 (1.96%)
(Missing)	3 (1.88%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (3.16%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.068
Normal (12–14)	107 (66.88%)	5 (35.71%)	66 (69.47%)	36 (70.59%)
At risk (8–11)	51 (31.88%)	9 (64.29%)	27 (28.42%)	15 (29.41%)
Malnourished (0–7)	2 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (2.11%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					<0.001
Active	112 (70.00%)	2 (14.29%)	63 (66.32%)	47 (92.16%)
Inactive	48 (30.00%)	12 (85.71%)	32 (33.68%)	4 (7.84%)
BMI (kg/m²)	26.0 ± 5.1 / Median: 25.3 (22.5, 29.2)	23.1 ± 4.4 / Median: 23.0 (19.9, 26.0)	25.8 ± 5.6 / Median: 24.5 (21.2, 29.7)	27.1 ± 3.8 / Median: 26.8 (23.7, 29.8)	0.012
Missing	1	1	0	0
BMI category					0.012
Underweight	5 (3.13%)	2 (14.29%)	3 (3.16%)	0 (0.00%)
Normal Weight	72 (45.00%)	6 (42.86%)	47 (49.47%)	19 (37.25%)
Overweight	49 (30.63%)	5 (35.71%)	24 (25.26%)	20 (39.22%)
Obese	33 (20.63%)	0 (0.00%)	21 (22.11%)	12 (23.53%)
(Missing)	1 (0.63%)	1 (7.14%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.8 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.5 (34.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 1.9 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 2.0 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	0.930
Smoking status					0.520
Never	152 (95.00%)	14 (100.00%)	91 (95.79%)	47 (92.16%)
Former	8 (5.00%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (4.21%)	4 (7.84%)
AUDIT-C category					0.361
No Alcohol	109 (68.13%)	8 (57.14%)	65 (68.42%)	36 (70.59%)
Low	39 (24.38%)	5 (35.71%)	23 (24.21%)	11 (21.57%)
Moderate	7 (4.38%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (3.16%)	4 (7.84%)
High/Severe	5 (3.13%)	1 (7.14%)	4 (4.21%)	0 (0.00%)
HbA1c (%)	5.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.3, 6.0)	6.0 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.8 (5.4, 6.2)	5.9 ± 1.2 / Median: 5.6 (5.2, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 5.7 (5.4, 6.1)	0.537
Diabetes mellitus					0.497
No diabetes	93 (58.13%)	7 (50.00%)	58 (61.05%)	28 (54.90%)
Pre-diabetes	46 (28.75%)	4 (28.57%)	24 (25.26%)	18 (35.29%)
Controlled	4 (2.50%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (2.11%)	2 (3.92%)
Uncontrolled	17 (10.63%)	3 (21.43%)	11 (11.58%)	3 (5.88%)
any_abnormal_lipids	70 (43.75%)	5 (35.71%)	46 (48.42%)	19 (37.25%)	0.353
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.3 ± 7.8 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	4.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 4.8 (4.2, 5.2)	5.8 ± 10.1 / Median: 4.7 (4.0, 5.4)	4.6 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.6 (3.9, 5.4)	0.749
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	12 (7.50%)	0 (0.00%)	10 (10.53%)	2 (3.92%)	0.248
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.9 (2.5, 3.3)	2.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.9 (2.2, 3.4)	0.965
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	10 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)	8 (8.42%)	2 (3.92%)	0.516
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.3 (1.1, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.6)	0.671
Low HDL cholesterol	53 (33.13%)	5 (35.71%)	32 (33.68%)	16 (31.37%)	0.935
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)	1.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.1 (0.8, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.3)	0.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	0.231
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	7 (4.38%)	2 (14.29%)	4 (4.21%)	1 (1.96%)	0.165
Systolic BP (mmHg)	142.4 ± 23.6 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.5)	134.7 ± 24.9 / Median: 130.5 (119.0, 144.0)	142.4 ± 23.5 / Median: 140.0 (121.0, 160.0)	144.5 ± 23.3 / Median: 140.0 (128.0, 159.0)	0.365
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.9 ± 14.0 / Median: 86.0 (76.0, 94.5)	82.9 ± 17.4 / Median: 84.0 (64.0, 90.0)	86.0 ± 13.1 / Median: 85.0 (75.0, 95.0)	89.5 ± 14.3 / Median: 87.0 (80.0, 98.0)	0.232
Hypertension status					0.804
No Hypertension	53 (33.13%)	6 (42.86%)	30 (31.58%)	17 (33.33%)
Controlled Hypertension	16 (10.00%)	2 (14.29%)	9 (9.47%)	5 (9.80%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	91 (56.88%)	6 (42.86%)	56 (58.95%)	29 (56.86%)
PHQ-9 score	2.9 ± 3.9 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	7.4 ± 4.1 / Median: 7.0 (5.0, 10.0)	2.9 ± 4.0 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.7 ± 2.5 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)	<0.001
PHQ-9 category					<0.001
No/minimal depression (0–4)	116 (72.50%)	3 (21.43%)	70 (73.68%)	43 (84.31%)
Mild depression (5–9)	33 (20.63%)	7 (50.00%)	19 (20.00%)	7 (13.73%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	11 (6.88%)	4 (28.57%)	6 (6.32%)	1 (1.96%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	60.2 ± 12.7 / Median: 59.9 (51.0, 68.8)	61.7 ± 11.6 / Median: 60.8 (53.6, 67.0)	61.2 ± 13.4 / Median: 60.7 (50.3, 70.6)	58.0 ± 11.5 / Median: 56.9 (49.7, 66.5)	0.347
Missing	1	1	0	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	137.3 ± 944.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 21.5)	54.1 ± 158.6 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	73.7 ± 557.1 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 20.2)	278.5 ± 1,487.8 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 37.6)	0.118
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	155 (96.88%)	13 (92.86%)	94 (98.95%)	48 (94.12%)	0.131
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.4, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.9 (1.3, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.5, 2.0)	0.601
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.1 (2.0, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	2.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.4)	0.903
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.6)	0.709
Active coping facet	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	0.298
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.372
Planning facet	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.044
Positive reframing facet	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.329
Venting facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.835
Emotional support facet	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 3.0)	0.596
Humor facet	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	0.043
Acceptance facet	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	0.205
Self-blame facet	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.338
Religion facet	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.467
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	1.6 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	2.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.034
Denial facet	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.564
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.689
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.064
Katz ADL category					0.310
Full function	156 (97.50%)	13 (92.86%)	92 (96.84%)	51 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	2 (1.25%)	1 (7.14%)	1 (1.05%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (2.11%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.4 ± 1.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.282
SPPB total score	9.2 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.5 (8.0, 11.0)	7.1 ± 2.5 / Median: 8.0 (6.0, 9.0)	8.9 ± 1.8 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	10.2 ± 1.4 / Median: 10.0 (10.0, 11.0)	<0.001
Missing	2	1	1	0
SPPB category					<0.001
Poor physical performance (0-6)	12 (7.50%)	5 (35.71%)	6 (6.32%)	1 (1.96%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	67 (41.88%)	6 (42.86%)	50 (52.63%)	11 (21.57%)
Good performance (10-12)	79 (49.38%)	2 (14.29%)	38 (40.00%)	39 (76.47%)
(Missing)	2 (1.25%)	1 (7.14%)	1 (1.05%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (0.63%)	1 (7.14%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.088
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.362
No problem	97 (60.63%)	6 (42.86%)	59 (62.11%)	32 (62.75%)
Problem	63 (39.38%)	8 (57.14%)	36 (37.89%)	19 (37.25%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.032
No problem	110 (68.75%)	8 (57.14%)	60 (63.16%)	42 (82.35%)
Problem	50 (31.25%)	6 (42.86%)	35 (36.84%)	9 (17.65%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Table 6b. Characteristics by Frailty gender

Characteristic	Male					Female
	Overall N = 521	Frail N = 21	Pre-Frail N = 321	Not Frail N = 181	p-value2	Overall N = 1081	Frail N = 121	Pre-Frail N = 631	Not Frail N = 331	p-value3
Age (years)	59.5 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.5 (52.5, 64.5)	58.0 ± 11.3 / Median: 58.0 (50.0, 66.0)	60.1 ± 7.6 / Median: 58.5 (54.0, 65.5)	58.6 ± 7.6 / Median: 57.5 (52.0, 63.0)	0.653	59.4 ± 7.6 / Median: 59.0 (53.5, 63.5)	61.1 ± 7.6 / Median: 60.0 (55.5, 66.0)	60.0 ± 8.3 / Median: 59.0 (54.0, 64.0)	57.6 ± 5.8 / Median: 57.0 (53.0, 62.0)	0.302
Age group (years)					>0.999					0.269
50–59	28 (53.85%)	1 (50.00%)	17 (53.13%)	10 (55.56%)		61 (56.48%)	5 (41.67%)	34 (53.97%)	22 (66.67%)
≥60	24 (46.15%)	1 (50.00%)	15 (46.88%)	8 (44.44%)		47 (43.52%)	7 (58.33%)	29 (46.03%)	11 (33.33%)
Education level					0.396					0.167
No formal education	4 (7.69%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (6.25%)	2 (11.11%)		30 (27.78%)	2 (16.67%)	17 (26.98%)	11 (33.33%)
Basic education	7 (13.46%)	0 (0.00%)	6 (18.75%)	1 (5.56%)		31 (28.70%)	4 (33.33%)	23 (36.51%)	4 (12.12%)
Middle school leaver	23 (44.23%)	2 (100.00%)	15 (46.88%)	6 (33.33%)		40 (37.04%)	6 (50.00%)	19 (30.16%)	15 (45.45%)
Secondary/Technical/Tertiary	18 (34.62%)	0 (0.00%)	9 (28.13%)	9 (50.00%)		6 (5.56%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (6.35%)	2 (6.06%)
(Missing)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.03%)
Marital status					0.866					0.404
Married/Cohabiting	27 (51.92%)	1 (50.00%)	17 (53.13%)	9 (50.00%)		17 (15.74%)	4 (33.33%)	8 (12.70%)	5 (15.15%)
Divorced/Separated/Widowed	17 (32.69%)	1 (50.00%)	11 (34.38%)	5 (27.78%)		36 (33.33%)	3 (25.00%)	24 (38.10%)	9 (27.27%)
Single	8 (15.38%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (12.50%)	4 (22.22%)		55 (50.93%)	5 (41.67%)	31 (49.21%)	19 (57.58%)
Religion					0.862					0.428
Christian	7 (13.46%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (12.50%)	3 (16.67%)		13 (12.04%)	2 (16.67%)	9 (14.29%)	2 (6.06%)
Non-Christian	44 (84.62%)	2 (100.00%)	27 (84.38%)	15 (83.33%)		95 (87.96%)	10 (83.33%)	54 (85.71%)	31 (93.94%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
Daily wage					0.126					0.105
Above median	22 (42.31%)	1 (50.00%)	13 (40.63%)	8 (44.44%)		14 (12.96%)	0 (0.00%)	7 (11.11%)	7 (21.21%)
Below median	6 (11.54%)	1 (50.00%)	5 (15.63%)	0 (0.00%)		25 (23.15%)	5 (41.67%)	11 (17.46%)	9 (27.27%)
(Missing)	24 (46.15%)	0 (0.00%)	14 (43.75%)	10 (55.56%)		69 (63.89%)	7 (58.33%)	45 (71.43%)	17 (51.52%)
Valid NHIS registration					0.472					0.872
Yes	48 (92.31%)	2 (100.00%)	28 (87.50%)	18 (100.00%)		104 (96.30%)	12 (100.00%)	60 (95.24%)	32 (96.97%)
No	3 (5.77%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (9.38%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (1.59%)	1 (3.03%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (3.17%)	0 (0.00%)
Nutritional status (MNA-SF)					0.146					0.310
Normal (12–14)	37 (71.15%)	0 (0.00%)	24 (75.00%)	13 (72.22%)		70 (64.81%)	5 (41.67%)	42 (66.67%)	23 (69.70%)
At risk (8–11)	15 (28.85%)	2 (100.00%)	8 (25.00%)	5 (27.78%)		36 (33.33%)	7 (58.33%)	19 (30.16%)	10 (30.30%)
Malnourished (0–7)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (3.17%)	0 (0.00%)
Physical activity (GPAQ)					0.015					<0.001
Active	42 (80.77%)	0 (0.00%)	25 (78.13%)	17 (94.44%)		70 (64.81%)	2 (16.67%)	38 (60.32%)	30 (90.91%)
Inactive	10 (19.23%)	2 (100.00%)	7 (21.88%)	1 (5.56%)		38 (35.19%)	10 (83.33%)	25 (39.68%)	3 (9.09%)
BMI (kg/m²)	24.3 ± 4.2 / Median: 23.6 (21.4, 25.9)	16.9 ± NA / Median: 16.9 (16.9, 16.9)	24.0 ± 4.5 / Median: 22.8 (20.9, 25.4)	25.3 ± 3.3 / Median: 23.7 (23.2, 27.1)	0.066	26.8 ± 5.3 / Median: 26.7 (23.4, 29.9)	23.6 ± 4.2 / Median: 23.5 (20.5, 27.2)	26.7 ± 5.9 / Median: 25.9 (22.1, 30.8)	28.1 ± 3.7 / Median: 27.2 (26.1, 30.3)	0.018
Missing	1	1	0	0
BMI category					0.040					0.044
Underweight	2 (3.85%)	1 (50.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)		3 (2.78%)	1 (8.33%)	2 (3.17%)	0 (0.00%)
Normal Weight	34 (65.38%)	0 (0.00%)	22 (68.75%)	12 (66.67%)		38 (35.19%)	6 (50.00%)	25 (39.68%)	7 (21.21%)
Overweight	8 (15.38%)	0 (0.00%)	5 (15.63%)	3 (16.67%)		41 (37.96%)	5 (41.67%)	19 (30.16%)	17 (51.52%)
Obese	7 (13.46%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (12.50%)	3 (16.67%)		26 (24.07%)	0 (0.00%)	17 (26.98%)	9 (27.27%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)
HB-MAS score (medication adherence)	34.7 ± 2.5 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.0 ± 2.8 / Median: 34.0 (32.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 2.4 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.7 ± 2.8 / Median: 35.5 (35.0, 36.0)	0.886	34.9 ± 1.5 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.9 ± 1.4 / Median: 35.5 (34.0, 36.0)	34.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 35.0 (34.0, 36.0)	34.9 ± 1.4 / Median: 36.0 (34.0, 36.0)	0.957
Smoking status					0.770					0.417
Never	45 (86.54%)	2 (100.00%)	28 (87.50%)	15 (83.33%)		107 (99.07%)	12 (100.00%)	63 (100.00%)	32 (96.97%)
Former	7 (13.46%)	0 (0.00%)	4 (12.50%)	3 (16.67%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.03%)
AUDIT-C category					0.700					0.090
No Alcohol	28 (53.85%)	2 (100.00%)	16 (50.00%)	10 (55.56%)		81 (75.00%)	6 (50.00%)	49 (77.78%)	26 (78.79%)
Low	19 (36.54%)	0 (0.00%)	12 (37.50%)	7 (38.89%)		20 (18.52%)	5 (41.67%)	11 (17.46%)	4 (12.12%)
Moderate	2 (3.85%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	1 (5.56%)		5 (4.63%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (3.17%)	3 (9.09%)
High/Severe	3 (5.77%)	0 (0.00%)	3 (9.38%)	0 (0.00%)		2 (1.85%)	1 (8.33%)	1 (1.59%)	0 (0.00%)
HbA1c (%)	5.9 ± 1.1 / Median: 5.7 (5.2, 6.1)	7.5 ± 2.6 / Median: 7.5 (5.6, 9.3)	5.7 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.6 (5.1, 6.0)	5.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.8 (5.4, 6.3)	0.366	5.8 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.6 (5.4, 6.0)	5.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 5.8 (5.4, 6.1)	5.9 ± 1.3 / Median: 5.6 (5.3, 6.0)	5.7 ± 0.3 / Median: 5.7 (5.5, 5.9)	0.895
Diabetes mellitus					0.446					0.199
No diabetes	30 (57.69%)	1 (50.00%)	20 (62.50%)	9 (50.00%)		63 (58.33%)	6 (50.00%)	38 (60.32%)	19 (57.58%)
Pre-diabetes	15 (28.85%)	0 (0.00%)	9 (28.13%)	6 (33.33%)		31 (28.70%)	4 (33.33%)	15 (23.81%)	12 (36.36%)
Controlled	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		4 (3.70%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (3.17%)	2 (6.06%)
Uncontrolled	7 (13.46%)	1 (50.00%)	3 (9.38%)	3 (16.67%)		10 (9.26%)	2 (16.67%)	8 (12.70%)	0 (0.00%)
any_abnormal_lipids	19 (36.54%)	1 (50.00%)	11 (34.38%)	7 (38.89%)	0.890	51 (47.22%)	4 (33.33%)	35 (55.56%)	12 (36.36%)	0.120
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.1 ± 13.7 / Median: 4.3 (3.7, 4.9)	4.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.5 (3.9, 5.2)	7.2 ± 17.5 / Median: 4.0 (3.4, 4.9)	4.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 4.4 (3.9, 4.8)	0.550	4.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.9 (4.4, 5.5)	4.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 4.8 (4.4, 5.3)	5.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 5.1 (4.4, 5.7)	4.7 ± 1.0 / Median: 4.7 (3.9, 5.4)	0.397
High total cholesterol (>6.21 mmol/L)	2 (3.85%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	1 (5.56%)	>0.999	10 (9.26%)	0 (0.00%)	9 (14.29%)	1 (3.03%)	0.156
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.9 (1.2, 2.5)	2.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.4 (1.9, 3.1)	2.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.6 (2.3, 3.0)	0.255	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	3.0 ± 0.5 / Median: 3.0 (2.9, 3.3)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.7)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.2, 3.4)	0.696
High LDL cholesterol (≥4.14 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (5.56%)	0.385	9 (8.33%)	0 (0.00%)	8 (12.70%)	1 (3.03%)	0.207
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.6)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.6 (1.0, 2.2)	1.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.2 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 1.6)	0.702	1.4 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	1.3 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.3 (1.2, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.2, 1.6)	0.573
Low HDL cholesterol	17 (32.69%)	1 (50.00%)	10 (31.25%)	6 (33.33%)	>0.999	36 (33.33%)	4 (33.33%)	22 (34.92%)	10 (30.30%)	0.954
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 0.8 (0.6, 1.1)	2.4 ± 1.9 / Median: 2.4 (1.0, 3.8)	0.8 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.7 (0.6, 0.9)	0.9 ± 0.4 / Median: 0.8 (0.7, 1.1)	0.102	1.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 0.9 (0.8, 1.2)	1.0 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (0.8, 1.2)	1.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (0.8, 1.5)	0.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 0.9 (0.7, 1.0)	0.043
High triglycerides (≥1.98 mmol/L)	1 (1.92%)	1 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.038	6 (5.56%)	1 (8.33%)	4 (6.35%)	1 (3.03%)	0.704
Systolic BP (mmHg)	143.0 ± 21.2 / Median: 140.0 (124.0, 159.0)	139.5 ± 29.0 / Median: 139.5 (119.0, 160.0)	141.7 ± 20.8 / Median: 142.5 (123.5, 159.0)	145.6 ± 22.3 / Median: 139.0 (131.0, 159.0)	0.914	142.1 ± 24.7 / Median: 139.5 (124.0, 160.0)	133.9 ± 25.6 / Median: 130.5 (119.0, 143.0)	142.7 ± 24.9 / Median: 140.0 (120.0, 162.0)	144.0 ± 24.1 / Median: 144.0 (128.0, 159.0)	0.413
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	86.7 ± 12.6 / Median: 85.5 (75.0, 92.0)	90.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 90.0 (90.0, 90.0)	84.9 ± 11.8 / Median: 84.5 (74.5, 91.0)	89.6 ± 14.4 / Median: 86.5 (80.0, 98.0)	0.472	86.9 ± 14.6 / Median: 86.0 (78.0, 96.5)	81.8 ± 18.7 / Median: 80.5 (64.0, 87.0)	86.5 ± 13.8 / Median: 85.0 (75.0, 97.0)	89.5 ± 14.5 / Median: 87.0 (81.0, 97.0)	0.225
Hypertension status					0.703					0.515
No Hypertension	18 (34.62%)	0 (0.00%)	11 (34.38%)	7 (38.89%)		35 (32.41%)	6 (50.00%)	19 (30.16%)	10 (30.30%)
Controlled Hypertension	2 (3.85%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)		14 (12.96%)	2 (16.67%)	7 (11.11%)	5 (15.15%)
Uncontrolled Hypertension	32 (61.54%)	2 (100.00%)	19 (59.38%)	11 (61.11%)		59 (54.63%)	4 (33.33%)	37 (58.73%)	18 (54.55%)
PHQ-9 score	2.3 ± 3.5 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	8.0 ± 2.8 / Median: 8.0 (6.0, 10.0)	2.6 ± 3.8 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 4.0)	1.3 ± 2.2 / Median: 0.0 (0.0, 2.0)	0.051	3.2 ± 4.0 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	7.3 ± 4.3 / Median: 7.0 (4.0, 9.5)	3.1 ± 4.1 / Median: 2.0 (0.0, 5.0)	1.9 ± 2.6 / Median: 1.0 (0.0, 3.0)	<0.001
PHQ-9 category					0.051					0.005
No/minimal depression (0–4)	41 (78.85%)	0 (0.00%)	25 (78.13%)	16 (88.89%)		75 (69.44%)	3 (25.00%)	45 (71.43%)	27 (81.82%)
Mild depression (5–9)	8 (15.38%)	1 (50.00%)	5 (15.63%)	2 (11.11%)		25 (23.15%)	6 (50.00%)	14 (22.22%)	5 (15.15%)
Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)	3 (5.77%)	1 (50.00%)	2 (6.25%)	0 (0.00%)		8 (7.41%)	3 (25.00%)	4 (6.35%)	1 (3.03%)
VACS Index 2.0 score	61.9 ± 13.3 / Median: 61.1 (51.6, 73.2)	69.5 ± NA / Median: 69.5 (69.5, 69.5)	62.7 ± 13.5 / Median: 62.9 (54.2, 72.5)	60.0 ± 13.4 / Median: 60.5 (51.0, 73.2)	0.722	59.5 ± 12.4 / Median: 57.5 (50.0, 67.0)	61.0 ± 11.9 / Median: 58.2 (52.4, 66.3)	60.5 ± 13.4 / Median: 60.7 (49.8, 68.8)	57.0 ± 10.3 / Median: 56.1 (49.7, 62.6)	0.394
Missing	1	1	0	0
HIV viral load (copies/mL)	69.7 ± 347.2 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 23.7)	9.6 ± 13.4 / Median: 9.6 (0.1, 19.1)	21.7 ± 23.0 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 23.7)	161.8 ± 589.1 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 32.9)	0.601	169.8 ± 1,124.0 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.9)	61.5 ± 171.2 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	100.2 ± 684.2 / Median: 0.1 (0.1, 19.1)	342.2 ± 1,806.3 / Median: 19.1 (0.1, 38.6)	0.135
Optimal viral suppression (<200 copies/mL)	51 (98.08%)	2 (100.00%)	32 (100.00%)	17 (94.44%)	0.385	104 (96.30%)	11 (91.67%)	62 (98.41%)	31 (93.94%)	0.219
Problem-Focused Coping (mean)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.6, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.0 / Median: 2.1 (2.1, 2.1)	1.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.9 (1.5, 2.4)	1.9 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.9 (1.8, 2.1)	0.761	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.6 (1.3, 1.9)	1.7 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.0)	1.6 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.8)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.6 (1.4, 2.0)	0.458
Emotion-Focused Coping (mean)	2.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.1 / Median: 2.3 (2.2, 2.3)	2.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.2 (1.8, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.3 (1.9, 2.4)	0.940	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.1 ± 0.3 / Median: 2.1 (1.9, 2.2)	2.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.3)	2.2 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.1 (1.8, 2.4)	0.916
Avoidant Coping (mean)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.8)	1.9 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.9 (1.4, 2.4)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.8)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.6)	0.418	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.4 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.1, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.3 / Median: 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)	1.5 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.5 (1.3, 1.6)	0.449
Active coping facet	2.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.798	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.296
Informational support facet	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 3.0)	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.577	1.8 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.3)	1.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	0.270
Planning facet	1.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.8 ± 0.5 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.330	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.030
Positive reframing facet	2.2 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	2.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.5)	0.954	1.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.8 (1.3, 2.0)	1.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.9 ± 0.6 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.0)	0.240
Venting facet	1.6 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.3)	1.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 2.3)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.698	1.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.6 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.3 (1.0, 1.8)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.670
Emotional support facet	2.1 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 2.0 (2.0, 2.0)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.3 (1.0, 3.0)	0.983	1.9 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.0)	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 2.5)	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	0.624
Humor facet	2.1 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	3.0 ± 1.4 / Median: 3.0 (2.0, 4.0)	2.0 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	2.1 ± 1.0 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	0.375	1.9 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.5)	1.7 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	2.2 ± 1.1 / Median: 2.0 (1.0, 3.0)	0.044
Acceptance facet	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	2.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 2.5)	3.0 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.8)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.3 (2.5, 4.0)	0.311	2.8 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.5)	2.6 ± 0.7 / Median: 2.5 (2.3, 3.0)	2.9 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 3.5)	2.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (2.0, 3.0)	0.289
Self-blame facet	1.6 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.8)	1.8 ± 1.1 / Median: 1.8 (1.0, 2.5)	1.6 ± 1.0 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.9 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.727	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 1.5)	1.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.146
Religion facet	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	2.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.8 (2.5, 3.0)	3.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.0 (2.5, 4.0)	3.2 ± 0.9 / Median: 3.5 (2.5, 4.0)	0.729	3.4 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.7 / Median: 3.5 (2.8, 4.0)	3.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	3.3 ± 0.8 / Median: 3.5 (3.0, 4.0)	0.235
Self-distraction facet	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.3 ± 0.4 / Median: 2.3 (2.0, 2.5)	2.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.834	2.1 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	1.5 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	2.2 ± 0.8 / Median: 2.5 (1.5, 2.5)	2.0 ± 0.9 / Median: 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)	0.016
Denial facet	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	2.3 ± 1.8 / Median: 2.3 (1.0, 3.5)	1.2 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.357	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.4 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.800
Substance use facet	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.1 ± 0.4 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.146	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.1 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.0 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.1 ± 0.2 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	0.883
Behavioral disengagement facet	1.3 ± 0.6 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.7 / Median: 1.5 (1.0, 2.0)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.4 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 2.0)	0.496	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.5 ± 0.8 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	1.2 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)	1.3 ± 0.5 / Median: 1.0 (1.0, 1.5)	0.124
Katz ADL category					0.076					>0.999
Full function	50 (96.15%)	1 (50.00%)	31 (96.88%)	18 (100.00%)		106 (98.15%)	12 (100.00%)	61 (96.83%)	33 (100.00%)
Severe impairment	1 (1.92%)	1 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (1.59%)	0 (0.00%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (3.13%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (1.59%)	0 (0.00%)
IADL total score	7.7 ± 0.8 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	5.0 ± 2.8 / Median: 5.0 (3.0, 7.0)	7.9 ± 0.3 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.4 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.004	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.6 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	7.8 ± 0.7 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	8.0 ± 0.0 / Median: 8.0 (8.0, 8.0)	0.076
SPPB total score	9.8 ± 1.6 / Median: 10.0 (8.0, 11.0)	6.0 ± NA / Median: 6.0 (6.0, 6.0)	9.7 ± 1.5 / Median: 10.0 (8.5, 11.0)	10.3 ± 1.7 / Median: 11.0 (10.0, 11.0)	0.063	8.9 ± 2.0 / Median: 9.0 (8.0, 10.0)	7.2 ± 2.6 / Median: 8.0 (5.0, 9.0)	8.6 ± 1.9 / Median: 9.0 (7.0, 10.0)	10.2 ± 1.1 / Median: 10.0 (10.0, 11.0)	<0.001
Missing	1	1	0	0		1	0	1	0
SPPB category					<0.001					<0.001
Poor physical performance (0-6)	2 (3.85%)	1 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (5.56%)		10 (9.26%)	4 (33.33%)	6 (9.52%)	0 (0.00%)
Moderate performance (7-9)	17 (32.69%)	0 (0.00%)	14 (43.75%)	3 (16.67%)		50 (46.30%)	6 (50.00%)	36 (57.14%)	8 (24.24%)
Good performance (10-12)	32 (61.54%)	0 (0.00%)	18 (56.25%)	14 (77.78%)		47 (43.52%)	2 (16.67%)	20 (31.75%)	25 (75.76%)
(Missing)	1 (1.92%)	1 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)		1 (0.93%)	0 (0.00%)	1 (1.59%)	0 (0.00%)
Fear of falling	1 (1.92%)	1 (50.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0.038	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	0 (0.00%)	>0.999
Hearing problem – Right ear					0.884					0.544
No problem	36 (69.23%)	1 (50.00%)	22 (68.75%)	13 (72.22%)		61 (56.48%)	5 (41.67%)	37 (58.73%)	19 (57.58%)
Problem	16 (30.77%)	1 (50.00%)	10 (31.25%)	5 (27.78%)		47 (43.52%)	7 (58.33%)	26 (41.27%)	14 (42.42%)
Hearing problem – Left ear					0.443					<0.001
No problem	38 (73.08%)	1 (50.00%)	25 (78.13%)	12 (66.67%)		72 (66.67%)	7 (58.33%)	35 (55.56%)	30 (90.91%)
Problem	14 (26.92%)	1 (50.00%)	7 (21.88%)	6 (33.33%)		36 (33.33%)	5 (41.67%)	28 (44.44%)	3 (9.09%)
1 Mean ± SD / Median: Median (Q1, Q3); n (%)
2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test
3 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test