Project 2
Mark Beavers
2026-04-22
##Does a respondent’s ability to pay for the healthcare penalty affect their approval/disapproval of the penalty.
The data set I’m going to use to answer this question is the “Pew Research Center poll on health care, including question variants” conducted in 2012, this poll asks respondents about their opinion whether favorable or unfavorable of the law requiring everyone to have health insurance or be fined, and if someone can’t afford insurance they will receive government financial assistance.
This data set has 1,503 observations of 2 variables which are “response” (Approval/Disapproval) and “order” (Whether someone can or can’t afford to pay penalty)
library(dplyr)##
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HLTH_Law <- read.csv("healthcare_law_survey.csv")
HLTH_Law## order response
## 1 cannot_afford_second approve
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## 669 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 670 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 671 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 672 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 673 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 674 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 675 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 676 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 677 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 678 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 679 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 680 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 681 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 682 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 683 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 684 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 685 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 686 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 687 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 688 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 689 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 690 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 691 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 692 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 693 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 694 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 695 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 696 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 697 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 698 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 699 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 700 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 701 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 702 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 703 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 704 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 705 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 706 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 707 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 708 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 709 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 710 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 711 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 712 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 713 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 714 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 715 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 716 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 717 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 718 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 719 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 720 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 721 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 722 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 723 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 724 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 725 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 726 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 727 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 728 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 729 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 730 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 731 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 732 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 733 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 734 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 735 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 736 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 737 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 738 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 739 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 740 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 741 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 742 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 743 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 744 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 745 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 746 cannot_afford_second disapprove
## 747 cannot_afford_second other
## 748 cannot_afford_second other
## 749 cannot_afford_second other
## 750 cannot_afford_second other
## 751 cannot_afford_second other
## 752 cannot_afford_second other
## 753 cannot_afford_second other
## 754 cannot_afford_second other
## 755 cannot_afford_second other
## 756 cannot_afford_second other
## 757 cannot_afford_second other
## 758 cannot_afford_second other
## 759 cannot_afford_second other
## 760 cannot_afford_second other
## 761 cannot_afford_second other
## 762 cannot_afford_second other
## 763 cannot_afford_second other
## 764 cannot_afford_second other
## 765 cannot_afford_second other
## 766 cannot_afford_second other
## 767 cannot_afford_second other
## 768 cannot_afford_second other
## 769 cannot_afford_second other
## 770 cannot_afford_second other
## 771 cannot_afford_second other
## 772 penalty_second approve
## 773 penalty_second approve
## 774 penalty_second approve
## 775 penalty_second approve
## 776 penalty_second approve
## 777 penalty_second approve
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## 780 penalty_second approve
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## 800 penalty_second approve
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## 820 penalty_second approve
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## 850 penalty_second approve
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## 888 penalty_second approve
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## 900 penalty_second approve
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## 909 penalty_second approve
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## 911 penalty_second approve
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## 922 penalty_second approve
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## 924 penalty_second approve
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## 950 penalty_second approve
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## 964 penalty_second approve
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## 1000 penalty_second approve
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## 1010 penalty_second approve
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## 1019 penalty_second approve
## 1020 penalty_second approve
## 1021 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1024 penalty_second disapprove
## 1025 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1050 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1063 penalty_second disapprove
## 1064 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1075 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1078 penalty_second disapprove
## 1079 penalty_second disapprove
## 1080 penalty_second disapprove
## 1081 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1084 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1086 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1100 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1119 penalty_second disapprove
## 1120 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1123 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1125 penalty_second disapprove
## 1126 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1128 penalty_second disapprove
## 1129 penalty_second disapprove
## 1130 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1150 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1160 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1178 penalty_second disapprove
## 1179 penalty_second disapprove
## 1180 penalty_second disapprove
## 1181 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1190 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1198 penalty_second disapprove
## 1199 penalty_second disapprove
## 1200 penalty_second disapprove
## 1201 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1205 penalty_second disapprove
## 1206 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1208 penalty_second disapprove
## 1209 penalty_second disapprove
## 1210 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1235 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1240 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1250 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1255 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1257 penalty_second disapprove
## 1258 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1260 penalty_second disapprove
## 1261 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1263 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1300 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1325 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1330 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1340 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1350 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1360 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1364 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1380 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1399 penalty_second disapprove
## 1400 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1460 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1463 penalty_second disapprove
## 1464 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1468 penalty_second disapprove
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## 1475 penalty_second disapprove
## 1476 penalty_second disapprove
## 1477 penalty_second disapprove
## 1478 penalty_second disapprove
## 1479 penalty_second disapprove
## 1480 penalty_second disapprove
## 1481 penalty_second disapprove
## 1482 penalty_second other
## 1483 penalty_second other
## 1484 penalty_second other
## 1485 penalty_second other
## 1486 penalty_second other
## 1487 penalty_second other
## 1488 penalty_second other
## 1489 penalty_second other
## 1490 penalty_second other
## 1491 penalty_second other
## 1492 penalty_second other
## 1493 penalty_second other
## 1494 penalty_second other
## 1495 penalty_second other
## 1496 penalty_second other
## 1497 penalty_second other
## 1498 penalty_second other
## 1499 penalty_second other
## 1500 penalty_second other
## 1501 penalty_second other
## 1502 penalty_second other
## 1503 penalty_second otherExploratory Data Analysis
In this section I will check the structure of the data set and whether there are any missing values. This data set has 1503 observations of 2 variables and has no missing values. I also checked the summary statistics which show that the variables are of character class. Then I used the count and arrange functions to count the number of responses in “response” and “order” to see how many respondents fall into each category. While doing this a third category came up for the respondents which was “other” meaning they had a differing opinion than the response possibilities that were offered. Finally, I made two bar graphs dividing respondents into those who can and those who can’t afford to pay the penalty and see how many in each category approve or disapprove of the penalty.
str(HLTH_Law)## 'data.frame': 1503 obs. of 2 variables:
## $ order : chr "cannot_afford_second" "cannot_afford_second" "cannot_afford_second" "cannot_afford_second" ...
## $ response: chr "approve" "approve" "approve" "approve" ...colSums(is.na(HLTH_Law))## order response
## 0 0summary(HLTH_Law)## order response
## Length:1503 Length:1503
## Class :character Class :character
## Mode :character Mode :characterHLTH_Law2 <- HLTH_Law |>
count(response, order) |>
arrange(response)
HLTH_Law2## response order n
## 1 approve cannot_afford_second 365
## 2 approve penalty_second 249
## 3 disapprove cannot_afford_second 381
## 4 disapprove penalty_second 461
## 5 other cannot_afford_second 25
## 6 other penalty_second 22Plot
HLTH_Can_not_afford <- HLTH_Law |>
filter(order == "cannot_afford_second") |>
count(response)
barplot(HLTH_Can_not_afford$n, names.arg = HLTH_Can_not_afford$response, main = "Those who can't afford healthcare penalty", xlab = "Opinion", col = "Red")
HLTH_Can_afford <- HLTH_Law |>
filter(order == "penalty_second") |>
count(response)
barplot(HLTH_Can_afford$n, names.arg = HLTH_Can_afford$response, main = "Those who can afford healthcare penalty", xlab = "Opinion", col = "Blue")
Statistical Analysis
Is approval of the healthcare penalty related to the ability to pay the penalty.
H0:Favorability is not correlated with ability to pay the penalty. Hypothesis: Approval of healthcare penalty will not be correlated to the ability to pay the penalty.
H1:Favorability is correlated with the ability to pay the penalty. Hypothesis: Approval of healthcare penalty will be correlated with the ability to pay the penalty.
Chi squared test of independence
chisq.test(HLTH_Law$order, HLTH_Law$response)##
## Pearson's Chi-squared test
##
## data: HLTH_Law$order and HLTH_Law$response
## X-squared = 28.715, df = 2, p-value = 5.816e-07The test returned a p-value of 5.816e-07 which is very small so we can reject the null hypothesis that there is no correlation. There is a correlation between a persons ability to pay for the penalty and their approval or disapproval of the penalty. However looking at the data it seems as though people who can’t pay it are more likely to disapprove of the penalty than those who can.
Conclusion
The overall data showed respondents general disapproval towards the penalty imposed on people who did not buy health insurance. With more people disapproving of the penalty when they were in the group of people classified as those who could afford to pay the penalty. This is counter intuitive to what I expected before seeing these results. Further questions that would help understand these responses could to ask respondents how they think this will help, perhaps they think it will incentivise people to buy insurance and be covered which may be preventatively beneficial for them because they will be covered in the event of a medical emergency.
Citations
Data set: https://www.openintro.org/data/index.php?data=healthcare_law_survey