KAHO Study: Coping Skills and Mental & Functional Health Outcomes

Descriptive and Regression Tables

Author

Emmanuel Konadu

Published

May 7, 2026

1 Overview

This Quarto document generates descriptive and regression tables for the KAHO study examining the association of coping skills with depression, anxiety, cognition, and frailty among aging people living with HIV (PWH) in Kumasi, Ghana.

2 Load Packages

Code 
pacman::p_load(
  tidyverse,
  haven,
  janitor,
  gtsummary,
  gt,
  MASS,
  nnet,
  broom,
  flextable,
  officer,
  forcats,
  labelled,
  readstata13
)

theme_gtsummary_journal("jama")

3 Load Data

Code 
df_raw <- readstata13::read.dta13(
  "KAHO_STATA FILE.dta",
  convert.factors = TRUE,
  nonint.factors  = TRUE,
  generate.factors = TRUE
) %>%
  filter(redcap_event_name == "baseline_visit_1_arm_1") %>%
  clean_names()

4 Data Preparation

4.1 BRIEF-COPE Variables

Code 
df <- df_raw %>%
  mutate(
    across(
      c(
        i_ve_been_turning_to_work,
        i_ve_been_concentrating_my,
        i_ve_been_saying_to_myself,
        i_ve_been_using_addictive,
        i_ve_been_getting_emotiona,
        i_ve_been_giving_up_trying,
        i_ve_been_taking_action_to,
        i_ve_been_refusing_to_beli,
        i_ve_been_saying_things_to,
        i_ve_been_getting_help_and,
        i_ve_been_using_alcohol_or,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_see_it,
        i_ve_been_criticizing_myse,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_come_u,
        i_ve_been_getting_comfort,
        i_ve_been_giving_up_the_at,
        i_ve_been_looking_for_some,
        i_ve_been_making_jokes_abo,
        i_ve_been_doing_something,
        i_ve_been_accepting_the_re,
        i_ve_been_expressing_my_ne,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_find_c,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_get_ad,
        i_ve_been_learning_to_live,
        i_ve_been_thinking_hard_ab,
        i_ve_been_blaming_myself_f,
        i_ve_been_praying_or_medit,
        i_ve_been_making_fun_of_th
      ),
      as.numeric
    )
  )

4.2 Coping Subscales

Code 
df <- df %>%
  mutate(
    pfc = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_concentrating_my,
        i_ve_been_taking_action_to,
        i_ve_been_getting_help_and,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_see_it,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_come_u,
        i_ve_been_looking_for_some,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_get_ad,
        i_ve_been_thinking_hard_ab
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    efc = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_getting_emotiona,
        i_ve_been_saying_things_to,
        i_ve_been_criticizing_myse,
        i_ve_been_getting_comfort,
        i_ve_been_making_jokes_abo,
        i_ve_been_accepting_the_re,
        i_ve_been_expressing_my_ne,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_find_c,
        i_ve_been_learning_to_live,
        i_ve_been_blaming_myself_f,
        i_ve_been_praying_or_medit,
        i_ve_been_making_fun_of_th
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    avc = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_turning_to_work,
        i_ve_been_saying_to_myself,
        i_ve_been_using_addictive,
        i_ve_been_giving_up_trying,
        i_ve_been_refusing_to_beli,
        i_ve_been_using_alcohol_or,
        i_ve_been_giving_up_the_at,
        i_ve_been_doing_something
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    )
  )

4.3 Facet-Level Coping Variables

Code 
df <- df %>%
  mutate(

    f_active_coping = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_concentrating_my,
        i_ve_been_taking_action_to
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_info_support = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_getting_help_and,
        i_ve_been_trying_to_get_ad
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_planning = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_trying_to_come_u,
        i_ve_been_thinking_hard_ab
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_pos_reframing = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_trying_to_see_it,
        i_ve_been_looking_for_some
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_venting = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_saying_things_to,
        i_ve_been_expressing_my_ne
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_emo_support = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_getting_emotiona,
        i_ve_been_getting_comfort
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_humor = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_making_jokes_abo,
        i_ve_been_making_fun_of_th
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_acceptance = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_accepting_the_re,
        i_ve_been_learning_to_live
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_self_blame = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_criticizing_myse,
        i_ve_been_blaming_myself_f
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_religion = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_trying_to_find_c,
        i_ve_been_praying_or_medit
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_self_distract = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_turning_to_work,
        i_ve_been_doing_something
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_denial = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_saying_to_myself,
        i_ve_been_refusing_to_beli
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_substance = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_using_addictive,
        i_ve_been_using_alcohol_or
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    ),

    f_behav_diseng = rowMeans(
      across(c(
        i_ve_been_giving_up_trying,
        i_ve_been_giving_up_the_at
      )),
      na.rm = TRUE
    )
  )

5 Outcome Variables

Code 
df <- df %>%
  mutate(

    gds_3cat = case_when(
      gds_score <= 4  ~ "Normal (0–4)",
      gds_score <= 8  ~ "Mild depression (5–8)",
      gds_score <= 15 ~ "Moderate/Severe depression (9–15)",
      TRUE ~ NA_character_
    ) %>%
      factor(
        levels = c(
          "Normal (0–4)",
          "Mild depression (5–8)",
          "Moderate/Severe depression (9–15)"
        )
      ),

    phq_3cat = case_when(
      phq_9 <= 4  ~ "No/minimal depression (0–4)",
      phq_9 <= 9  ~ "Mild depression (5–9)",
      phq_9 <= 27 ~ "Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)",
      TRUE ~ NA_character_
    ) %>%
      factor(
        levels = c(
          "No/minimal depression (0–4)",
          "Mild depression (5–9)",
          "Moderate–Severe depression (10–27)"
        )
      ),

    gad_3cat = case_when(
      gad <= 4  ~ "Minimal anxiety (0–4)",
      gad <= 9  ~ "Mild anxiety (5–9)",
      gad <= 21 ~ "Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21)",
      TRUE ~ NA_character_
    ) %>%
      factor(
        levels = c(
          "Minimal anxiety (0–4)",
          "Mild anxiety (5–9)",
          "Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21)"
        )
      ),

    dementia_bin = factor(
      dementia,
      levels = c(0, 1),
      labels = c("No dementia", "Dementia")
    )
  )

6 Variable Lists

Code 
cope_subscales <- c("pfc", "efc", "avc")

cope_facets <- c(
  "f_active_coping", "f_info_support", "f_planning",
  "f_pos_reframing", "f_venting", "f_emo_support",
  "f_humor", "f_acceptance", "f_self_blame",
  "f_religion", "f_self_distract", "f_denial",
  "f_substance", "f_behav_diseng"
)

descriptive_include <- c(
  "age",
  "sex",
  "edu_cat",
  "marital_cat",
  "religion_cat",
  "dailywage_cat",
  "nhis_valid",
  "pfc",
  "efc",
  "avc",
  all_of(cope_facets)
)
Code 
df <- 
  df %>%
  mutate(
    # Age group
    age_group = factor(
      if_else(age < 60, "50–59", "≥60"),
      levels = c("50–59", "≥60")
    ),
    # Sex
    sex = factor(gender,
                 levels = c(1, 2),
                 labels = c("Male", "Female")),
    # Education (collapsed 4-level)
    edu_cat = case_when(
      education == 1          ~ "No formal education",
      education == 2          ~ "Basic education",
      education == 3          ~ "Middle school leaver",
      education %in% c(4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) ~ "Secondary/Technical/Tertiary",
      TRUE                    ~ NA_character_
    ) %>% factor(levels = c("No formal education", "Basic education",
                            "Middle school leaver",
                            "Secondary/Technical/Tertiary")),
    # Marital status (3-level)
    marital_cat = case_when(
      marital_status %in% c(1, 6) ~ "Married/Cohabiting",
      marital_status %in% c(2, 3, 5) ~ "Divorced/Separated/Widowed",
      marital_status == 4         ~ "Single",
      TRUE                        ~ NA_character_
    ) %>% factor(levels = c("Married/Cohabiting",
                            "Divorced/Separated/Widowed", "Single")),
    # Religion
    religion_cat = factor(
      if_else(religion == 1, "Christian", "Non-Christian"),
      levels = c("Christian", "Non-Christian")
    ),
    # Daily wage
    dailywage_cat = factor(
      daily_wage,
      levels = c("above median", "below median"),
      labels = c("Above median", "Below median")
    ),
    # NHIS
    nhis_valid = factor(is_nhis_valid,
                        levels = c(1, 0),
                        labels = c("Yes", "No")),
    # Smoking
    smoke_cat3 = case_when(
      do_you_currently_smoke_cig == 1         ~ "Current",
      if_no_have_you_previously == 1          ~ "Former",
      TRUE                                    ~ "Never"
    ) %>% factor(levels = c("Never", "Former", "Current")),
    # Hypertension (reuse existing variable)
    htn_3cat = factor(
      new_hypertension,
      levels = c(0, 1, 2),
      labels = c("No hypertension", "Controlled", "Uncontrolled")
    ),
    # Diabetes
    dm_4cat = factor(
      diabetes,
      levels = c(0, 1, 2, 3),
      labels = c("No diabetes", "Pre-diabetes", "Controlled", "Uncontrolled")
    ),
    # Renal disease (collapse)
    renal_cat = factor(
      renal_disease,
      levels = c("None", "Early", "Moderate Disease", "Severe", "Failure")
    ),
    # Duration of diagnosis
    hiv_dur_cat = factor(
      diagnosis_duration_yrs,
      levels = c(1, 2, 3),
      labels = c("< 5 years", "5–10 years", "> 10 years")
    ),
    # Viral suppression
    vl_supp = factor(viral_suppression,
                     levels = c(0, 1),
                     labels = c("Unsuppressed", "Suppressed (<200)")),
    # Katz ADL
    katz_cat3 = factor(
      katz_cat,
      levels = c("Full function", "Moderate functional impairment(1-2)",
                 "Severe functional impairment(1-2)"),
      labels = c("Full function", "Moderate impairment", "Severe impairment")
    ),
    # SPPB
    sppb_cat3 = factor(
      sppb_total_cat,
      levels = c("Good performance (10-12)", "Moderate performance (7-9)",
                 "Poor physical performance (0-6)"),
      labels = c("Good (10–12)", "Moderate (7–9)", "Poor (0–6)")
    ),
    # Physical activity WHO
    pa_cat = factor(physical_activity_who,
                    levels = c("Active", "Inactive")),
    # MNA
    mna_cat3 = factor(
      mna_fs_cat,
      levels = c("Normal nutritional status (12-14)", "At risk of malnutrition (8-11)",
                 "Malnourished (0-7)"),
      labels = c("Normal (12–14)", "At risk (8–11)", "Malnourished (0–7)")
    ),
    # AIDS defining condition
    aids_bin = factor(aids_condition,
                      levels = c(0, 1),
                      labels = c("No", "Yes")),
    # Hepatitis B
    hbv_bin = factor(hepatitis_b_1,
                     levels = c("Negative", "Positive")),
    # Hepatitis C
    hcv_bin = factor(hepatitis_c_1,
                     levels = c("Negative", "Positive")),
    # Falls / fear of falling
    fof_bin = factor(fear_of_falling,
                     levels = c("No", "Yes")),
    # Hearing (right/left) - binary: problem vs no problem
    hearing_rt = factor(rt_hearing_problem,
                        levels = c(0, 1),
                        labels = c("No problem", "Problem")),
    hearing_lt = factor(lt_hearing_problem,
                        levels = c(0, 1),
                        labels = c("No problem", "Problem")),
    # Grip strength
    grip_low = factor(hgs_cat,
                      levels = c(0, 1),
                      labels = c("High (≥ median)", "Low (< median)"))
  )

7 Label Mapping

Code 
label_map <- list(
  age = "Age (years)",
  sex = "Sex",
  edu_cat = "Education level",
  marital_cat = "Marital status",
  religion_cat = "Religion",
  dailywage_cat = "Daily wage",
  nhis_valid = "Valid NHIS registration",

  pfc = "Problem-Focused Coping",
  efc = "Emotion-Focused Coping",
  avc = "Avoidant Coping",

  f_active_coping = "Active coping",
  f_info_support = "Informational support",
  f_planning = "Planning",
  f_pos_reframing = "Positive reframing",
  f_venting = "Venting",
  f_emo_support = "Emotional support",
  f_humor = "Humor",
  f_acceptance = "Acceptance",
  f_self_blame = "Self-blame",
  f_religion = "Religion coping",
  f_self_distract = "Self-distraction",
  f_denial = "Denial",
  f_substance = "Substance use",
  f_behav_diseng = "Behavioral disengagement"
)

8 Table 1A: Characteristics by GDS-SF Category

Code 
tbl_gds_overall <- df %>%
  tbl_summary(
    by = gds_3cat,
    include = all_of(descriptive_include),

    label = label_map[
      intersect(names(label_map), descriptive_include)
    ],

    statistic = list(
      all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ± {sd}",
      all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"
    ),

    digits = list(
      all_continuous() ~ 1
    ),

    missing = "ifany"
  ) %>%
  add_overall(last = FALSE) %>%
  add_p(
    pvalue_fun = label_style_pvalue(digits = 3)
  ) %>%
  bold_labels() %>%
  modify_caption(
    "**Table 1A. Characteristics by GDS-SF Depression Category**"
  )

tbl_gds_overall
Table 1: Table 1A. Characteristics by GDS-SF Depression Category
Characteristic Overall
N = 160		 Normal (0–4)
N = 98		 Mild depression (5–8)
N = 47		 Moderate/Severe depression (9–15)
N = 15		 p-value1
Age (years), Mean ± SD 59.4 ± 7.6 59.8 ± 7.9 59.1 ± 7.4 57.5 ± 5.3 0.668
Sex, n (%)



0.439
    Male 52 (33%) 34 (35%) 12 (26%) 6 (40%)
    Female 108 (68%) 64 (65%) 35 (74%) 9 (60%)
Education level, n (%)



0.682
    No formal education 34 (21%) 18 (18%) 11 (24%) 5 (33%)
    Basic education 38 (24%) 23 (23%) 13 (28%) 2 (13%)
    Middle school leaver 63 (40%) 40 (41%) 16 (35%) 7 (47%)
    Secondary/Technical/Tertiary 24 (15%) 17 (17%) 6 (13%) 1 (6.7%)
    Unknown 1 0 1 0
Marital status, n (%)



0.166
    Married/Cohabiting 44 (28%) 24 (24%) 12 (26%) 8 (53%)
    Divorced/Separated/Widowed 53 (33%) 37 (38%) 13 (28%) 3 (20%)
    Single 63 (39%) 37 (38%) 22 (47%) 4 (27%)
Religion, n (%)



>0.999
    Christian 20 (13%) 12 (12%) 6 (13%) 2 (13%)
    Non-Christian 139 (87%) 86 (88%) 40 (87%) 13 (87%)
    Unknown 1 0 1 0
Daily wage, n (%)



0.380
    Above median 36 (54%) 21 (48%) 10 (67%) 5 (63%)
    Below median 31 (46%) 23 (52%) 5 (33%) 3 (38%)
    Unknown 93 54 32 7
Valid NHIS registration, n (%) 152 (97%) 93 (98%) 46 (98%) 13 (87%) 0.101
    Unknown 3 3 0 0
Problem-Focused Coping, Mean ± SD 1.7 ± 0.5 1.8 ± 0.5 1.6 ± 0.4 1.9 ± 0.4 0.055
Emotion-Focused Coping, Mean ± SD 2.2 ± 0.5 2.1 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.3 2.3 ± 0.4 0.320
Avoidant Coping, Mean ± SD 1.5 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.4 1.5 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.4 0.251
Active coping, n (%)




    1 74 (46%) 45 (46%) 26 (55%) 3 (20%)
    1.5 17 (11%) 11 (11%) 5 (11%) 1 (6.7%)
    2 34 (21%) 15 (15%) 10 (21%) 9 (60%)
    2.5 17 (11%) 13 (13%) 3 (6.4%) 1 (6.7%)
    3 9 (5.6%) 7 (7.1%) 2 (4.3%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 5 (3.1%) 4 (4.1%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 4 (2.5%) 3 (3.1%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0%)
Informational support, n (%)




    1 64 (40%) 43 (44%) 16 (34%) 5 (33%)
    1.5 21 (13%) 12 (12%) 7 (15%) 2 (13%)
    2 32 (20%) 14 (14%) 13 (28%) 5 (33%)
    2.5 14 (8.8%) 10 (10%) 4 (8.5%) 0 (0%)
    3 17 (11%) 10 (10%) 5 (11%) 2 (13%)
    3.5 4 (2.5%) 3 (3.1%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 6 (6.1%) 2 (4.3%) 0 (0%)
Planning, n (%)




    1 80 (50%) 52 (53%) 26 (55%) 2 (13%)
    1.5 16 (10%) 9 (9.2%) 6 (13%) 1 (6.7%)
    2 44 (28%) 25 (26%) 12 (26%) 7 (47%)
    2.5 12 (7.5%) 7 (7.1%) 2 (4.3%) 3 (20%)
    3 6 (3.8%) 3 (3.1%) 1 (2.1%) 2 (13%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Positive reframing, n (%)




    1 38 (24%) 22 (22%) 14 (30%) 2 (13%)
    1.5 28 (18%) 17 (17%) 9 (19%) 2 (13%)
    2 58 (36%) 30 (31%) 18 (38%) 10 (67%)
    2.5 21 (13%) 16 (16%) 4 (8.5%) 1 (6.7%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 4 (4.1%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 5 (3.1%) 5 (5.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    4 5 (3.1%) 4 (4.1%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0%)
Venting, n (%)



0.622
    1 93 (58%) 61 (62%) 26 (55%) 6 (40%)
    1.5 20 (13%) 10 (10%) 8 (17%) 2 (13%)
    2 18 (11%) 10 (10%) 6 (13%) 2 (13%)
    2.5 19 (12%) 10 (10%) 6 (13%) 3 (20%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 3 (3.1%) 1 (2.1%) 1 (6.7%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    4 3 (1.9%) 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
Emotional support, n (%)




    1 57 (36%) 35 (36%) 16 (34%) 6 (40%)
    1.5 14 (8.8%) 7 (7.1%) 5 (11%) 2 (13%)
    2 33 (21%) 17 (17%) 11 (23%) 5 (33%)
    2.5 20 (13%) 15 (15%) 5 (11%) 0 (0%)
    3 17 (11%) 10 (10%) 6 (13%) 1 (6.7%)
    3.5 11 (6.9%) 8 (8.2%) 2 (4.3%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 6 (6.1%) 2 (4.3%) 0 (0%)
Humor, n (%)




    1 69 (43%) 51 (52%) 17 (36%) 1 (6.7%)
    1.5 10 (6.3%) 5 (5.1%) 4 (8.5%) 1 (6.7%)
    2 31 (19%) 16 (16%) 10 (21%) 5 (33%)
    2.5 9 (5.6%) 3 (3.1%) 5 (11%) 1 (6.7%)
    3 21 (13%) 12 (12%) 4 (8.5%) 5 (33%)
    3.5 3 (1.9%) 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 17 (11%) 9 (9.2%) 7 (15%) 1 (6.7%)
Acceptance, n (%)




    1 3 (1.9%) 3 (3.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    1.5 7 (4.4%) 4 (4.1%) 3 (6.4%) 0 (0%)
    2 29 (18%) 17 (17%) 9 (19%) 3 (20%)
    2.5 40 (25%) 18 (18%) 14 (30%) 8 (53%)
    3 27 (17%) 15 (15%) 10 (21%) 2 (13%)
    3.5 21 (13%) 15 (15%) 5 (11%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 33 (21%) 26 (27%) 6 (13%) 1 (6.7%)
Self-blame, n (%)




    1 104 (65%) 75 (77%) 25 (53%) 4 (27%)
    1.5 27 (17%) 8 (8.2%) 13 (28%) 6 (40%)
    2 10 (6.3%) 7 (7.1%) 3 (6.4%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 7 (4.4%) 2 (2.0%) 2 (4.3%) 3 (20%)
    3 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 2 (4.3%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 9 (5.6%) 6 (6.1%) 2 (4.3%) 1 (6.7%)
Religion coping, n (%)




    1 1 (0.6%) 1 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    1.5 3 (1.9%) 2 (2.0%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0%)
    2 12 (7.5%) 11 (11%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 24 (15%) 13 (13%) 7 (15%) 4 (27%)
    3 17 (11%) 9 (9.2%) 6 (13%) 2 (13%)
    3.5 43 (27%) 20 (20%) 16 (34%) 7 (47%)
    4 60 (38%) 42 (43%) 16 (34%) 2 (13%)
Self-distraction, n (%)




    1 26 (16%) 18 (18%) 7 (15%) 1 (6.7%)
    1.5 29 (18%) 19 (19%) 7 (15%) 3 (20%)
    2 40 (25%) 23 (23%) 12 (26%) 5 (33%)
    2.5 39 (24%) 23 (23%) 13 (28%) 3 (20%)
    3 10 (6.3%) 6 (6.1%) 2 (4.3%) 2 (13%)
    3.5 8 (5.0%) 3 (3.1%) 4 (8.5%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 6 (6.1%) 2 (4.3%) 0 (0%)
Denial, n (%)



0.336
    1 96 (60%) 63 (64%) 23 (49%) 10 (67%)
    1.5 20 (13%) 10 (10%) 9 (19%) 1 (6.7%)
    2 28 (18%) 15 (15%) 11 (23%) 2 (13%)
    2.5 5 (3.1%) 2 (2.0%) 2 (4.3%) 1 (6.7%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 3 (3.1%) 2 (4.3%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 1 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 4 (2.5%) 4 (4.1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Substance use, n (%)



0.438
    1 147 (92%) 89 (91%) 45 (96%) 13 (87%)
    1.5 6 (3.8%) 5 (5.1%) 1 (2.1%) 0 (0%)
    2 5 (3.1%) 2 (2.0%) 1 (2.1%) 2 (13%)
    2.5 1 (0.6%) 1 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    3 1 (0.6%) 1 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Behavioral disengagement, n (%)



0.002
    1 115 (72%) 78 (80%) 30 (64%) 7 (47%)
    1.5 14 (8.8%) 3 (3.1%) 9 (19%) 2 (13%)
    2 21 (13%) 10 (10%) 8 (17%) 3 (20%)
    2.5 4 (2.5%) 2 (2.0%) 0 (0%) 2 (13%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 4 (4.1%) 0 (0%) 1 (6.7%)
    4 1 (0.6%) 1 (1.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
1 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; NA

9 Table 2A: Characteristics by GAD-7 Category

Code 
tbl_gad_overall <- df %>%
  tbl_summary(
    by = gad_3cat,
    include = all_of(descriptive_include),

    label = label_map[
      intersect(names(label_map), descriptive_include)
    ],

    statistic = list(
      all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ± {sd}",
      all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"
    ),

    missing = "ifany"
  ) %>%
  add_overall(last = FALSE) %>%
  add_p() %>%
  bold_labels() %>%
  modify_caption(
    "**Table 2A. Characteristics by GAD-7 Anxiety Category**"
  )

tbl_gad_overall
Table 2: Table 2A. Characteristics by GAD-7 Anxiety Category
Characteristic Overall
N = 160		 Minimal anxiety (0–4)
N = 120		 Mild anxiety (5–9)
N = 32		 Moderate/Severe anxiety (10–21)
N = 8		 p-value1
Age (years), Mean ± SD 59 ± 8 60 ± 8 58 ± 6 57 ± 6 0.22
Sex, n (%)



0.55
    Male 52 (33%) 40 (33%) 11 (34%) 1 (13%)
    Female 108 (68%) 80 (67%) 21 (66%) 7 (88%)
Education level, n (%)



0.14
    No formal education 34 (21%) 23 (19%) 8 (25%) 3 (38%)
    Basic education 38 (24%) 30 (25%) 7 (22%) 1 (13%)
    Middle school leaver 63 (40%) 43 (36%) 16 (50%) 4 (50%)
    Secondary/Technical/Tertiary 24 (15%) 23 (19%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
    Unknown 1 1 0 0
Marital status, n (%)



0.012
    Married/Cohabiting 44 (28%) 26 (22%) 16 (50%) 2 (25%)
    Divorced/Separated/Widowed 53 (33%) 46 (38%) 6 (19%) 1 (13%)
    Single 63 (39%) 48 (40%) 10 (31%) 5 (63%)
Religion, n (%)



0.43
    Christian 20 (13%) 14 (12%) 4 (13%) 2 (25%)
    Non-Christian 139 (87%) 106 (88%) 27 (87%) 6 (75%)
    Unknown 1 0 1 0
Daily wage, n (%)



0.51
    Above median 36 (54%) 27 (52%) 8 (67%) 1 (33%)
    Below median 31 (46%) 25 (48%) 4 (33%) 2 (67%)
    Unknown 93 68 20 5
Valid NHIS registration, n (%) 152 (97%) 117 (100%) 27 (84%) 8 (100%) <0.001
    Unknown 3 3 0 0
Problem-Focused Coping, Mean ± SD 1.74 ± 0.49 1.71 ± 0.49 1.86 ± 0.49 1.69 ± 0.38 0.24
Emotion-Focused Coping, Mean ± SD 2.17 ± 0.45 2.12 ± 0.44 2.32 ± 0.50 2.25 ± 0.23 0.083
Avoidant Coping, Mean ± SD 1.48 ± 0.35 1.47 ± 0.35 1.55 ± 0.34 1.42 ± 0.36 0.20
Active coping, n (%)




    1 74 (46%) 62 (52%) 9 (28%) 3 (38%)
    1.5 17 (11%) 13 (11%) 4 (13%) 0 (0%)
    2 34 (21%) 18 (15%) 13 (41%) 3 (38%)
    2.5 17 (11%) 15 (13%) 1 (3.1%) 1 (13%)
    3 9 (5.6%) 5 (4.2%) 4 (13%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 5 (3.1%) 3 (2.5%) 1 (3.1%) 1 (13%)
    4 4 (2.5%) 4 (3.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Informational support, n (%)



0.74
    1 64 (40%) 49 (41%) 11 (34%) 4 (50%)
    1.5 21 (13%) 16 (13%) 4 (13%) 1 (13%)
    2 32 (20%) 21 (18%) 9 (28%) 2 (25%)
    2.5 14 (8.8%) 12 (10%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    3 17 (11%) 14 (12%) 3 (9.4%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 4 (2.5%) 3 (2.5%) 0 (0%) 1 (13%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 5 (4.2%) 3 (9.4%) 0 (0%)
Planning, n (%)



0.063
    1 80 (50%) 68 (57%) 9 (28%) 3 (38%)
    1.5 16 (10%) 11 (9.2%) 3 (9.4%) 2 (25%)
    2 44 (28%) 29 (24%) 13 (41%) 2 (25%)
    2.5 12 (7.5%) 7 (5.8%) 4 (13%) 1 (13%)
    3 6 (3.8%) 3 (2.5%) 3 (9.4%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 2 (1.7%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Positive reframing, n (%)



0.65
    1 38 (24%) 29 (24%) 7 (22%) 2 (25%)
    1.5 28 (18%) 23 (19%) 3 (9.4%) 2 (25%)
    2 58 (36%) 38 (32%) 17 (53%) 3 (38%)
    2.5 21 (13%) 17 (14%) 3 (9.4%) 1 (13%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 3 (2.5%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 5 (3.1%) 5 (4.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    4 5 (3.1%) 5 (4.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Venting, n (%)




    1 93 (58%) 76 (63%) 15 (47%) 2 (25%)
    1.5 20 (13%) 16 (13%) 2 (6.3%) 2 (25%)
    2 18 (11%) 11 (9.2%) 6 (19%) 1 (13%)
    2.5 19 (12%) 13 (11%) 5 (16%) 1 (13%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 3 (2.5%) 1 (3.1%) 1 (13%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
    4 3 (1.9%) 0 (0%) 2 (6.3%) 1 (13%)
Emotional support, n (%)




    1 57 (36%) 42 (35%) 10 (31%) 5 (63%)
    1.5 14 (8.8%) 10 (8.3%) 2 (6.3%) 2 (25%)
    2 33 (21%) 19 (16%) 13 (41%) 1 (13%)
    2.5 20 (13%) 18 (15%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    3 17 (11%) 15 (13%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 11 (6.9%) 10 (8.3%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 6 (5.0%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
Humor, n (%)




    1 69 (43%) 60 (50%) 8 (25%) 1 (13%)
    1.5 10 (6.3%) 6 (5.0%) 1 (3.1%) 3 (38%)
    2 31 (19%) 23 (19%) 8 (25%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 9 (5.6%) 5 (4.2%) 3 (9.4%) 1 (13%)
    3 21 (13%) 12 (10%) 6 (19%) 3 (38%)
    3.5 3 (1.9%) 2 (1.7%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
    4 17 (11%) 12 (10%) 5 (16%) 0 (0%)
Acceptance, n (%)




    1 3 (1.9%) 3 (2.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    1.5 7 (4.4%) 7 (5.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    2 29 (18%) 21 (18%) 6 (19%) 2 (25%)
    2.5 40 (25%) 25 (21%) 13 (41%) 2 (25%)
    3 27 (17%) 20 (17%) 5 (16%) 2 (25%)
    3.5 21 (13%) 14 (12%) 5 (16%) 2 (25%)
    4 33 (21%) 30 (25%) 3 (9.4%) 0 (0%)
Self-blame, n (%)



<0.001
    1 104 (65%) 89 (74%) 13 (41%) 2 (25%)
    1.5 27 (17%) 15 (13%) 10 (31%) 2 (25%)
    2 10 (6.3%) 8 (6.7%) 1 (3.1%) 1 (13%)
    2.5 7 (4.4%) 3 (2.5%) 3 (9.4%) 1 (13%)
    3 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 1 (3.1%) 1 (13%)
    3.5 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (13%)
    4 9 (5.6%) 5 (4.2%) 4 (13%) 0 (0%)
Religion coping, n (%)



0.76
    1 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    1.5 3 (1.9%) 3 (2.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    2 12 (7.5%) 10 (8.3%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 24 (15%) 18 (15%) 4 (13%) 2 (25%)
    3 17 (11%) 11 (9.2%) 5 (16%) 1 (13%)
    3.5 43 (27%) 28 (23%) 12 (38%) 3 (38%)
    4 60 (38%) 49 (41%) 9 (28%) 2 (25%)
Self-distraction, n (%)



0.77
    1 26 (16%) 20 (17%) 4 (13%) 2 (25%)
    1.5 29 (18%) 25 (21%) 3 (9.4%) 1 (13%)
    2 40 (25%) 28 (23%) 9 (28%) 3 (38%)
    2.5 39 (24%) 29 (24%) 8 (25%) 2 (25%)
    3 10 (6.3%) 6 (5.0%) 4 (13%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 8 (5.0%) 5 (4.2%) 3 (9.4%) 0 (0%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 7 (5.8%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
Denial, n (%)



0.30
    1 96 (60%) 71 (59%) 20 (63%) 5 (63%)
    1.5 20 (13%) 14 (12%) 6 (19%) 0 (0%)
    2 28 (18%) 22 (18%) 5 (16%) 1 (13%)
    2.5 5 (3.1%) 3 (2.5%) 0 (0%) 2 (25%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 5 (4.2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 1 (0.8%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
    4 4 (2.5%) 4 (3.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
Substance use, n (%)



0.41
    1 147 (92%) 110 (92%) 29 (91%) 8 (100%)
    1.5 6 (3.8%) 6 (5.0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    2 5 (3.1%) 3 (2.5%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
    3 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 1 (3.1%) 0 (0%)
Behavioral disengagement, n (%)



0.069
    1 115 (72%) 92 (77%) 18 (56%) 5 (63%)
    1.5 14 (8.8%) 9 (7.5%) 3 (9.4%) 2 (25%)
    2 21 (13%) 14 (12%) 7 (22%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 4 (2.5%) 2 (1.7%) 2 (6.3%) 0 (0%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 2 (1.7%) 2 (6.3%) 1 (13%)
    4 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%)
1 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; NA

10 Table 3A: Characteristics by Dementia Status

Code 
tbl_dem_overall <- df %>%
  tbl_summary(
    by = dementia_bin,
    include = all_of(descriptive_include),

    label = label_map[
      intersect(names(label_map), descriptive_include)
    ],

    statistic = list(
      all_continuous() ~ "{mean} ± {sd}",
      all_categorical() ~ "{n} ({p}%)"
    ),

    missing = "ifany"
  ) %>%
  add_overall(last = FALSE) %>%
  add_p() %>%
  bold_labels() %>%
  modify_caption(
    "**Table 3A. Characteristics by Dementia Status**"
  )

tbl_dem_overall
Table 3: Table 3A. Characteristics by Dementia Status
Characteristic Overall
N = 160		 No dementia
N = 134		 Dementia
N = 26		 p-value1
Age (years), Mean ± SD 59 ± 8 60 ± 7 59 ± 9 0.40
Sex, n (%)


0.11
    Male 52 (33%) 47 (35%) 5 (19%)
    Female 108 (68%) 87 (65%) 21 (81%)
Education level, n (%)


0.007
    No formal education 34 (21%) 24 (18%) 10 (40%)
    Basic education 38 (24%) 30 (22%) 8 (32%)
    Middle school leaver 63 (40%) 56 (42%) 7 (28%)
    Secondary/Technical/Tertiary 24 (15%) 24 (18%) 0 (0%)
    Unknown 1 0 1
Marital status, n (%)


0.13
    Married/Cohabiting 44 (28%) 41 (31%) 3 (12%)
    Divorced/Separated/Widowed 53 (33%) 43 (32%) 10 (38%)
    Single 63 (39%) 50 (37%) 13 (50%)
Religion, n (%)


0.75
    Christian 20 (13%) 16 (12%) 4 (15%)
    Non-Christian 139 (87%) 117 (88%) 22 (85%)
    Unknown 1 1 0
Daily wage, n (%)


>0.99
    Above median 36 (54%) 31 (53%) 5 (56%)
    Below median 31 (46%) 27 (47%) 4 (44%)
    Unknown 93 76 17
Valid NHIS registration, n (%) 152 (97%) 128 (96%) 24 (100%) >0.99
    Unknown 3 1 2
Problem-Focused Coping, Mean ± SD 1.74 ± 0.49 1.78 ± 0.50 1.52 ± 0.37 0.018
Emotion-Focused Coping, Mean ± SD 2.17 ± 0.45 2.20 ± 0.46 2.03 ± 0.36 0.14
Avoidant Coping, Mean ± SD 1.48 ± 0.35 1.50 ± 0.35 1.40 ± 0.32 0.17
Active coping, n (%)


0.081
    1 74 (46%) 54 (40%) 20 (77%)
    1.5 17 (11%) 16 (12%) 1 (3.8%)
    2 34 (21%) 32 (24%) 2 (7.7%)
    2.5 17 (11%) 15 (11%) 2 (7.7%)
    3 9 (5.6%) 8 (6.0%) 1 (3.8%)
    3.5 5 (3.1%) 5 (3.7%) 0 (0%)
    4 4 (2.5%) 4 (3.0%) 0 (0%)
Informational support, n (%)


0.35
    1 64 (40%) 55 (41%) 9 (35%)
    1.5 21 (13%) 15 (11%) 6 (23%)
    2 32 (20%) 28 (21%) 4 (15%)
    2.5 14 (8.8%) 10 (7.5%) 4 (15%)
    3 17 (11%) 15 (11%) 2 (7.7%)
    3.5 4 (2.5%) 3 (2.2%) 1 (3.8%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 8 (6.0%) 0 (0%)
Planning, n (%)


0.036
    1 80 (50%) 62 (46%) 18 (69%)
    1.5 16 (10%) 15 (11%) 1 (3.8%)
    2 44 (28%) 41 (31%) 3 (12%)
    2.5 12 (7.5%) 11 (8.2%) 1 (3.8%)
    3 6 (3.8%) 3 (2.2%) 3 (12%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 2 (1.5%) 0 (0%)
Positive reframing, n (%)


0.77
    1 38 (24%) 29 (22%) 9 (35%)
    1.5 28 (18%) 23 (17%) 5 (19%)
    2 58 (36%) 50 (37%) 8 (31%)
    2.5 21 (13%) 17 (13%) 4 (15%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 5 (3.7%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 5 (3.1%) 5 (3.7%) 0 (0%)
    4 5 (3.1%) 5 (3.7%) 0 (0%)
Venting, n (%)


0.91
    1 93 (58%) 75 (56%) 18 (69%)
    1.5 20 (13%) 18 (13%) 2 (7.7%)
    2 18 (11%) 15 (11%) 3 (12%)
    2.5 19 (12%) 17 (13%) 2 (7.7%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 4 (3.0%) 1 (3.8%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 2 (1.5%) 0 (0%)
    4 3 (1.9%) 3 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
Emotional support, n (%)


0.50
    1 57 (36%) 50 (37%) 7 (27%)
    1.5 14 (8.8%) 12 (9.0%) 2 (7.7%)
    2 33 (21%) 25 (19%) 8 (31%)
    2.5 20 (13%) 17 (13%) 3 (12%)
    3 17 (11%) 15 (11%) 2 (7.7%)
    3.5 11 (6.9%) 10 (7.5%) 1 (3.8%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 5 (3.7%) 3 (12%)
Humor, n (%)


0.52
    1 69 (43%) 53 (40%) 16 (62%)
    1.5 10 (6.3%) 8 (6.0%) 2 (7.7%)
    2 31 (19%) 27 (20%) 4 (15%)
    2.5 9 (5.6%) 8 (6.0%) 1 (3.8%)
    3 21 (13%) 20 (15%) 1 (3.8%)
    3.5 3 (1.9%) 3 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
    4 17 (11%) 15 (11%) 2 (7.7%)
Acceptance, n (%)


0.21
    1 3 (1.9%) 1 (0.7%) 2 (7.7%)
    1.5 7 (4.4%) 5 (3.7%) 2 (7.7%)
    2 29 (18%) 25 (19%) 4 (15%)
    2.5 40 (25%) 34 (25%) 6 (23%)
    3 27 (17%) 22 (16%) 5 (19%)
    3.5 21 (13%) 20 (15%) 1 (3.8%)
    4 33 (21%) 27 (20%) 6 (23%)
Self-blame, n (%)


0.39
    1 104 (65%) 83 (62%) 21 (81%)
    1.5 27 (17%) 25 (19%) 2 (7.7%)
    2 10 (6.3%) 10 (7.5%) 0 (0%)
    2.5 7 (4.4%) 5 (3.7%) 2 (7.7%)
    3 2 (1.3%) 2 (1.5%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%)
    4 9 (5.6%) 8 (6.0%) 1 (3.8%)
Religion coping, n (%)


0.77
    1 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%)
    1.5 3 (1.9%) 3 (2.2%) 0 (0%)
    2 12 (7.5%) 9 (6.7%) 3 (12%)
    2.5 24 (15%) 19 (14%) 5 (19%)
    3 17 (11%) 14 (10%) 3 (12%)
    3.5 43 (27%) 35 (26%) 8 (31%)
    4 60 (38%) 53 (40%) 7 (27%)
Self-distraction, n (%)


0.51
    1 26 (16%) 22 (16%) 4 (15%)
    1.5 29 (18%) 24 (18%) 5 (19%)
    2 40 (25%) 34 (25%) 6 (23%)
    2.5 39 (24%) 29 (22%) 10 (38%)
    3 10 (6.3%) 10 (7.5%) 0 (0%)
    3.5 8 (5.0%) 7 (5.2%) 1 (3.8%)
    4 8 (5.0%) 8 (6.0%) 0 (0%)
Denial, n (%)


0.39
    1 96 (60%) 77 (57%) 19 (73%)
    1.5 20 (13%) 19 (14%) 1 (3.8%)
    2 28 (18%) 24 (18%) 4 (15%)
    2.5 5 (3.1%) 5 (3.7%) 0 (0%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 4 (3.0%) 1 (3.8%)
    3.5 2 (1.3%) 1 (0.7%) 1 (3.8%)
    4 4 (2.5%) 4 (3.0%) 0 (0%)
Substance use, n (%)


0.18
    1 147 (92%) 125 (93%) 22 (85%)
    1.5 6 (3.8%) 3 (2.2%) 3 (12%)
    2 5 (3.1%) 4 (3.0%) 1 (3.8%)
    2.5 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%)
    3 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%)
Behavioral disengagement, n (%)


0.70
    1 115 (72%) 93 (69%) 22 (85%)
    1.5 14 (8.8%) 13 (9.7%) 1 (3.8%)
    2 21 (13%) 19 (14%) 2 (7.7%)
    2.5 4 (2.5%) 4 (3.0%) 0 (0%)
    3 5 (3.1%) 4 (3.0%) 1 (3.8%)
    4 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.7%) 0 (0%)
1 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

11 Univariate Regression Models

11.1 Coping Skills and GDS-SF Depression

Code 
crude_1_gds <- df %>%
  tbl_uvregression(
    method = polr,
    y = gds_3cat,

    include = c(
      all_of(cope_subscales),
      all_of(cope_facets)
    ),

    exponentiate = TRUE,

    label = label_map[
      intersect(
        names(label_map),
        c(cope_subscales, cope_facets)
      )
    ]
  ) %>%
  bold_labels()

crude_1_gds
Characteristic N OR (95% CI)
Problem-Focused Coping 160 0.84 (0.43 to 1.60)
Emotion-Focused Coping 160 1.38 (0.68 to 2.78)
Avoidant Coping 160 1.63 (0.64 to 4.12)
Active coping 160 0.87 (0.58 to 1.28)
Informational support 160 1.00 (0.70 to 1.42)
Planning 160 1.40 (0.85 to 2.31)
Positive reframing 160 0.67 (0.42 to 1.04)
Venting 160 1.22 (0.79 to 1.89)
Emotional support 160 0.82 (0.58 to 1.15)
Humor 160 1.41 (1.05 to 1.91)
Acceptance 160 0.69 (0.46 to 1.02)
Self-blame 160 1.56 (1.06 to 2.33)
Religion coping 160 1.05 (0.69 to 1.64)
Self-distraction 160 1.16 (0.79 to 1.71)
Denial 160 1.04 (0.65 to 1.62)
Substance use 160 0.82 (0.19 to 2.70)
Behavioral disengagement 160 1.52 (0.85 to 2.76)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio

11.2 Coping Skills and PHQ-9 Depression

Code 
crude_1_phq9 <- df %>%
  tbl_uvregression(
    method = polr,
    y = phq_3cat,

    include = c(
      all_of(cope_subscales),
      all_of(cope_facets)
    ),

    exponentiate = TRUE,

    label = label_map[
      intersect(
        names(label_map),
        c(cope_subscales, cope_facets)
      )
    ]
  ) %>%
  bold_labels()

crude_1_phq9
Characteristic N OR (95% CI)
Problem-Focused Coping 160 1.81 (0.89 to 3.69)
Emotion-Focused Coping 160 2.38 (1.11 to 5.23)
Avoidant Coping 160 1.89 (0.68 to 5.12)
Active coping 160 1.30 (0.85 to 1.97)
Informational support 160 1.25 (0.86 to 1.83)
Planning 160 1.94 (1.13 to 3.36)
Positive reframing 160 0.88 (0.54 to 1.41)
Venting 160 1.65 (1.03 to 2.64)
Emotional support 160 0.82 (0.55 to 1.19)
Humor 160 1.55 (1.12 to 2.17)
Acceptance 160 1.05 (0.68 to 1.61)
Self-blame 160 1.66 (1.11 to 2.49)
Religion coping 160 1.20 (0.74 to 2.00)
Self-distraction 160 1.28 (0.82 to 1.97)
Denial 160 0.89 (0.51 to 1.45)
Substance use 160 0.67 (0.09 to 2.56)
Behavioral disengagement 160 1.95 (1.07 to 3.56)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio

12 Combined Depression Regression Table

Code 
tbl_merged <- tbl_merge(
  tbls = list(
    crude_1_gds,
    crude_1_phq9
  ),

  tab_spanner = c(
    "**GDS-SF Depression**",
    "**PHQ-9 Depression**"
  )
)

tbl_merged
Characteristic
GDS-SF Depression
PHQ-9 Depression
N OR (95% CI) N OR (95% CI)
Problem-Focused Coping 160 0.84 (0.43 to 1.60) 160 1.81 (0.89 to 3.69)
Emotion-Focused Coping 160 1.38 (0.68 to 2.78) 160 2.38 (1.11 to 5.23)
Avoidant Coping 160 1.63 (0.64 to 4.12) 160 1.89 (0.68 to 5.12)
Active coping 160 0.87 (0.58 to 1.28) 160 1.30 (0.85 to 1.97)
Informational support 160 1.00 (0.70 to 1.42) 160 1.25 (0.86 to 1.83)
Planning 160 1.40 (0.85 to 2.31) 160 1.94 (1.13 to 3.36)
Positive reframing 160 0.67 (0.42 to 1.04) 160 0.88 (0.54 to 1.41)
Venting 160 1.22 (0.79 to 1.89) 160 1.65 (1.03 to 2.64)
Emotional support 160 0.82 (0.58 to 1.15) 160 0.82 (0.55 to 1.19)
Humor 160 1.41 (1.05 to 1.91) 160 1.55 (1.12 to 2.17)
Acceptance 160 0.69 (0.46 to 1.02) 160 1.05 (0.68 to 1.61)
Self-blame 160 1.56 (1.06 to 2.33) 160 1.66 (1.11 to 2.49)
Religion coping 160 1.05 (0.69 to 1.64) 160 1.20 (0.74 to 2.00)
Self-distraction 160 1.16 (0.79 to 1.71) 160 1.28 (0.82 to 1.97)
Denial 160 1.04 (0.65 to 1.62) 160 0.89 (0.51 to 1.45)
Substance use 160 0.82 (0.19 to 2.70) 160 0.67 (0.09 to 2.56)
Behavioral disengagement 160 1.52 (0.85 to 2.76) 160 1.95 (1.07 to 3.56)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio

13 Coping Skills and Anxiety

Code 
crude_1_gad <- df %>%
  tbl_uvregression(
    method = polr,
    y = gad_3cat,

    include = c(
      all_of(cope_subscales),
      all_of(cope_facets)
    ),

    exponentiate = TRUE,

    label = label_map[
      intersect(
        names(label_map),
        c(cope_subscales, cope_facets)
      )
    ]
  ) %>%
  bold_labels()

crude_1_gad
Characteristic N OR (95% CI)
Problem-Focused Coping 160 1.55 (0.76 to 3.15)
Emotion-Focused Coping 160 2.18 (1.04 to 4.59)
Avoidant Coping 160 1.55 (0.56 to 4.16)
Active coping 160 1.37 (0.89 to 2.10)
Informational support 160 1.03 (0.68 to 1.52)
Planning 160 1.96 (1.15 to 3.39)
Positive reframing 160 0.82 (0.48 to 1.35)
Venting 160 2.14 (1.37 to 3.38)
Emotional support 160 0.71 (0.47 to 1.06)
Humor 160 1.49 (1.07 to 2.08)
Acceptance 160 0.83 (0.53 to 1.30)
Self-blame 160 2.00 (1.35 to 3.02)
Religion coping 160 1.05 (0.64 to 1.75)
Self-distraction 160 1.14 (0.73 to 1.76)
Denial 160 0.78 (0.42 to 1.32)
Substance use 160 1.40 (0.39 to 4.07)
Behavioral disengagement 160 1.86 (1.03 to 3.36)
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio

14 Coping Skills and Dementia

Code 
crude_1_dem <- df %>%
  mutate(
    dementia_bin_num = ifelse(
      dementia_bin == "Dementia",
      1,
      0
    )
  ) %>%
  tbl_uvregression(
    method = glm,
    method.args = list(family = quasipoisson),

    y = dementia_bin_num,

    include = c(
      all_of(cope_subscales),
      all_of(cope_facets)
    ),

    exponentiate = TRUE,

    label = label_map[
      intersect(
        names(label_map),
        c(cope_subscales, cope_facets)
      )
    ]
  ) %>%
  bold_labels()

crude_1_dem
Characteristic N IRR (95% CI) p-value
Problem-Focused Coping 160 0.35 (0.15 to 0.79) 0.016
Emotion-Focused Coping 160 0.44 (0.17 to 1.05) 0.080
Avoidant Coping 160 0.48 (0.14 to 1.43) 0.22
Active coping 160 0.40 (0.18 to 0.74) 0.010
Informational support 160 0.91 (0.58 to 1.35) 0.65
Planning 160 0.72 (0.37 to 1.29) 0.30
Positive reframing 160 0.58 (0.31 to 0.99) 0.059
Venting 160 0.70 (0.36 to 1.19) 0.24
Emotional support 160 1.17 (0.80 to 1.68) 0.40
Humor 160 0.65 (0.40 to 0.96) 0.050
Acceptance 160 0.79 (0.50 to 1.23) 0.30
Self-blame 160 0.72 (0.35 to 1.21) 0.29
Religion coping 160 0.82 (0.53 to 1.34) 0.41
Self-distraction 160 0.84 (0.52 to 1.31) 0.46
Denial 160 0.78 (0.40 to 1.31) 0.41
Substance use 160 1.32 (0.32 to 3.21) 0.62
Behavioral disengagement 160 0.59 (0.21 to 1.25) 0.24
Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio